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1. Collection
of
Data
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

2. Data are collections of any number of related
observations.
Or
Data is aggregate of facts.
“A collection of data is called a data set, and a single observation a
data point”.
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

3. Before relying on any data one should ask the following questions:
1. Where did the data come from?
2. Do the data support or contradict other evidences we have?
3. Is data adequate?
4. Is the result logical?
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

4. Data Collection :
Data generated from the
activities within the firm
Data obtained from the
Sources outside the firm
Primary source is a source
That itself collects the data
Secondary source is a
Source which makes
Available Data.
Data
Internal External
Primary Secondary
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

5. Primary Data :
1. It is original in nature.
2. It is more reliable.
3. It can be used with grater confidence.
4. It is generally free from bias.
5. It exactly matches the need of the project
Merits :
Demerits :
1. It is expensive.
2. It is time-consuming.
3. Sometimes it is more difficult to approach the source.
4. It usually involves creating new definitions and measuring instruments
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

6. Secondary Data
 Merits
Readily available
Less expensive
Less time consuming
Procedure is not known
Not relevant in present contest
May not be free from personal bias
May not be adequate
Proper care has to be taken
• Demerits
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

7. Methods Of Primary Data Collection
 Direct Personal Interview (or Investigation)
 Indirect Personal Interview (or Indirect investigation)
 Information from correspondents
 Mailed Questionnaires
 Questionnaires filled by enumerators
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

8. Direct Personal Interview Method
Merits
 Original data are collected.
 Uniformity in collection of data.
 Required information can be properly obtained.
 Flexible inquiry.
 More accurate and reliable information.
 Language of communication can be adjusted.
 Supplementary information can be generated.
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

9. Demerits
 This method can be used when the field of enquiry is
small.
 High cost.
 Personal biasness can give wrong results.
 Investigators must be trained and supervised.
 Lengthy and complex.
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

10. Indirect Personal Interview Method:
This method can be adopted in following situations:
a.When the direct source do not exist.
b.When the direct sources can’t be relied upon.
c.When the area of investigation is large.
d.When the direct sources are indifferent on their part.
e.When the expert information is needed.
Examples:
a.Number of people addicted to alcoholic drinks in the area.
b.Used by the commissions and committees appointed by the
government.
In such cases the information is collected by a third person known as
informant or witness.
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

11. The informant is suppose to be a person:
a.Who is not biased or prejudiced.
b.Who must known to the facts of the problem.
c.Who must be capable of answering correctly and giving true
information.
d.Who is not motivated to give colors to the facts.
Merits :
a.This method covers a wide area of investigation.
b.It is more or less free from biasness.
c.It saves labour, time and money.
d.Different aspects of the problem can be studied.
e.Suggestion of the experts can be obtained.
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

12. Limitations :
a.Single witness can not be trusted upon.
b.Can be used by experts only.
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

13. Information from Correspondents :
This method is suitable when,
a.Very high degree of accuracy is not required.
b.Regular and continuous information is required.
c.The area of investigation is large enough.
Merits :
a. Information is received regularly.
b. This method is comparatively cheap.
c. It gives results easily and promptly.
d. It can cover a wide area under investigation.
e. It is particularly useful for special purpose inquiries like inviting
price quotations from different group markets.
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

14. Limitations :
a. In this method original data is not obtained.
b. It gives approximately and rough results.
c. As the correspondent uses his own judgment, his personal
biasness may affect the result.
d. Different attitudes of different correspondents may increase
errors.
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

15. Mail Questionnaire Method :
a. It can cover a wide area.
b. The results are not affected by personal biasness.
c. The information is more accurate and reliable.
d. This method is comparatively cheap.
e. It gives results easily and promptly.
f. Sensitive questions can be asked.
Merits :
Limitations :
a. Low response.
b. Incomplete information.
c. Answers can not be cross-checked.
d. Can not be applied where the informants are illiterate.
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

16. Questionnaire Filled By Enumerators :
a. It can cover a wide area.
b. The results are not affected by personal biasness.
c. Doubtful answers can be cross-checked.
d. Can be applied where the informants are illiterate.
e. High response.
Merits :
Limitations :
a. Expensive.
b. Time consuming.
c. Trained executives are required.
d. Big team is required.
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

17. Questionnaire Design
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

18. Over the years, a lot of thought has been put into the science of the design of
survey questions. Key design principles:
1. Keep the questionnaire as short as possible.
2. Ask short, simple, and clearly worded questions.
3. Start with demographic questions to help respondents get started comfortably.
4. Use dichotomous (yes / no) and multiple choice questions.
5. Use open-ended questions cautiously.
6. Avoid using leading-questions.
7. Pretest a questionnaire on a small number of people.
8. Think about the way you intend to use the collected data when preparing the
questionnaire.
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

19. Collection Of Secondary Data :
a. Published Sources.
Government publications, Publication of international organizations,
Semi-official publications, Report of Commissions and
committees, Private publications
b. Unpublished Sources.
Thesis, Project Reports, Educational Qualification of an individual,
etc.
Secondary data can be collected in two various ways :
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

20. Drafting a Questionnaire
? 2020
Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

21. 2121
Data
Measurement
Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

22. 2222
Let us take two numbers 40 and 80 are collected as some data. These numbers may
represent;
Weights of two objects be shipped.
The rating received on a consumer test.
Football jersey numbers of two players
80 pounds
40 pounds
Average = 60 pounds
Which is a better
company
Player
identification
Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

23. 2323
The appropriateness of data analysis depends on the level of measurement of the
data gathered.
The phenomenon represented by the number determines the level of data
measurement.
The business researcher needs to know the level of data measurement; represented
by the number being analyzed.
Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

24. 2424
Four levels of data measurement ;
Nominal
Ratio
Ordinal
Interval
Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

25. 2525
Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

26. A Candle looses Noting Of Its Light In Lighting The Other CandleA Candle looses Noting Of Its Light In Lighting The Other Candle
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Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,
JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini