This presentation focuses on informed decision making in clinical practice making use of evidence based practice. It addresses the use of PICO to formulate clinical question, searching the evidence/literature, critically appraising the evidence, and application of the evidence to improve the quality of clinical practice
This is a presentation about the importance of Evidence Based Medicine and how it acts as a crucial tool in decision making to empower the quality of medical services for better patient outcomes.
It highlights the steps in EBM process, how to identify the parts of a well built clinical question, resources for literature search, critical appraisal of the evidence, and how to apply the evidence to the patient.
This is a presentation about the importance of Evidence Based Medicine and how it acts as a crucial tool in decision making to empower the quality of medical services for better patient outcomes.
It highlights the steps in EBM process, how to identify the parts of a well built clinical question, resources for literature search, critical appraisal of the evidence, and how to apply the evidence to the patient.
SLC CME- Evidence based medicine 07/27/2007cddirks
Saint Luke's Care, a quality improvement organization within Saint Luke's Health System, presents a CME presentation by Dr. Brent Beasley on Evidence Based Medical Care.
Published Research, Flawed, Misleading, Nefarious - Use of Reporting Guidelin...John Hoey
Much published health sciences literature is misleading and biased
Efforts to correct this include use of reporting guidelines- criteria for doing science and reporting the results properly
Also discussion of conflicts of interest - how to report them.
EBM Is the ability to access, asses and apply the best evidence from systematic research information to daily clinical problems after integrating them with the physician's experience and patient's value.
SLC CME- Evidence based medicine 07/27/2007cddirks
Saint Luke's Care, a quality improvement organization within Saint Luke's Health System, presents a CME presentation by Dr. Brent Beasley on Evidence Based Medical Care.
Published Research, Flawed, Misleading, Nefarious - Use of Reporting Guidelin...John Hoey
Much published health sciences literature is misleading and biased
Efforts to correct this include use of reporting guidelines- criteria for doing science and reporting the results properly
Also discussion of conflicts of interest - how to report them.
EBM Is the ability to access, asses and apply the best evidence from systematic research information to daily clinical problems after integrating them with the physician's experience and patient's value.
This ppt will help dentists in taking Evidence Based decision in daily practice and will also help researchers to categorized result of research on the basis of hierarchy of Evidence Based Dentistry
evidence based practice is best for the people working with patients
ebp should be used by the heath care provider.
ebp based upon clinical experties
best research evidence
patient preference and values
Evidence based decision making in periodonticsHardi Gandhi
INTRODUCTION TO EVIDENCE BASED DENTISTRY
EVIDENCE BASED PERIODONTOLOGY
NEED, PRINCIPLES, GOALS AND ADVANTAGES OF EBDM
SKILLS NEEDED FOR EBDM
ASSESING THE EVIDENCE
INCORPORATING INTO THE PRACTICE
Evidence based medicine, by prof Badr Mesbah. Professor of pediatric, Suez canal university
Lecture presented in Port said fourth neonatology conference, 24-25 October 2013, Port said, Egypt
Concise explaining of Evidence-Based Medicine and discussing the following: 1-What is Evidence-Based Medicine?
2-Why Evidence-based Medicine?
3-Options for changing clinicians' practice behaviour
4- EBM Process- Five Steps
5-Seven alternatives to evidence-based medicine
Workshop for Family Medicine Residents at the University of Calgary on Evidence-Based Medicine, the PICO approach to critical appraisal, and the need for skepticism
Similar to Evidence Based Medicine by DR KD DELE (20)
Patient safety Incident (PSI) is an unplanned or unintended event or circumstance that could have resulted or did result in harm to a patient while in the care of a health facility. In this presentation, I explored the concepts of patient safety and patient safety incidents. I also explored the concept of Reporting systems, properly now known as reporting and learning systems - because learning is paramount in the reporting system. I focused on the minimal information model, which is more routinely used compared to the intermediate and full information models.
It is unacceptable that there is still a lot of new HIV infections, particularly when there is a known high-risk exposure to the disease. It is important to know that Post-exposure prophylaxis is a medical emergency, and as part of effort to reduce the burden of HIV, post-exposure prophylaxis has been found to be effective when done appropriately. This presentation explores the concept of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV and the latest changes in the guidelines.
“Undetectable = Untransmittable” (U=U) is a campaign that has caused a few controversies, not to mention the medicolegal implications. This campaign confirms that the sexual transmission of HIV can be stopped once the infected partner is virologically suppressed. How true is this and how relevant is it? In this presentation, I discussed the concept of U=U as one of the measures to reduce the incidence of HIV and help people live a more fulfilling life while also living with the disease.
TB remains an important disease condition globally, particularly with the high prevalence of HIV in many parts of the world. While there is interest in providing the adequate and often readily-available treatment, it might do more harm to the patient. In this presentation, I explored the concept of IRIS in the management of tuberculosis.
Experiencing any type of bleeding can be uncomfortable and frightening for patients, and it is one of the primary reasons they seek medical attention. In this case presentation, I will discuss some crucial approaches to patients who present with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, as well as some key take-home messages.
Headache is a common condition encountered by clinicians in general practice and primary care on a daily basis. Although most headaches are mild, some can be severe and debilitating. It is therefore crucial to recognize common symptoms, identify warning signs, and develop an appropriate management plan for headaches.
Infection Prevention and Control in Hospitals by Dr DeleKemi Dele-Ijagbulu
Infection prevention and control is everybody's business! It is an essential, though often under-recognised and under supported part of the infrastructure of health care. However it saves lives and prevents avoidable morbidity and mortality. This presentation highlights the importance and the practical components of infection prevention and control in the hospital setting.
This presentation on renal function touches on basic anatomy and physiology, investigations relevant to kidney function and clinical practice, and focuses on clinically important disorders - including glomerular diseases - nephrotic syndrome & Glomerulonephritides, acute kidney injury, Chronic kidney disease, HIV and CKD including HIVAN, and renal calculi
Tuberculosis is a chronic, wasting, communicable disease, which made a huge comeback with the HIV pandemic, making it an opportunistic infection, and and an AID-defining infection. This presentation explores the different types of tuberculosis in terms of their locations (pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) as well as in terms of their drug susceptibility. It also addresses the approach to the management of each one of these.
In the early days of the COVID pandemic, the World Tuberculosis Day was marked, with the Theme: "It is Time". It is time to take action, to ensure universal access to treatment, to stop stigma and discrimination, and to end TB.
I had the opportunity to present this topic as part of the wellness efforts for our staff members. Many of our patients live with TB, many of our staff develop TB in the process, and the COVID pandemic was already in the country, complication case identification and case management of the disease.
This presentation touches briefly on the vaginal discharges, both physiological and pathological, approach to management, and a brief touch on pelvic inflammatory disease.
Abortion remains a topical issue, globally, primary because it affects one of the fundamental rights. This presentation is not for debate, but simply highlights the South African laws and regulations as they relate to Termination of Pregnancy (TOP), and the different methods available.
This presentation focuses on the all important topic of childhood malnutrition. It addresses the different components, both acute and chronic, but focuses more on the severe acute malnutrition which is the most important killer, particularly for the under-5s.
terms like kwashiokor and marasmus are no longer in use.
This presentation focuses on the entity known as pyrexia of unknown origin / fever of unknown origin. It demonstrates both common and rare causes, and the epidemiological trend, its clinical presentation, management and prognosis.
This presentation focuses on common obstetrics emergencies. These include early pregnancy complications such as miscarriages and ectopic pregnancy. As well as abdominal pain. Other include haemorrhage, hypertensive state, and sepsis.
This presentation addresses respiratory emergencies, and the approach to their management. These include: anaphylaxis, pneumonias, flail chest, pleural effusion, pulmonary embolism,
Multiple myeloma is mostly a disease of the elderly. It is a form of haematological cancers that affects the Lymphocytes, and causes abnormal proliferation of plasma cells within the bone marrow, thus replacing the marrow, and is associated with multiple organ dysfunction.
This presentation is an introduction to the disease. It however leaves out the specific haematological treatment, because by that point, patient should have been referred to haematology.
Spinal Cord Injuries are uncommon, but they are a leading cause of high cost disability, and with ageing population, the incidence is expected to increase. This presentation looks at the many facets of spinal cord injuries.
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism is often difficult. This presentation highlights step-wise and practical approach to the diagnosis of PE in short and precise fashion.
Poisoning and Overdose have increased in recent times at exponential ratio, and most cases are with the initial attempt to harm oneself. this is very unfortunate. This presentation will help doctors and other health workers to be able to determine how to assist a patients who had overdosed on dangerous substances.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. To highlight the importance of Evidence-Based Medicine
and how it can act as a crucial tool in decision-making to
empower the quality of medical services for better
patient outcomes.
To learn the steps in EBM process
Identify the parts of a well-built clinical question
Discuss resources for literature search
Critical appraisal of the evidence
Apply the evidence to the patient.
THE PURPOSE OF THIS PRESENTATION
6. EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE
(PRACTICE)
■ Evidence based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use
of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual
patients
Sackett DL et al. Evidence based Medicine.
■ It is “integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available
external clinical evidence from systematic research” to achieve the best
possible patient management
Sackett DL et al. Evidence based Medicine.
■ It is about trying to improve the quality of the information on which
healthcare decisions are based
Glasziou P et al. Evidence based Practice Work book. 2nd edition.
7. WHAT IS EVIDENCE?
■ “Evidence’’ basically means information.
■ There are may sources of evidence available:
From scientific research suggesting generally applicable facts about the
world, people, or organizational practices.
Based on numbers or descriptions or other forms of research.
From local, organizational or business indicators, or observations of
practice conditions.
From professional experience – past experiences, trials and errors may
indicate the approach that is likely to be the most successful.
However, loosely speaking, evidence is used to mean scientific research.
8. INFORMED
DECISION MAKING
■ Effective decision-making
thus depends on…
■ the ability to base ones
practices on THE BEST
AVAILABLE EVIDENCES…
■ … rather than on guts,
assertions, hearsays and
personal opinions.
■ Always pause to ask the
question:
■ “What does the evidence
say?”
10. Some Common Misconceptions Of
Evidence-Based Practice
Misconception 1:
Evidence-based practice
ignores the practitioner’s
professional experience.
Misconception 4:
Each organization is
unique, so the usefulness
of scientific evidence is
limited.
Misconception 5:
Evidence-based practice is
all about numbers and
statistics..
Misconception 3:
Good-quality evidence
gives you the answer to
the problem.
Misconception 6:
Doctors need to make
decisions quickly and
don’t have time for
evidence-based practice.
Misconception 2:
If you do not have
high-quality evidence, you
cannot do anything.
13. The Process of Evidence -Based Medicine
■ This relies on the following SIX SKILLS:
1. Asking: translating a practical issue or problem into an answerable
question
2. Acquiring: systematically searching for and retrieving the evidence
3. Appraising: critically judging the trustworthiness and relevance of the
evidence
4. Aggregating: weighing and pulling together the evidence
5. Applying: incorporating the evidence into the decision-making process
6. Assessing: evaluating the outcome of the decision taken
14. STEP 1. The Patient
■ Start with a clinical problem
arising from the case.
15. STEP 2: The Question – PICO!
■ Construct and formulate the clinical question according to PICO
method
■ PICO is a well-built question developed by the national Library of
Medicine
■ It consists of four main parts
P: Population or Participants
I: Intervention or Indicator
C: Comparator or Control, and
O: Outcome
16. STEP 2: The Question – PICO!
■ The questions:
What is the case?
What intervention, treatment, diagnostic tests, etc.?
What type of comparison – treatment A versus B, placebo?
17. STEP 3: The Resource – PICO-TS(r)!
■ Recently it has been suggested to add T & S (&R) to PICO (PICO-TS-r)
■ T: refers to the best Type of study and
■ S: refers to the best Setting where it takes place.
■ R: Select the best resource(s) to conduct the research, e.g.
Systematic review?
Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs)?
18. STEP 4: The Evaluation
■ Critically appraise for
Internal validity
External validity
Significance
Applicability
&
Impact of intervention.
19. STEP 5: Apply The Evidence
The Patient
Integrate the EBM with the
clinical expertise:
Apply to practice, and
Consider patient’s values
and circumstances.
Self-Evaluation
Evaluate your performance
and assess the outcome
Right question?
Better outcome?
Clinical sense?
Good medical performance is based on quality and quality depends on
the best available EBM.
23. Case Scenario 1: The Patient
■ Miss PN is a 30 year old HIV positive married mother of 2 from Newton Park. Her CD4
count is 104 and she is currently on HAART.
She now presents to Dora Nginza Emergency unit with a one day history of a severe
headache, neck stiffness and photophobia.
On examination, BP130/98, P126, T38.7, appears acutely ill with neck stiffness on CNS
examination but no focal neurology.
A lumbar puncture was done which confirmed “cryptococcal meningitis”.
While in the ward, her husband poses the following question to you:
“Was there any way you could have prevented this type of meningitis in my wife?”
~ EBM by a Family Medicine intern in 2018.
24. Case Scenario 1: The Question/PICO
■ Population : HIV positive patients
■ Intervention : use of antifungals (in this case, itraconazole)
■ Comparison : no use of antifungals
■ Outcome : reduction in incidence of cryptococcal meningitis
■ Question formulated:
Can antifungals be used in the primary prevention of cryptococcal
meningitis in HIV positive patients?
~ EBM by a Family Medicine intern in 2018.
25. Case Scenario 2: The Patient
■ It’s Saturday night, a busy typical casualty call. A man comes running in, his wife is
about to deliver. You don a pair of gloves and accompany the man to a small vehicle
in front of the entrance.
In the back seat is a young female, a newborn baby and a large amount of blood.
You clamp and cut the chord and both mother and baby are taken into casualty
The baby is clinically stable. The placenta is delivered complete, the uterus is
contracted however the mother continues to bleed. You ask the sisters for
oxytocin. After a few minutes, a sister reports back that they can not find Oxytocin
or Ergometrine. The only available drug is Cyclokapron.
~ EBM by a Family Medicine intern in 2018.
26. Case Scenario 2: The Question/PICO
■ Question formulated:
In Post Partum females will tranexamic acid be as effective in the
prevention of post-partum haemorrhage as compared to
uterotonic agents
■ Population : Post partum Haemorrhage Females
■ Intervention : Tranexamic acid
■ Comparison : Placebo/ Oxytocin/ Ergometrine
■ Outcome : Prevention of Post Partum Haemorrhage
27. Case Scenario 3: PicO
■ In some instances, only the problem and the outcome may be
required to formulate a question.
■ Example
Mabel a 6wk old ex prem, parents ask you for the chances of their
child developing sensorineural deafness as their friends had a baby
born prematurely who was discovered to have nerve deafness
detected late
Question: In infants born prematurely, what is the frequency
(incidence) of nerve deafness?
■ Population / problem : Infants born prematurely
■ Outcome : Nerve deafness
28. Case Scenario 4 : The Question/PICO
■ Question formulated:
What is the effectiveness of non- pharmacological vs
pharmacological management of insomnia?
■ Population : Adults with insomnia
■ Intervention : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
■ Comparison : Pharmacotherapy
■ Outcome : Improved sleep
~ EBM by a Family Medicine intern in 2018.
31. Searching for Evidence: Search Engines
■ Filtered resources are usually used to appraise the quality of search
and to allow practice recommendations.
■ Good sources of systemic reviews and meta-analysis studies: include
The Cochrane Database
The Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE)
PubMed and
Ovid MEDLINE
32. Example of Literature Search
■ Done by the Intern working on the HIV-antifungal EBM study
■ Search engine : Google
■ Source : Google Scholar, PubMed
■ Key words : cryptococcal meningitis, HIV, antifungals, prevention
■ Limitations : English; studies on humans, systematic reviews, Studies
in past 5years, Africa
■ 27 articles
■ Article chosen:
~ EBM by a Family Medicine intern in 2018.
33. Searching for Evidence
■ Track down the best evidence of outcomes available
■ The best evidence you will find comes from studies where the
researchers used methods that maximise chances of eliminating bias.
■ Systematic reviews have the highest level of evidence – it is a collation
of primary research
39. Why Do We Have To Critically Appraise
Evidence?
■ Evidence is never perfect and can be misleading in many different ways.
■ Evidence-based practice is about using the best available evidence, and
critical appraisal plays an essential role in discerning and identifying such
evidence.
■ Ask the relevant questions regarding your evidence:
How were these figures calculated?
Are they accurate?
Are they reliable?
How were the data collected?
How was the outcome measured?
To what extent are alternative explanations for the outcome found possible?
To what extent is the evidence generalisable to our context?
40. Some Components of Clinical Appraisal
■ What is the PICO of the study?
■ How well was the study done? – Internal validity
■ What do the results mean?
■ Could they have been due to chance?
■ Can the findings of the study be applicable in your setting? – External
validity
41. What Is The PICO Of The Study?
■ Is the study question the same as yours?
■ Is the outcome measured the same as the outcome you are
investigating?
43. Methodology
Check the methodology
How were the subjects recruited? Are they a true representation
of the study population?
Is it a large enough sample?
Was it random selection or consecutive patients selected in a
clinic?
How were they allocated to the study groups? Was it a blinded
process? Did they make adjustments for confounding factors?
Were the groups managed equally except for the intervention?
How was the outcome measured? Was it devoid of bias on the
side of the assessors?
44. Recruitment
■ What were the inclusion and exclusion criteria?
How well were these defined?
If not defined clearly, target population may not be clear, and
introduces recruitment bias – poor internal validity.
45. Allocation
■ Allocation of subjects
The control and intervention groups should be comparable at the
start of the trial
If not comparable, the differences in outcome could be said to be
due to one of the non matched characteristics rather than due to
the intervention
This process is best done randomly and researcher must be
careful to avoid bias
If allocation is not random, it is important that the researcher
corrects for confounding factors with statistical adjustments
46. Maintenance
■ Maintenance of the groups
Equal management throughout the trial except for the factor
being tested
Unequal management of the groups renders the results non valid
Measurement of outcomes for both groups must be done in the
same manner to avoid observer bias
It is important to follow up for long enough
47. Measurements
■ Measurement of outcomes
It is always best to blind observers and subjects in studies where
the outcome measured is subjective.
Objective measurements are easier to read as these are based on
e.g. lab readings, weight checks, etc.
48. What do the results mean?
■ Are the results real or are they due to chance?
2 statistical tests used to test this
P values (hypothesis testing)
Confidence intervals (estimation)
■ Other definitions:
NNT (number needed to treat)
NNH (number needed to harm)
OR (odds ratio)
RR (relative risk) etc
50. External Validity
■ Are the results generalisable?
■ Is the treatment or test feasible in my setting?
■ What alternatives are available?
■ Are my patients similar to the target population in the study?
■ Will the potential benefits of treatment outweigh the potential
harms?
■ What does my patient think about it?
51. STEP 5: Apply The Evidence
The Patient
Integrate the EBM with the
clinical expertise:
Apply to practice, and
Consider patient’s values
and circumstances.
Self-Evaluation
Evaluate your performance
and assess the outcome
Right question?
Better outcome?
Clinical sense?
Good medical performance is based on quality and quality depends on
the best available EBM.
53. Outline.
■ For the purpose of upcoming presentations
1. Answerable question (PICO, etc)
2. Search strategy
3. Best study found in answer to the question
4. Statistical definitions
5. Methodology
6. Results
7. Internal validity
Important to note: P value, Confidence interval etc
8. External validity / Generalisability of the results to this context
9. Apply the evidence to practice.
54.
55. REFERENCES
■ Mohsen MO, Malki AM, Aziz HA, 2015. Evidence-based medicine; climbing a
mountain for a better decision-making. Integr Mol Med, 2015 doi:
10.15761/IMM.1000132. Available from: https://www.oatext.com/pdf/IMM-2-132.pdf
■ Barends E, Rousseau dm & Briner RB, (2014). Evidence-Based Management: The
Basic Principles. Amsterdam: Center for Evidence-Based Management
Acknowledgement
■ Many thanks to Dr F Ajudua.