The document provides information about IP routing, including static and dynamic routing. It discusses:
- The basics of routing including destination addresses, neighbor routers, routes, and maintaining routing information.
- The benefits and disadvantages of static routing, including less overhead but requiring manual configuration.
- Dynamic routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, and OSPF that automatically share routing information.
- Configuring and verifying static routes, as well as troubleshooting connection issues.
- Key aspects of distance vector protocols like RIP and IGRP, including updates, loops, metrics, and timers.
Router used to make communication between different type of network ,for this purpose router use routing protocol and routed protocol. Routed protocol for source and destination address and routing protocol for path selection.
This document discusses layer 2 switching fundamentals, including communication methods in LANs such as unicast, broadcast, and multicast. It describes how switches operate including forwarding frames based on the destination address and address table lookups. The document also covers collision domains, broadcast domains, and how switches help segment networks to reduce collisions and broadcast traffic.
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
The document discusses static routing and key concepts related to router configuration and operation. It defines static routes as manually configured paths that specify how a router will transmit packets to certain networks. The summary describes how to configure static routes, default routes, and route summarization. It also outlines tools for troubleshooting routing issues like missing routes.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
There are two main types of routing protocols: distance vector protocols like RIP and IGRP that determine the best path based on hop count and send the full routing table, and link state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that advertise link information to build a shared topology database and converge faster. EIGRP is a hybrid protocol that behaves like a distance vector protocol. Interior routing protocols like these are used within an autonomous system, while exterior protocols like BGP route between autonomous systems.
The document provides information about IP routing, including static and dynamic routing. It discusses:
- The basics of routing including destination addresses, neighbor routers, routes, and maintaining routing information.
- The benefits and disadvantages of static routing, including less overhead but requiring manual configuration.
- Dynamic routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, and OSPF that automatically share routing information.
- Configuring and verifying static routes, as well as troubleshooting connection issues.
- Key aspects of distance vector protocols like RIP and IGRP, including updates, loops, metrics, and timers.
Router used to make communication between different type of network ,for this purpose router use routing protocol and routed protocol. Routed protocol for source and destination address and routing protocol for path selection.
This document discusses layer 2 switching fundamentals, including communication methods in LANs such as unicast, broadcast, and multicast. It describes how switches operate including forwarding frames based on the destination address and address table lookups. The document also covers collision domains, broadcast domains, and how switches help segment networks to reduce collisions and broadcast traffic.
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
The document discusses static routing and key concepts related to router configuration and operation. It defines static routes as manually configured paths that specify how a router will transmit packets to certain networks. The summary describes how to configure static routes, default routes, and route summarization. It also outlines tools for troubleshooting routing issues like missing routes.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
There are two main types of routing protocols: distance vector protocols like RIP and IGRP that determine the best path based on hop count and send the full routing table, and link state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that advertise link information to build a shared topology database and converge faster. EIGRP is a hybrid protocol that behaves like a distance vector protocol. Interior routing protocols like these are used within an autonomous system, while exterior protocols like BGP route between autonomous systems.
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
RIP is an interior gateway protocol that uses distance vector routing and the Bellman-Ford algorithm to dynamically adapt to network changes. It works by having each router calculate the distances to reachable networks and share these distances with neighboring routers. However, RIP has issues with slow convergence and count-to-infinity problems when network failures occur. Several techniques are used to address these issues, including hold downs, split horizon, poison reverse updates, and triggered updates.
This document provides an overview of configuring the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) in ExtremeXOS. It describes RIP as a distance-vector routing protocol and discusses RIP version 1 and 2. The document outlines the steps to configure RIP, including enabling it on VLANs and globally, and verifies the RIP configuration. It also covers RIP concepts like routing loops, split horizon, poison reverse, and triggered updates. Students will learn how to configure, verify, and test RIP in the accompanying lab guide.
Dynamic Routing All Algorithms, Working And BasicsHarsh Mehta
This document provides information on computer networks and routing protocols. It discusses advantages and problems of computer networks. It then describes the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and some of its key features like security, congestion handling, efficiency, and support for IPv4 and IPv6. It also discusses static and dynamic routing, different routing metrics, and compares EIGRP to other routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and IS-IS.
This document discusses routing protocols RIP and OSPF. It begins with an introduction to routing and defines routing protocols as how routers communicate and share information to select optimal routes. It then provides details on RIP, including its hop count limit of 15, periodic updates every 30 seconds, and versions RIPv1 and RIPv2. The document also covers OSPF, describing how it uses the Dijkstra algorithm and allows for scalability. Configuration examples are given for implementing both RIP and OSPF on sample networks.
The document describes the design of a link state routing protocol, including the representation of routers and networks as processes identified by IDs, the various packet types used in the protocol, and the data structures and state machines used to store routing and neighbor information and implement the protocol. It also discusses implementation requirements, issues, and how the protocol uses UDP to allow communication between routing processes on the same machine using ports.
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses LSAs to exchange routing and topology information between routers. Routers must establish neighbor relationships by exchanging Hello packets before sharing LSAs. Routers run the SPF algorithm to calculate the best paths based on the collected link-state database and populate their routing tables. OSPF supports features like equal cost load balancing, VLSM, and manual summarization. It divides large networks into areas to reduce routing overhead.
Routing Technique Table Type by Umar danjuma maiwada.pptumardanjumamaiwada
This presentation discusses routing techniques and routing tables. It begins with an introduction to key concepts like routing, routers, and routing tables. It then explains routing as the process of moving data between a source and destination, usually performed by routers. There are two main categories of routing tables: static and dynamic. Static tables are manually configured while dynamic tables adapt to network changes. The presentation also covers unicast and multicast routing techniques. Unicast routing forwards data to a single destination, while multicast routing sends data to multiple destinations simultaneously. Common routing protocols and applications are also outlined.
CCNA Routing and Switching Lessons 08-09 - Routing Protocols - Eric VanderburgEric Vanderburg
The document discusses several routing protocols, including RIP, IGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and EIGRP. RIP uses hop count as its metric and has a maximum of 15 hops. IGRP is a proprietary distance vector protocol from Cisco that uses bandwidth and delay as its metric. OSPF is an open standard link state protocol that uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the best routes and converges quickly. EIGRP is a hybrid routing protocol from Cisco that has characteristics of both distance vector and link state protocols.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a distance vector routing protocol that exchanges routing information between routers to determine the best path. It uses hop count as the path selection metric and limits paths to 15 hops. RIP routers send routing updates every 30 seconds by default to advertise routes and timers are used to mark routes as invalid if updates are not received. It has features like split horizon and hold-down to improve stability but only considers hop count in path selection.
Routers connect different computer networks and forward data packets between them by reading the address information in each packet to determine the ultimate destination. A router contains a routing table with information about connected networks and uses this to determine the best path for packets to travel through multiple networks to reach their destination. There are two main types of routers: core routers connect different cities while edge routers connect users and hosts to networks.
networking and their Routing protocols with commands along with diagram ,(rip, IGRP and OSPF and BGP ) and knowledge about Network devices like Router and Switch. network define and definitions of Lan, router and all the routing protocols and their features.
OSPF is an intra-domain routing protocol that uses a link-state algorithm to calculate the shortest path to destinations within an autonomous system. It divides an autonomous system into areas to limit routing updates and allows for route summarization between areas. OSPF uses hello packets to discover neighbors, database description packets to exchange routing information, link-state request packets to request updates, and link-state acknowledgment packets to acknowledge receipt of updates.
Internet Routing Protocols: Fundamental Concepts of Distance-Vector and Link-...Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
This document discusses internet routing protocols and provides an overview of distance vector and link state routing. It begins by outlining the talk and explaining the importance of routing in the internet. It then describes the routing process at a router and how routers build routing tables by exchanging information with routing protocols. The document proceeds to illustrate the operation of distance vector routing, including how routers calculate and update their routing tables. It notes some drawbacks of distance vector routing, such as slow convergence after topology changes and problems with unequal link costs. Finally, it provides examples of how these drawbacks, like counting to infinity and bouncing effects, can occur.
Dynamic routing protocols have several advantages over static routing, including not requiring knowledge of destination networks and automatically updating topology changes. RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP are examples of dynamic interior gateway protocols (IGPs) that are commonly used within autonomous systems to exchange routing information between neighbor routers. EIGRP is a proprietary Cisco protocol that has fast convergence and includes features from both distance vector and link state routing protocols.
EIGRP and OSPF are hybrid and link-state routing protocols respectively. EIGRP uses the DUAL algorithm and metric system to determine the best paths, while OSPF uses the Dijkstra algorithm and link state advertisements. Both protocols form neighbor relationships to exchange routing information, but OSPF requires adjacencies and is more restrictive in sharing routes between areas.
The document compares Layer 2 and Layer 3 switching. Layer 2 switching uses MAC addresses to forward frames within a broadcast domain, while Layer 3 switching uses IP addresses to forward packets, allowing for greater scalability and security. Some benefits of Layer 2 switching include hardware-based bridging and high speeds, while benefits of Layer 3 switching include scalability, security, QoS, and lower latency.
The document discusses the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). It describes that RIP is a distance-vector interior gateway protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric. It discusses the two versions of RIP - RIPv1 and RIPv2, and their differences in areas like classful/classless operation, broadcast/multicast updates. It also covers RIP configuration, operation, timers, authentication, route filtering, and other features.
A router forwards packets between networks based on network layer information in its routing tables. It operates at layer 3 and can connect different networks, whether local or global. Routers have two primary functions: determining the best path and sharing routing details with other routers. Routers boot up by verifying components and can be configured through commands or graphical interfaces to perform functions like routing, switching, and network address translation.
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
RIP is an interior gateway protocol that uses distance vector routing and the Bellman-Ford algorithm to dynamically adapt to network changes. It works by having each router calculate the distances to reachable networks and share these distances with neighboring routers. However, RIP has issues with slow convergence and count-to-infinity problems when network failures occur. Several techniques are used to address these issues, including hold downs, split horizon, poison reverse updates, and triggered updates.
This document provides an overview of configuring the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) in ExtremeXOS. It describes RIP as a distance-vector routing protocol and discusses RIP version 1 and 2. The document outlines the steps to configure RIP, including enabling it on VLANs and globally, and verifies the RIP configuration. It also covers RIP concepts like routing loops, split horizon, poison reverse, and triggered updates. Students will learn how to configure, verify, and test RIP in the accompanying lab guide.
Dynamic Routing All Algorithms, Working And BasicsHarsh Mehta
This document provides information on computer networks and routing protocols. It discusses advantages and problems of computer networks. It then describes the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and some of its key features like security, congestion handling, efficiency, and support for IPv4 and IPv6. It also discusses static and dynamic routing, different routing metrics, and compares EIGRP to other routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and IS-IS.
This document discusses routing protocols RIP and OSPF. It begins with an introduction to routing and defines routing protocols as how routers communicate and share information to select optimal routes. It then provides details on RIP, including its hop count limit of 15, periodic updates every 30 seconds, and versions RIPv1 and RIPv2. The document also covers OSPF, describing how it uses the Dijkstra algorithm and allows for scalability. Configuration examples are given for implementing both RIP and OSPF on sample networks.
The document describes the design of a link state routing protocol, including the representation of routers and networks as processes identified by IDs, the various packet types used in the protocol, and the data structures and state machines used to store routing and neighbor information and implement the protocol. It also discusses implementation requirements, issues, and how the protocol uses UDP to allow communication between routing processes on the same machine using ports.
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses LSAs to exchange routing and topology information between routers. Routers must establish neighbor relationships by exchanging Hello packets before sharing LSAs. Routers run the SPF algorithm to calculate the best paths based on the collected link-state database and populate their routing tables. OSPF supports features like equal cost load balancing, VLSM, and manual summarization. It divides large networks into areas to reduce routing overhead.
Routing Technique Table Type by Umar danjuma maiwada.pptumardanjumamaiwada
This presentation discusses routing techniques and routing tables. It begins with an introduction to key concepts like routing, routers, and routing tables. It then explains routing as the process of moving data between a source and destination, usually performed by routers. There are two main categories of routing tables: static and dynamic. Static tables are manually configured while dynamic tables adapt to network changes. The presentation also covers unicast and multicast routing techniques. Unicast routing forwards data to a single destination, while multicast routing sends data to multiple destinations simultaneously. Common routing protocols and applications are also outlined.
CCNA Routing and Switching Lessons 08-09 - Routing Protocols - Eric VanderburgEric Vanderburg
The document discusses several routing protocols, including RIP, IGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and EIGRP. RIP uses hop count as its metric and has a maximum of 15 hops. IGRP is a proprietary distance vector protocol from Cisco that uses bandwidth and delay as its metric. OSPF is an open standard link state protocol that uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the best routes and converges quickly. EIGRP is a hybrid routing protocol from Cisco that has characteristics of both distance vector and link state protocols.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a distance vector routing protocol that exchanges routing information between routers to determine the best path. It uses hop count as the path selection metric and limits paths to 15 hops. RIP routers send routing updates every 30 seconds by default to advertise routes and timers are used to mark routes as invalid if updates are not received. It has features like split horizon and hold-down to improve stability but only considers hop count in path selection.
Routers connect different computer networks and forward data packets between them by reading the address information in each packet to determine the ultimate destination. A router contains a routing table with information about connected networks and uses this to determine the best path for packets to travel through multiple networks to reach their destination. There are two main types of routers: core routers connect different cities while edge routers connect users and hosts to networks.
networking and their Routing protocols with commands along with diagram ,(rip, IGRP and OSPF and BGP ) and knowledge about Network devices like Router and Switch. network define and definitions of Lan, router and all the routing protocols and their features.
OSPF is an intra-domain routing protocol that uses a link-state algorithm to calculate the shortest path to destinations within an autonomous system. It divides an autonomous system into areas to limit routing updates and allows for route summarization between areas. OSPF uses hello packets to discover neighbors, database description packets to exchange routing information, link-state request packets to request updates, and link-state acknowledgment packets to acknowledge receipt of updates.
Internet Routing Protocols: Fundamental Concepts of Distance-Vector and Link-...Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
This document discusses internet routing protocols and provides an overview of distance vector and link state routing. It begins by outlining the talk and explaining the importance of routing in the internet. It then describes the routing process at a router and how routers build routing tables by exchanging information with routing protocols. The document proceeds to illustrate the operation of distance vector routing, including how routers calculate and update their routing tables. It notes some drawbacks of distance vector routing, such as slow convergence after topology changes and problems with unequal link costs. Finally, it provides examples of how these drawbacks, like counting to infinity and bouncing effects, can occur.
Dynamic routing protocols have several advantages over static routing, including not requiring knowledge of destination networks and automatically updating topology changes. RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP are examples of dynamic interior gateway protocols (IGPs) that are commonly used within autonomous systems to exchange routing information between neighbor routers. EIGRP is a proprietary Cisco protocol that has fast convergence and includes features from both distance vector and link state routing protocols.
EIGRP and OSPF are hybrid and link-state routing protocols respectively. EIGRP uses the DUAL algorithm and metric system to determine the best paths, while OSPF uses the Dijkstra algorithm and link state advertisements. Both protocols form neighbor relationships to exchange routing information, but OSPF requires adjacencies and is more restrictive in sharing routes between areas.
The document compares Layer 2 and Layer 3 switching. Layer 2 switching uses MAC addresses to forward frames within a broadcast domain, while Layer 3 switching uses IP addresses to forward packets, allowing for greater scalability and security. Some benefits of Layer 2 switching include hardware-based bridging and high speeds, while benefits of Layer 3 switching include scalability, security, QoS, and lower latency.
The document discusses the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). It describes that RIP is a distance-vector interior gateway protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric. It discusses the two versions of RIP - RIPv1 and RIPv2, and their differences in areas like classful/classless operation, broadcast/multicast updates. It also covers RIP configuration, operation, timers, authentication, route filtering, and other features.
A router forwards packets between networks based on network layer information in its routing tables. It operates at layer 3 and can connect different networks, whether local or global. Routers have two primary functions: determining the best path and sharing routing details with other routers. Routers boot up by verifying components and can be configured through commands or graphical interfaces to perform functions like routing, switching, and network address translation.
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The document provides notes and assignments for English class, including Cornell notes due on the song "Fast Car" and an article on poaching in Zimbabwe. It also lists revising and editing assignments and tutorials. Additionally, it includes a quote, definitions of an idiom and vocabulary word, and literary terminology.
The document analyzes the micro elements of shots and camera techniques used in the opening scene of the film Back to the Future. It describes how the panning clocks establish that the film is about time. It then shows the news reporting stolen plutonium, indicating it will be important later. Various shots introduce the first character, a teenage boy, and show him finding the stolen plutonium, causing an explosion. The analysis of these micro elements will help the author construct an engaging opening for their own film.
Op 16 januari 2014 organiseerde Zorgbelang Brabant voor zijn aangesloten organisaties, ervaringswerkers en vrijwilligers een nieuwjaarsbijeenkomst. Er was een afwisselend programma, waaraan de gasten actief konden meedoen. De foto's geven een impressie van de middag.
1) The document discusses how college students' diets and eating habits often change drastically from home and can lead to issues like weight gain, emotional disorders, and disturbed eating behaviors.
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The document outlines the planning process for a school magazine. It includes the original sketches for the magazine cover which were modified to feature a year 7 boy instead of a girl and reposition the issue number. The contents page was also adapted to include a picture of the head teacher. Several masthead ideas are listed. Photos were taken of the school and students to potentially include but not all could be used due to space limitations, with some portraying the school's atmosphere better than others.
This lecture discusses modeling business decisions and processes. It introduces the concepts of prototyping strategies, disrupting businesses, digitizing core processes, creating value from data, and building ecosystems. The lecture also discusses using tools like Power BI and BPMN modeling to diagram business processes and decisions. Key steps in BPMN modeling are deciding the process to diagram, recording each step, and accounting for decisions and relationships between steps.
The document summarizes the opening ceremony and workshops at the IU9 Summer Curriculum Institute 2009. It provides an overview of the guest speakers at the opening ceremony, including Dr. Regina Palubinsky from the Pennsylvania Department of Education. The document then lists and describes over 50 workshops offered on topics ranging from technology integration, literacy, math, science, and classroom management strategies. Vendors were also in attendance to display their products.
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This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It provides information on how switches learn MAC addresses, create VLANs, configure trunk links between switches to carry multiple VLANs, and how frame tagging allows VLAN traffic to cross switches while keeping VLANs separate. It also discusses spanning tree protocol which prevents network loops in redundant switched topologies.
Networking interview questions and answersAmit Tiwari
CSMA/CD describes the Ethernet access method where many stations can transmit on the same cable without priority. MAC addresses provide unique identification for devices on a LAN. The three types of LAN traffic are unicast, broadcast, and multicast frames. Unicast frames are intended for a single host, broadcast frames for everyone, and multicast frames for a group. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) dynamically maintains a loop-free network topology by putting redundant links in a blocking state.
Switches create private collision domains and provide independent bandwidth on each port. Layer 2 switching provides hardware-based bridging using ASICs for wire speed and low latency switching at low cost. Switches learn MAC addresses by examining frames and make forwarding decisions based on layer 2 addresses, without modifying packets. Switches use the Spanning Tree Protocol to prevent network loops from occurring on redundant links while still allowing for redundancy.
A bridge connects two or more local area networks (LANs) or network segments. It operates at the data link layer and uses MAC addresses to forward packets. Bridges filter traffic so that network traffic intended for one segment does not congest other segments. There are two types of bridges: local bridges for physically close segments, and remote bridges used in pairs for remotely segmented networks. Transparent bridging allows bridges to learn network locations without configuration by maintaining a forwarding database of MAC addresses and interfaces. The spanning tree protocol prevents network loops by negotiating a loop-free path and forcing redundant paths to blocked states.
This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It begins by explaining how switching breaks up large collision domains into smaller ones by creating individual collision domains per switch port. It then discusses how VLANs allow further segmentation of the network by logically grouping ports regardless of their physical location. VLANs create separate broadcast domains to limit broadcast traffic to specific groups of users. The document provides examples of creating, assigning ports to, and deleting VLANs on a switch to segmented the network.
This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It provides information on:
- How layer 2 switches break up large collision domains into smaller ones by creating separate collision domains for each switch port. This improves network performance over hub-based networks.
- The two main types of VLAN membership - static VLANs where ports are manually assigned to VLANs, and dynamic VLANs where VLAN assignments are determined automatically based on device MAC addresses.
- How VLANs simplify network management by allowing logical segmentation of broadcast domains independent of physical port locations, and improve network security by restricting communication between VLANs.
This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It begins by explaining how switching breaks up large collision domains into smaller ones by creating individual collision domains per switch port. It then discusses how VLANs allow further segmentation of the network by logically grouping ports regardless of their physical location. VLANs create separate broadcast domains to limit broadcast traffic to specific groups of users. The document provides examples of creating, assigning ports to, and deleting VLANs on a switch to segmented the network.
Here are the key tasks for initial configuration of a Cisco switch:
- Setting the enable and console passwords to secure access to privileged modes (Password must be between 4 and 8 characters)
- Setting the hostname to identify the switch
- Configuring the IP address and subnet mask on VLAN 1 to allow remote management via SSH/Telnet
- Configuring basic security settings like disabling unused ports, protocols, and services
- Configuring spanning tree protocol (STP) for redundancy and loop prevention in switched networks
- Verifying port status and connectivity using show commands
Here are the key tasks for initial configuration of a Cisco switch:
- Set the enable and console passwords to secure access to privileged modes. The passwords must be between 4-8 characters.
- Configure the hostname to identify the switch.
- Configure the IP address and subnet mask on VLAN 1 for management access.
- Verify port status and configure basic settings like speed and duplex.
- Configure SNMP, syslog servers for remote monitoring if needed.
- Configure spanning tree protocol for redundancy.
- Save the running configuration to startup for automation on reboot.
- Test connectivity to verify the base configuration is functioning properly.
This document provides notes on the fundamentals of switching for the CCNA 640-801 exam. It discusses key concepts such as LAN segmentation to reduce collisions, how switches build and use MAC address tables to forward frames, and spanning tree protocol which ensures a loop-free topology by blocking redundant paths. Spanning tree protocol exchanges BPDU messages and puts ports into different states like blocking, listening, and forwarding based on the topology.
STP is a Layer 2 protocol that runs on switches and bridges to prevent loops in networks with redundant links. It works by electing a root switch, designating root ports on other switches that connect to the root switch, and blocking ports not chosen as root ports to ensure there is only one active path between any two switches. Key concepts include the root bridge election process based on bridge IDs, root ports that connect switches to the root bridge, and designated ports that forward traffic while other ports are blocked.
The document provides answers to questions about CCNA 3 Chapter 5 on spanning tree protocol. It includes 20 multiple choice questions about concepts like the criteria switches use to select the root bridge, how STP prevents loops in a switched network, and how port roles are assigned in RSTP. It also includes exhibits showing STP output from switches to help illustrate concepts.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol designed to prevent layer 2 loops. It is standardized as IEEE 802.D protocol. STP blocks some ports on switches with redundant links to prevent broadcast storms and ensure loop-free topology. With STP in place, you can have redundant links between switches in order to provide redundancy.
Layer 2 switching breaks up collision domains by using MAC addresses to forward traffic through switches instead of hubs. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) eliminates switching loops, while switches use ASICs and MAC address lookups to switch frames faster than routers. STP finds redundant links and designates root bridges, root ports, and forwarding ports to build a loop-free topology and transition ports between blocking and forwarding states during convergence.
This document discusses switching technologies used in layer 2 switches. It covers topics like address learning, forwarding/filtering, loop avoidance using the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), and different types of LAN switches. STP elects a root bridge and defines port states like blocking, listening, learning, and forwarding to prevent network loops while allowing redundancy. The document provides details on how switches learn MAC addresses and make forwarding decisions faster than software-based bridges using application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
The concept of the spanning tree protocol was devised to address broadcast storming. The spanning tree algorithm itself is defined by the IEEE standard 802.1D and its later revisions.
The IEEE Standard 802.1 uses the term bridge to define the spanning tree operation, and uses terms such as Bridge Protocol Data Units and Root Bridge when defining spanning tree protocol functions.
When a bridge receives a frame, it reads the source and destination address fields. The bridge then enters the frame’s source address in its forwarding database. In doing this the bridge associates the frame’s source address with the network attached to the por t on which the frame was received. The bridge also reads the destination address and if it can find this address in its forwarding database, it forwards the frame to the appropriate port. If the bridge does not recognize the destination address, it forwards the frame out from all its por ts except for the one on which the frame was received, and then waits for a reply. This process is known as “flooding”. Similarly, packets with broadcast or multicast destination MAC addresses will be flooded by a bridge.
A significant problem arises where bridges connect via multiple paths. A frame that arrives with an unknown or broadcast/multicast destination address is flooded over all available paths. The arrival of these frames at another network via different paths and bridges produces major problems. The bridges find the same source MAC address arriving on
multiple different por ts, making it impossible to maintain a reliable forwarding database. As a result, increasing numbers of packets will be forwarded to multiple paths. This process is selfperpetuating and produces a condition known as a packet storm, where the increase of circulating frames can eventually overload the network.
Ch5 ccna exploration 3 lan swtching and wirelesskratos2424
The document contains a 20 question CCNA Exploration 3 Chapter 5 Exam with multiple choice answers regarding Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP). The questions cover topics such as PortFast, STP states, RSTP roles, the convergence process, comparisons between STP and RSTP, BPDU content and usage, root bridge selection, and edge port behavior.
The document discusses best practices for monitoring and maintaining a data center. It covers topics such as the role of the network operations center (NOC) in monitoring equipment health and responding to issues, the importance of in-band and out-of-band monitoring, using SNMP to monitor resources, ensuring physical and logical security, approved cleaning procedures and supplies, and guidelines for safely cleaning different areas of the data center like equipment surfaces, floors, and above-ceiling spaces.
A server is a network computer that shares resources with and responds to requests from other computers on the network. Servers provide centralized access and storage of resources like applications, files, printers, and other hardware. When installing Windows Server 2012, there are three installation options: Server Core, Server with a GUI, and Minimal Server Interface. Server Core requires less disk space and has a smaller attack surface while Server with a GUI includes more graphical tools for management. The installation process involves inserting the installation media, selecting an installation option, and completing the setup process which reboots the server.
Active Directory is a database that stores information about a network's users, computers, groups, and other network resources. It allows for centralized management of these resources.
A domain controller is a server that responds to authentication requests on the Windows domain. It authenticates users' credentials when they log into the domain network.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an open standard protocol that Active Directory supports to make user and resource information widely accessible for management and querying across the network.
The document discusses the booting process of an operating system. It begins by defining a bootstrap as the process of starting up a computer and initializing the operating system during startup. The term originated from using a "bootstrap" program to load a larger operating system program. During startup, diagnostic tests are performed and the bootloader program loads the operating system. Common bootloaders mentioned include GRUB for multi-booting between operating systems, NTLDR for Windows NT, LILO for Linux, and NIC bootloaders for booting over a network.
The document discusses various aspects of network forensics and investigating logs. It covers analyzing log files as evidence, maintaining accurate timekeeping across systems, configuring extended logging in IIS servers, and the importance of log file accuracy and authenticity when using logs as evidence in an investigation.
Password Policy and Account Lockout Policiesanilinvns
This document outlines password policies and guidelines for strong passwords. It recommends passwords be at least 8 characters long with a mix of uppercase, lowercase, numbers and symbols. Passwords should be changed regularly, not reused, and default passwords should be changed. Account lockout policies should lock accounts after a few incorrect logins to prevent password guessing. The document also discusses calculating password strength and examples of dictionary and brute force password attacks.
VLANs logically group users and resources together without being restricted by physical network segments. There are static and dynamic VLANs, with static VLAN port assignments always remaining fixed while dynamic VLANs are created through management software. Frame tagging allows VLANs to span multiple switches by uniquely assigning a VLAN ID to each frame. The VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) manages VLAN configurations across switches to provide benefits like consistent VLAN setup, accurate monitoring, and dynamic reporting of new VLANs. Configuring VLANs involves creating VLANs, assigning switch ports, configuring trunk ports between switches, and setting up inter-VLAN routing using subinterfaces on a router interface.
This document provides an overview of managing Cisco IOS, including the router boot sequence, locating the IOS software, configuration register settings, recovering passwords, backing up and restoring the IOS, backing up and restoring router configurations, and Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP). The router boot sequence involves POST, loading the IOS software from flash, and loading the startup-config from NVRAM. The configuration register controls how the router boots. Passwords can be recovered by changing this register. The IOS and configurations can be backed up to FTP/TFTP and restored. CDP is used to gather hardware and protocol info about neighboring devices.
Virtual LANs (VLANs) logically segment a network to increase performance and security. VLANs can be static or dynamic and identify devices using frame tagging. VLAN trunking protocol (VTP) manages VLAN configurations across switches and has different modes like server, client, and transparent. VLANs are configured by creating them, assigning ports, setting up trunks, and configuring inter-VLAN routing. Troubleshooting involves checking the VTP status to ensure all switches are in the same domain and have the correct configuration revision.
Day 3 ENHANCED IGRP (EIGRP) AND OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)anilinvns
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocols. It describes the key characteristics of EIGRP including that it is a hybrid routing protocol that uses metrics like bandwidth and delay to determine the best path. It also explains how to configure and verify EIGRP. For OSPF, the document outlines that it is an open standard link-state protocol, defines common OSPF terminology, and describes how to configure OSPF areas and verify the protocol. Loopback interfaces and troubleshooting OSPF are also briefly covered.
Day 1 INTRODUCTION TO IOS AND CISCO ROUTERSanilinvns
The document provides an introduction to Cisco IOS and routers. It discusses that Cisco IOS runs on most Cisco routers and is responsible for carrying out network protocols, connecting traffic between devices, adding security, and ensuring network reliability. It also describes how routers can connect different network types and the internal and external components of routers. It explains how to connect to routers through the console, auxiliary, or Telnet sessions and brings up topics like router memory, configurations, and IOS images.
This document provides an overview of managing Cisco IOS, including the router boot sequence, locating the IOS software, configuration register settings, recovering passwords, backing up and restoring the IOS, backing up and restoring router configurations, and Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP). The router boot sequence involves POST, loading the IOS software from flash, and loading the startup-config from NVRAM. The configuration register controls how the router boots. Passwords can be recovered by changing this register. The IOS and configurations can be backed up to FTP/TFTP and restored. CDP allows administrators to gather hardware and protocol info about neighboring devices.
Windows Deployment Services (WDS) is used to install Windows operating systems on client machines. It provides faster installation than previous methods by copying only two files from the installation media. WDS requires a configured DNS, DHCP server, and domain controller to provide network services and authentication support during installation. The documentation then provides step-by-step instructions for configuring a WDS server by adding the role, specifying installation folders and network settings, and importing operating system installation images.
The document discusses disk partitioning, formatting, and different types of storage in Windows Server 2008. It defines basic disk storage using primary and extended partitions, and dynamic disk storage which allows volumes to span multiple disks. The different types of dynamic storage volumes are described - simple, spanned, striped, mirrored, and RAID-5. Steps are provided to create each type of volume on dynamic disks in Windows Server 2008.
Windows Server 2008 provides improvements in several key areas over previous versions:
- It enables more efficient delivery of web-based experiences through improved administration and development tools, as well as lower infrastructure costs.
- Its virtualization technology allows for cost reductions, increased hardware utilization, optimized infrastructure, and improved server availability.
- Security is enhanced through a hardened operating system and innovations like Network Access Protection and Federated Rights Management that provide unprecedented network and data protection.
Cyber forensics involves applying scientific methods to digital evidence for legal purposes. It includes preserving, acquiring, analyzing, discovering, documenting, and presenting digital evidence. Common goals are to determine if unauthorized activity or crimes occurred using computer systems and networks. Cyber crimes are growing and can include hacking, cyber stalking, spamming, and intellectual property theft. Forensic investigations follow standard procedures including seizing evidence, making copies, and analyzing to find relevant information for legal cases.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
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One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
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Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
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Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
3. OVERVIEW
Introduction
Spanning Tree Protocol
Spanning Tree Terms
Spanning Tree Operations
LAN Switch Types
Configuring Switches
4. INTRODUCTION
Switching Services
Unlike bridges that use software to create and manage a
filter table, switches use application specific integrated
circuits (ASICs) to build and maintain their filter tables.
A switch can be viewed as a multiport bridge.
Three Switch Functions at Layer 2
1. Address learning: Layer 2 switches and bridges
remember the source hardware address of each frame
received on an interface, and they enter this information
into a MAC database called a forward/filter table.
2. Forward/filter decisions: When a frame is received on an
interface, the switch looks at the destination hardware
address and finds the exit interface in the MAC database.
The frame is only forwarded out the specified destination
port.
3. Loop avoidance: If multiple connections between switches
are created for redundancy purposes, network loops can
occur. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to stop
network loops while still permitting redundancy.
6. FORWARD/FILTER DECISIONS
When a frame arrives at a switch interface, the
destination hardware address is compared to the
forward/filter MAC database.
If the destination hardware address is known
and listed in the database, the frame is sent out
only the correct exit interface.
The switch doesn’t transmit the frame out any
interface except for the destination interface.
This preserves bandwidth on the other network
segments and is called frame filtering.
7. LOOP AVOIDANCE
Redundant links between switches are a good idea because they help
prevent complete network failures in the event one link stops working.
the switches will flood broadcasts endlessly throughout the nternetwork.
This is sometimes referred to as a broadcast storm
8. SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL
STP’s main task is to stop network loops from
occurring on your layer 2 network switches.
It monitors the network to find all links, making
sure that no loops occur by shutting down any
redundant links.
STP uses the spanning-tree algorithm (STA) to
first create a topology database, then search out
and destroy redundant links.
With STP running, frames will be forwarded only
on the premium, STP-picked links.
9. SPANNING TREE TERMS
Bridge ID: It is determined by a combination of the bridge
priority (32,768 by default on all Cisco switches) and the base
MAC address. The bridge with the lowest bridge ID becomes the
root bridge in the network.
Root bridge: is the bridge with the best bridge ID (the lowest
bridge ID).
Nonroot bridge: These are all bridges that are not the root
bridge. Nonroot bridges exchange BPDUs with all bridges and
update the STP topology database on all switches.
BPDU: Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) the name of packet
that they send to one neighbor with the one that they receive
from another neighbor.
Root port: The root port is always the link directly connected to
the root bridge, or the shortest path to the root bridge.
10. SPANNING TREE TERMS
Designated port A designated port is one that has been
determined as having the best (lowest) cost. A designated
port will be marked as a forwarding port.
Port cost Port cost determines when multiple links are
used between two switches and none are root ports. The
cost of a link is determined by the bandwidth of a link.
Nondesignated port is one with a higher cost than the
designated port. Nondesignated ports are put in blocking
mode—they are not forwarding ports.
Blocked port A blocked port is the port that will not
forward frames, in order to prevent loops. However, a
blocked port will always listen to frames.
11. SPANNING TREE OPERATIONS
1. Selecting the Root Bridge
2. Selecting the Root Port
3. Selecting the designated (Forward) port.
4. Spanning-Tree Port States
Blocking A blocked port won’t forward frames; it
just listens to BPDUs.
Forwarding The port sends and receives all data
frames on the bridged port.
12. LAN SWITCH TYPES
LAN switch types decide how a frame is handled
when it’s received on a switch port.
There are three switching modes:
1. Cut-through (FastForward)
2. FragmentFree (modified cut-through) the switch
checks the first 64 bytes (caused by collision) of a
frame before forwarding it for fragmentation.
3. Store-and-forward: In this mode, the complete data
frame is received on the switch’s buffer, a CRC is
run, and, if the CRC passes, the switch looks up the
destination address in the MAC filter table.