This document discusses various methods of data collection, including interviews, questionnaires, observation, and attitude scales. It provides details on structured, unstructured, and semi-structured interviews. It explains the benefits of interviews for collecting in-depth information and clarifying misunderstandings. Questionnaires are described as self-report instruments that subjects complete to provide data. Observation involves watching behaviors and events without intervention. Attitude scales aim to quantify qualitative attributes like feelings and beliefs using tools like Likert scales.

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Data Collection
By
Mr. Ravi Rai Dangi
Assistant Professor
Fellowship in Neonatal Nursing
MSc. Child Health Nursing

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Data
 Data are the observable and measurable fact that
provides information about phenomenon under
the study.
 Five “W” are most important
 What data are to be collected ?
 From whom
 Who will collect
 From Where the data will be collected
 When is the data to be collected

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Data Sources
 Primary Sources :- data directly provided by
individual, object, programme or institutes.
 Secondary Sources :- It involves existing information
from records. Like published record and unpublished
records.

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Interview
 A method of data collection in which one person
(interviewer) ask the question to another person
(respondent) conducted either face to face or
telephonically.

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Characteristics
 Participant and interviewer are strangers
 The relationship between both is temporary
 Verbal question
 Investigator will records the answers

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 Face to face conversation not necessary a telephonic
 conversation can be done
 Conversation with specific purpose
 Conversation between two people not single

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Benefits
 Provide in depth and detailed information
 Permit greater depth of response
 Data can collect from illiterate person also
 Higher response
 Clarify misunderstanding

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Benefits
 Ask question at several levels
 Helps to gather other supplementary information
 Use of special devices (visual device, scoring device)
 Accuracy can be also checked
 Flexible and adaptable

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Types
 Structured Interview
 Unstructured
 Semi structured
 Focused group
 Telephone interview

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Structured Interview
 It means data collection in which the interviewer has
an interview schedule in which the question are
listed in the order in which they are to be answered.

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 Interview schedule is formalized and has limited set of
question.
 Each interview is presented with exactly the same
question in the same order.
 It increases the reliability and credibility of research.
 It minimize the context effect, wherein answers given
to survey questions depends upon the nature of
preceding question.

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Unstructured Interview
 When question can be changed to meet respondent’s
intelligence, under standing and beliefs.
 Schedule is not formalized and has open ended
question.
 Aim is to explore the information from the respondent
 It facilitates the natural unobstructed processing of
interview.

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Semi structured Interview
 It is a flexible method that allows new question to
be brought up during the interview, depending
upon the situation during the interview.
 Interviewer prepares a list of topic related to
question and can ask in different ways to different
samples.
 It helps to interviewer to focus on the topic at hand
without following a particular format.

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Focused Group Interview
 It is an unstructured group interview method where
8-12 person are brought together under guidance of a
trained interviewer to focus on a specific
phenomenon.

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 It is carefully guided by the interviewer with the
help of specifically set questions.
 The interview focus on the subjective data and
emotional data to the topic of research .

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 It consist of 8-12 members and homogenous in terms of
demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.
 Duration of interview is 1.5 to 2 hours.
 All information including facial expression and body
languages is recorded.
 It has moderator to lead the discussion.
 Free to choose the question the order of question and
ensure the extent of the asking question.

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Telephone Interview
 This method of collecting information consists of
contacting respondents on telephone itself.
 It is used widely in industrial survey, particularly in
developed regions.

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Interview Process

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Preparation for Interview
 Fixup appointment
 Appearance and dress
 Familiarity with interview schedule

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Pre interview Introduction
 Introduction of researcher and respondent
 Interview structure and Time for interview
 Aim of the interview
 Terms of confidentiality
 Ask them if they have any question

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Developing Rapport
 After primary introduction, the researcher starts
developing the rapport with respondent. This is
developed through confidence building and
understanding the concerns of the respondents by
beginning the conversation on general topics.

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Carrying the Interview Forward
 Ask only one question at a time
 Repeat question if necessary
 Try to make sure that sample understand the
question
 Listen carefully to answer
 Observe the facial expression, gesture and tone of
voice

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 Give sufficient time
 Do not show anger , surprise or shock and anger
 Maintain neutral attitude
 If silence is prolonged then introduce a stimulus

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Recording the Interview
 Record responses
 Note taking if possible
 Tape recorder can be used
 Shorthand should be used to record everything

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Closing the Interview
 After the interview is over, a polite leave of the
respondent should be taken, thanking him or her
with a friendly smile and saying goodbye.

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Questionnaire

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Questionnaire
 A questionnaire is a structured self report paper and
pencil instrument that a research subject is asked to
complete.
 A questionnaire is a structured instrument consisting
of a series of prepared by the researcher that a research
subject is asked to complete, to gather data from
individuals about knowledge, attitude, belief and
feelings.

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Types
Open Format Question
Those question that provide opportunity to
the respondents to express their opinions and answers
in their own way.
Closed format question
In this respondents have number of
alternative to reply and they have to choose from given
options.

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Guidelines or Characteristic
 According to study topic
 Begins with instructions
 Question drafting should be concise, precise, and
brief because lengthy question may lead to boredom
among respondents.

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 Relevant to topic
 Clear and simple.
 Avoid professional terminology
 Avoid open ended question
 Controversial question should be avoided

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Sequence of the Question
 Logical sequence
 Do not derive new question from previous
question
 General to specific, simple to complex and known
to unknown

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Method of Administration
 Postal questionnaire
 Phone
 Electronic (use of computer, internet )
 Personally administration

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Merits
 Cost effective
 Easy to analyze
 Reduce bias
 Used for large sample

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Demerits
 Not suitable for everyone like children and
illiterates
 Low response rate
 Provides only superficial information
 Sample can give false information

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Attitude Scales

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Attitude Scale
 A scale is a device designed to assign a numeric score to
people to place them on a continuum with respect to
attributes being measured, like a scale for measuring
attitude or weight or meters.
 Attitude scale are sociopsychology measurement
directed towards quantifying the qualitative attributes,
such as feeling, attitudes, self concepts, perceptions
and beliefs.

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Likert Scale
 Developed in 1932 by Rensis Likert
 Likert scale is a composite measurement scale used
to measure attitude, values and feelings of people
that involve summation of score on the set of positive
and negative declarative statement regarding
measuring variables to which respondent are asked
to indicate their degree of agreement or
disagreement.

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Uses
 Mainly it is used to measure attitudes, values and
feelings of the people about specific concepts such as
situation, people, place, object, programme,
practices and policies.
 Quantifying the quality
 To measure attitude, feeling and emotions

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Scoring
 Three point
 Five point
 Seventh point

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Observation

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Observation
 Observation is a technique for collecting all the data
or acquiring information through occurrences that
can be observed through senses with or without
mechanical devices.
 Observation is a way of collecting the data by
watching behavior, events or noting physical
characteristic in their natural setting.

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Structured Observation
 In this researcher prepares a structured tool in
advance to observe the events or behavior.
 In this researcher observer only specific attributes or
behavior according to preplanned observation
guidelines.
 Checklist
 Rating scale

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Unstructured Observation
 Generally used in qualitative studies.
 It is used to observer non specific phenomena which
is well known by researcher.
 Log book
 Field notes
 Anecdotes
 Video recording

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Participants Observation
 In this type of observation the researcher may live or
work in field and actively participate in ongoing
activities for the extended time period and the
researcher becomes the accepted member of that
group of community

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Non Participants Observation
 In this type of observation the researcher will not
interact to participant and observer secretly.

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Checklist
 A checklist is a simple instrument consisting
prepared list of expected items of performance or
attributes, which are checked by a researcher for
their presence or absence.

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Characteristics
 Observer one respondents at a time
 Observer should be trained how to observer, what
to observer and how to record it.
 Specific behavior can be observed

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