1) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
2) Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
3) Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
4) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
5) Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
6) Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
7) Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
8) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
9) Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
10) Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
11) Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
1) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
2) Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
3) Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
4) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
5) Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
6) Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
7) Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
8) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
9) Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
10) Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
11) Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
Comparision between the most common routing protocols used by a networking geek in a largescale environment.Gives a detailed view into its application and advantages. Credited to Lucent technologies project documentation.
A PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
Redistribution is necessary when routing protocols connect and must pass routes between the two.
Route Redistribution involves placing the routes learned from one routing domain, such as RIP, into
another routing domain, such as EIGRP.
While running a single routing protocol throughout your entire IP internetwork is desirable, multiprotocol routing is common for a number of reasons, such as company mergers, multiple departments
managed by multiple network administrators, and multi-vendor environments. Running different
routing protocols is often part of a network design.
Switches direct and control much of the data flowing across computer networks.
Conventional network security often focuses more on routers and blocking traffic from the outside.
Switches are internal to the organization and designed to allow ease of connectivity, therefore only
limited or no security measures are applied.
Comparision between the most common routing protocols used by a networking geek in a largescale environment.Gives a detailed view into its application and advantages. Credited to Lucent technologies project documentation.
A PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
Redistribution is necessary when routing protocols connect and must pass routes between the two.
Route Redistribution involves placing the routes learned from one routing domain, such as RIP, into
another routing domain, such as EIGRP.
While running a single routing protocol throughout your entire IP internetwork is desirable, multiprotocol routing is common for a number of reasons, such as company mergers, multiple departments
managed by multiple network administrators, and multi-vendor environments. Running different
routing protocols is often part of a network design.
Switches direct and control much of the data flowing across computer networks.
Conventional network security often focuses more on routers and blocking traffic from the outside.
Switches are internal to the organization and designed to allow ease of connectivity, therefore only
limited or no security measures are applied.
Step by Step guide to set up a simple network in Packet TracerSorath Asnani
This document shows the detailed Steps to set up a simple network inside Packet Tracer. You will get familiarity with the software after following the Steps.
Cisco Internetworking Operating System (ios)Netwax Lab
Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating
System) is software used on most Cisco Systems
routers and current Cisco network switches.
(Earlier switches ran CatOS.) IOS is a package of
routing, switching, internetworking and
telecommunications functions integrated into a
multitasking operating system.
Router used to make communication between different type of network ,for this purpose router use routing protocol and routed protocol. Routed protocol for source and destination address and routing protocol for path selection.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
1. INTRODUCTION TO IOS AND
CISCO ROUTERS
By
Anil Kumar Vishwakarma
MCA,MCTS,CCNA
2. CISCO ROUTER IOS
oThe Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System) was
created to deliver network services and enable networked
applications. It runs on most Cisco routers.
oSome of the important things that the Cisco router IOS
software is responsible for include
o Carrying network protocols and functions.
o Connecting high-speed traffic between devices.
o Adding security to control access and stop unauthorized
network use.
o Supplying network reliability for connecting to network
resources.
3. CISCO ROUTER
Router uses to connect: -
Subnet with another Subnet (By LAN Interface).
LAN with another LAN (By WAN Interface).
LAN with WAN (By WAN Interface).
WAN with another WAN (By WAN Interface).
Router Consist of External Components (Interfaces)
and Internal Components
6. CONNECTING TO A CISCO ROUTER
You can connect to a Cisco router to configure
it, verify its configuration, and check statistics.
There are Three ways to do that: -
Console Session.
Auxiliary Session.
Telnet Session can’t use this method after router has
taken valid IP address.
9. BRINGING UP A ROUTER
When you first bring up a router, it will
takes this Boot Sequence: -
Perform POST (Power On Self Test) which is
small program stored in ROM to check router
components.
Load IOS image from Flash memory and
decompress it into RAM.
Display the information from POST.
Running Valid Configuration (Startup Conf).
If no configuration router will go into Setup
mode.
11. MEMORY TYPES
RAM
Used to store working tables as well as running
IOS image
ROM
Stores a bootable IOS image that provides basic
functionality as well as a barebones interface
called the ROM Monitor (ROMMON)
Flash Memory
Stores the full function IOS image and is the
default location for IOS at boot
NVRAM
Stores startup configuration file
14. CONFIGURATION FILE
The configuration is a text file that contains
configuration commands that are executed
at startup
When the router boots a copy of the config
in NVRAM (startup-config) is executed to
establish the initial configuration
Configuration commands entered while the
router is running are entered into the
temporary configuration stored in RAM
(running-config)
16. SYNTAX OF THE COPY COMMAND
Copy From-Location To-Location
Where:
From- and To-Location - {tftp|running-config|startup-config}
tftp – a trivial ftp server located somewhere on the network
17. ENTERING THE CONFIGURATION
Setup Mode
If no configuration exists when the router boots, it
enters setup mode
Router hasn‟t been configured before
Someone used the „Erase Startup-Config‟ then rebooted
NVRAM was damaged
Setup mode is a question and answer process
that can be used to create basic configurations
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Configuration commands entered at command
prompt then saved to NVRAM
18. SETUP MODE
Setup Mode allows configuration of:
Interface summary
Router hostname
Passwords
SNMP
Various network protocols
DECnet, Appletalk, IP, IPX
Routing protocols
Interfaces
When finished setup mode gives the user
the option of copying the configuration to
NVRAM and RAM
21. COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
Most Cisco devices use a command line
interface
Commands can be entered and edited
before they are executed by hitting the enter
key
Commands can be abbreviated as long as
they are not ambiguous
e.g. Show Interface => sh int
22. COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
If a command has an error the command will be repeated
and a “^” will mark the location of the error
access-list 110 permit host 1.1.1.1
^
%Invalid input detected at „^‟ marker.
23. COMMAND HISTORY
Up and Down arrows scroll through command history
Also ctrl+p (up) and ctrl+n (down)
Command history commands
Show history – shows commands in history
Show terminal – shows terminal configurations and terminal history size
(default = 10)
Terminal history size – changes history buffer size up to a max of 256
24. GETTING HELP
Typing ? at any point will cause IOS to show what
options exist at that point
Just ? on a line will list all commands available in that
mode
Typing one letter followed by ? will show all commands
that begin with the letter
Adding ? after a command will show what arguments
are available for the command
26. CONNECTING TO THE ROUTER
Console
Connect directly to console port and use a terminal
program like Windows Hyperterminal or Linux‟s Minicom
AUX
The auxiliary port is port you can attach a modem to
Can also be used as a backup connection dial on
demand circuit
TTY
Can use Telnet to connect to TTY once router has been
configured initially
Most routers have 5 TTY connections
32. INTERFACES ON EXPANSION CARDS
Interfaces on add in expansion cards include the
slot number followed by a slash then the interface
number
The first FastEthernet interface on a card in the first slot
would be FastEthernet 0/0
On 7500 series routers three values are required
(slot/port-adapter/port) so it would be FastEthernet
0/0/0 for example
33. LOOPBACK INTERFACES
Loopback interfaces are internal interfaces and
treated like other interfaces
Loopback interfaces are never shutdown
Loopback interfaces are useful when you need an
interface that will never go down
34. INTERFACE CONFIGURATION MODE
Use the Interface command in configuration or
interface configuration mode to enter configuration
mode
Router(config)#interface e0
Router(config-if)#interface Lo0
Router(config)#interface s0/1
35. BRINGING UP AN INTERFACE
By default, all interfaces (except loopback
interfaces) are in administrative shutdown mode
To activate the interface use the no shutdown
command in the interface configuration mode
36. ASSIGNING AN IP ADDRESS
IP addresses are assigned in interface
configuration mode
Router#config t
Router(config)#interface s0
Router(config-if)#ip address 129.130.32.1 255.255.224.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
37. SETTING THE CLOCK RATE
On serial connections the DCE must set a
clock rate to synchronize communication
In the lab the 2501 that is a router is a DCE
because the cable attached is a DCE cable so the
clock rate must be set on this router
The 2501 that is a Frame Relay switch is also a
DCE but you do not configure this one
Router(config)#int s0
Router(config-if)#clockrate 2000000
38. SETTING THE SERIAL ENCAPSULATION
We‟ll discuss this in more detail later in the
semester but the data link layer protocol must be
set for the Frame Relay link using the
encapsulation command
Router(config)#interface s0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
40. PRIVILEGED MODE PASSWORDS
Enable password
Enable password <password>
Enable password is shown in clear text
Not used if enable secret password is set
Enable secret password
Enable secret <password>
Enable secret password is encrypted
41. USER MODE PASSWORDS
Console
Line console 0
Login
Password <password>
Auxiliary
Line aux 0
Login
Password <password>
Telnet
Line vty 0 4
Login
Password <password>
Enter configuration mode
Require login
Set password
Most routers have 5 telnet
lines. This command sets
all five.
42. ENCRYPTING PASSWORDS
User mode passwords are normally stored
in the configuration file in clear text
To encrypt them use the following sequence
of commands
service password-encryption
line console 0
login
password <password>
no service password-encryption
43. IOS COMMANDS TO KNOW
Enable/disable
Enable secret/password
Config
Editing commands
Show history
Show terminal
Terminal history size
Line
How to require login and set password for
console, vty and aux
44. IOS COMMANDS TO KNOW
Service password-encryption
Banner
Interface
Shutdown
Know the interfaces commands for ethernet, fast
ethernet, serial, token ring and loopback
Description
Hostname
Show running/startup-config
Copy <running-config/startup-config,tftp>
<running-config/startup-config,tftp>
45. IOS COMMANDS TO KNOW
Show interface
Show controllers
Clock rate
Ip address
Show Version
Show flash