DakNet is an ad hoc network which uses wireless technology to provide digital connectivity. DakNet takes advantages of the existing transportation and communication infrastructure to provide digital connectivity. DakNet offers a cost-effective network for data connectivity in regions lacking communications infrastructure. Instead of trying to relay data over long distances, which can be expensive, DakNet transmits data over short point-to-point links between kiosks and portable storage devices called Mobile Access Points (MAP). DakNet takes advantages of the existing transportation and communication infrastructure to provide digital connectivity.

1. DAKNET
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Now a days it is very easy to establish communication from one part of the world
to other. Despite this even now in remote areas villagers travel to talk to family members
or to get forms which citizens in-developed countries can call up on a computer in a
matter of seconds. The government tries to give telephone connection in very village in
the mistaken belief that ordinary telephone is the cheapest way to provide connectivity.
But the recent advancements in wireless technology make running a copper wire to an
analog telephone much more expensive than the broadband wireless Internet
connectivity.
DakNet is an internet service based technology from First Mile Solutions (FMS).
This idea was featured in the MIT Entrepreneurship Competition in 2002. DakNet offers
affordable, asynchronous internet access to rural areas. FMS is based in Cambridge, MA
and offers its Wi-Fi based technology to the rural population in developing countries
such as India and Cambodia. It uses a store and forward technique through Wi-Fi, which
the company describes as "Cached Wi-Fi Intelligence".
Daknet, an ad hoc network uses wireless technology to provide digital
connectivity. DakNet takes advantages of the existing transportation and communication
infrastructure to provide digital connectivity. Daknet whose name derives from the Hindi
word “Dak” for postal combines a physical means of transportation with wireless data
transfer to extend the internet connectivity that a post office provides.
Real time communications need large capital investment and hence high level of
user adoption to receiver costs. The average villager cannot even afford a personnel
communications device such as a telephone or computer. To recover cost, users must
share the communication infrastructure. Real time aspect of telephony can also be a
disadvantage. Studies show that the current market for successful rural Information and
Communication Technology services does not appear to rely on real-time connectivity,
but rather on affordability and basic interactivity.
The poor not only need digital services, but they are willing and able to pay for
them to offset the much higher costs of poor transportation, unfair pricing, and

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 2
corruption. It is useful to consider non real-time infrastructures and applications such as
voice mail, e-mail, and electronic bulletin boards.
Technologies like store and forward or asynchronous modes of communication
can be significantly lower in cost and do not necessarily sacrifice the functionality
required to deliver valuable user services. In addition to non-real-time applications such
as e-mail and voice messaging, providers can use asynchronous modes of
communication to create local information repositories that community members can add
to and query.
To mobilize end-user market creation, a separate organization, known as United
Villages (UV), was created by the founders of FMS. The purpose behind the creation of
UV was to develop for-profit rural internet service providers using FMS technology.
FMS and United Villages merged in 2003 and an operating company, known as United
Villages Network Private Limited, has been established in India in 2005.

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 3
CHAPTER 2
DAKNET NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
The main parts of daknet architecture are
♦ Mobile access point
♦ Hub
♦ Kiosk
2.1. MOBILE ACCESS POINT
Daknet offers data to be transmitted over short point-to-point links. It combines
physical and wireless data transport to enable high-bandwidth intranet and internet
connectivity among kiosks (public computers) and between kiosks and hubs (places with
reliable Internet connection).
Data is transported by means of a mobile access point, which automatically and
wirelessly collects and delivers data from/to each kiosk on the network. Low cost WIFI
radio transceivers automatically transfer the data stored in the MAP at high bandwidth
for each point- to- point connection.
Fig. 2.1 Mobile Access Point
Mobile Access Point is mounted on and powered by a bus or motorcycle, or even
a bicycle with a small generator. MAPs are installed on vehicles that normally pass by
each village to provide store-and-forward connectivity. MAP equipment used on the bus
includes, a custom embedded PC running Linux with 802.11b wireless card and flash
memory. An amplifier, cabling, mounting equipment, antenna and an uninterruptible
power supply powered by the bus battery.

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 4
The total cost of the Daknet MAP equipment used on the bus is $580. A session
occurs each time the bus comes within range of a kiosk and MAP transfer’s data. The
speed of the connection between the access point and the kiosk or hub varies in each
case. But on average, they can move about 21Mb or 42 Mb bi directionally per session.
The average actual throughput for a session, during which the MAP and kiosk go in and
out of connection because of mobility and obstructions, is 2.3Mbps. Omni directional
antennas are used on the bus and also Omni directional antennas are located at each of
the kiosks or hubs. The actual throughput depends on gain of antenna and orientation of
each kiosk with the road.
2.2. HUB
It is a common connection point for devices in a network. It is used to connect
segments of a LAN. It contains multiple ports. Packet at one port copied to all other
ports-all segments sees all packets. When the vehicle passes near an internet access point
–the hub- it synchronizes all the data from different kiosks using the internet.
Fig. 2.2 Hub

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 5
2.3. KIOSK
It is a booth providing a computer related service such as ATM. In each village
there is kiosk. It requires a user interface that can be used without training. It enable user
to enter and display information on the same device. Either directional or Omni
directional antennas are located at each of the kiosks or hubs. Amplifiers are used to
boost the signal and range for higher.
Fig. 2.3 Daknet Concept
(Physical transport, in this case a public bus, carries a mobile access point (MAP)
between village kiosks and a hub with Internet access. Data automatically uploads
and downloads when the bus is in range of a kiosk or the hub.)
The above figure illustrates the Daknet concept that has been applied in real
time. Instead of relaying information over long distances which would be expensive and
consume more power, Daknet makes use of short point-to-point links to transmit data
between the Kiosks in each village and portable storage devices called Mobile Access
Points (MAP). Mounted on and powered by a bus, a motorcycle, or even a bicycle with a
small generator, a MAP physically transports data among public kiosks and private
communications device and between kiosks and a hub. Low-cost Wi-Fi radio

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 6
transceivers automatically transfer the data stored in the MAP at high bandwidth for each
point-to-point connection.
The below steps are repeated each time a MAP equipped vehicle passes through
the village which enables low cost wireless network and seamless connectivity.
 As the MAP-equipped vehicle comes within range of a village Wi-Fi-enabled
kiosk, it automatically senses the wireless connection and then uploads and
downloads the data.
 When a MAP-equipped vehicle comes within range of an Internet access point
(the hub), it automatically synchronizes the data from all the rural kiosks, using
the Internet.
Even a single vehicle passing by a village once per day is sufficient to provide
daily information services and the connection quality is also high. Daknet also
incorporates means for seamless scalability in future when the village's economy grows
and people can afford to spend more and they will also be able to obtain real time
communication services.
Even local entrepreneurs currently are using DakNet connections to make
electronic services like e-mail and voice mail available to residents in rural villages.
Daknet concept has helped many more initiatives in India like the Bhoomi initiative.
Bhoomi, an initiative to computerize land records. Daknet helps on this a lot.

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 7
CHAPTER 3
DAKNET WORKING
A simple store-and-forward WiFi system, using a government bus as a central
linkage. The bus contains a simple WiFi installation and server, and when in range of
one of the outlying information kiosks it synchronizes data for later processing.
DakNet offers a cost-effective network for data connectivity in regions lacking
communications infrastructure. Instead of trying to relay data over long distances, which
can be expensive, Daknet transmits data over short point-to point links between kiosks
and portable storage devices called Mobile Access Points (MAP). Mounted and powered
on a bus or motorcycle with a small generator MAP physically transports data between
public kiosks and private communications devices and between kiosks and a hub (for
non-real time internet access). Low cost Wi-Fi radio transceivers transfer data stored in
MAP at high bandwidth for each point-to-point connection.
Daknet has following two functions:
 As the MAP equipped vehicle comes within the range of a village Wi-Fi enabled
kiosk it automatically senses the wireless connection and uploads and downloads
the megabytes of data.
 As it comes in the range of Internet access points (the hub) it automatically
synchronizes the data from kiosks using the Internet.
These steps repeat or all the vehicles carrying MAP, thus providing a low cost
wireless network and seamless communication infrastructure. Even a single vehicle
passing by a village is sufficient to carry the entire daily information. The connection
quality is also high. Although Daknet does not provide real time data transport, a
significant amount of data can move at once-typically 20MB in one direction.
Thus asynchronous broadband connectivity offers a stepping-stone to always on
broadband infrastructure and end user applications. Daknet makes it possible for
individual households and private users to get connected.

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 8
Fig. 3.1 Daknet Network Architecture
The average cost to make a village kiosk ready is $185. Assuming each bus serves 10
villages the average cost for enabling each village is $243.
DakNet offers an affordable and complete connectivity package, including:
 Wireless Hardware (wireless transceiver and antennas)
 Networking Software
 Server and cache Software
 Custom applications, including email, audio/video messaging, and asynchronous
Internet searching and browsing
3.1. DAKNET’S COST ADVANTAGE : A REAL EXAMPLE
First Mile Solution’s first major client was American Assistance for
Cambodia/Japan Relief Fund (AAfC/JRF), an NGO based in Cambodia that has built
over 250 schools. AAfC/JRF first approached First Mile Solutions in 2001 to connect its
schools to the Internet. Many schools were already equipped with computers and printers
powered by solar panels. However, only one school, using a donated satellite, was
connected to the Internet. Satellite technology was the only way to connect schools

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without telephone lines. Needless to say, it was too expensive to purchase a satellite for
every school. If all fifteen schools had been connected to the Internet via satellite, it
would have cost38 USD 260,376 for the first year. Using FMS only cost USD 39,979 (at
that time, FMS did not charge for its software). FMS used the school that was already
connected to the Internet as a central hub. The other fourteen schools were divided into
five routes, each of them serviced by a “motorman.” Motormen are the e-postmen hired
locally that ride their motorbikes between the central hub and surrounding schools.
Information from the schools would automatically be downloaded from the FAP
to the MAP when the motorman passed by, and uploaded to the hub when the
motorcycle returned. A hub operator trained by FMS managed the hub. Altogether, the
DakNet solution was cost effective. As of December 2004, AAfC/JRF had purchased
equipment for 7 MAPs, and 33 FAPs. AAfC was so pleased with the results that they had
already made plans to connect 10 schools in Robib, 9 schools in Koh Kong, and 10
schools in Preah Vihear in the near future. The introduction of basic telecommunications
services in these places has been revolutionary, as many of these places did not even
have a regular postman. This successful deployment of DakNet technology proved that it
can function under difficult conditions, be it poor infrastructure, challenging climate
conditions, or limited capacity of local staff. This proof-of- concept has paved the way to
more opportunities.

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CHAPTER 4
DAKNET IN ACTION
Villagers in India and Cambodia are using Daknet with good results. Local
entrepreneurs currently are using DakNet connections to make e-services like e-mail and
voice mail available to residents in rural villages. One of the Daknet’s early deployments
was as an affordable rural connectivity solution for the Bhoomi e-governance project.
DakNet is also implemented in a remote province of Cambodia for 15 solar-
powered village schools, telemedicine clinics, and a governor’s office.
Daknet is currently in action in many places. They are,
 Bhoomi initiative in Karnataka
 SARI (Sustainable Access for Rural India) project of Tamilnadu
 Ratnakiri project in Cambodia
4.1 BHOOMIINITIATIVE IN INDIA
Bhoomi, an initiative to computerize the land records of villagers is the first
electronic governance project in India. Bhoomi has been successfully implemented at
district headquarters across the state to completely replace the physical land records
system.
Daknet makes Bhoomi’s land records database available to villagers’40km away
from the district headquarters. In this deployment a public bus is outfitted with a Daknet
MAP, which carries the land record requests from each village kiosk to the taluka server.
The server then processes the requests and outputs land records. The bus then delivers
the records to each village kiosk and the kiosk manager prints the records and collects
Rs. 15 per record.
Villagers along the bus route have enthusiastically welcomed the system. They
are grateful in avoiding the long trip to the main city to collect the records. The average
total cost of the equipment used to make a village kiosk or hub DakNet ready was $185.
Assuming that each bus can provide connectivity to approximately 10 villages, the

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 11
average cost of enabling each village was $243 ($185 at each village plus $580 MAP
cost for 10 villages).
It has also been successfully employed in the villages of Cambodia. Next steps
involve combining DakNet and Bhoomi with a package of applications to provide a
sustainable model for rural entrepreneurship.
Fig. 4.1 Bhoomi Initiatives
The Government of Karnataka plans to use Bhoomi as the backbone for
providing other kinds of information of relevance to rural areas. This includes
commodity prices, information on agricultural inputs, social assistance like old age,
widow and physically handicapped pensions etc. There are also plans to extend these
kiosks to the village level by involving private sector entrepreneurs and gram panchayats
(local governance units) on a revenue-sharing basis.

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 12
Fig. 4.2 The Internet Motorman Project At Cambodia.
(a) The main hospital, with its VSAT connection to the Internet, acts as the hub.
(b) Because the roads are so bad during rainy periods, MAP-enabled Honda
motorcycles are used to connect schools to the hub.
(c) For locations with particularly challenging terrain, there is even a MAP-
equipped ox cart.
Fig. 4.3 Daknet Enabled Public Bus

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 13
4.2 DAKNET: STORE AND FORWARD WIRELESS
DakNet allows rural villages to exchange messages and video through a mobile
ISP. By mounting a wireless card on a vehicle that travels around to remote villages and
exchanges updated information with each kiosk it encounters through Wi-Fi.
Villagers are able to send message and record videos through these kiosks. That
data is stored in the outbox of the kiosk. When the mobile vehicle comes around it
exchanges the data in the outbox and the inbox. Those awaiting messages are able to
check the inbox for any messages or videos. All information is downloaded to the central
system at the office station.
Fig. 4.4 Daknet : Store And Forward
Using Wi-Fi allows for cheap reliable Internet service to those rural
communication Infrastructures. The telephone lines in the remote and rural areas are
frequently dysfunctional and unreliable for Internet connectivity. Thus Wi-Fi creates
better access to bandwidth from the large data lines that run throughout the world.
The latest installation to DakNet has been adding the remote region of Ratanakiri,
Cambodia. A collection of 13 villages those are only accessible by motorcycle and
oxcart. The per capita income is roughly under $40 US dollars. The area school is
equipped with solar panels that run the computer for six hours a day. Providing them
now with email and video messaging.

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4.3 MOTO-BIKE INNOVATION
Early every morning, five Honda motorcycles leave the hub in the provincial
capital of Banlung where a satellite dish, donated by Shin Satellite, links the provincial
hospital and a special skills school to the Internet for telemedicine and computer training.
The moto drivers equipped with a small box and antenna at the rear of their vehicle that
downloads and delivers e-mail through a Wi-Fi (wireless) card, begin the day by
collecting the e-mail from the hub's dish, which takes just a few seconds.
Fig. 4.5 Daknet Moto Bike Innovation
Through the donations from various organizations the developing world is given
an opportunity to participate in the technological revolution. After many pilot projects
there are still investigations to understanding how to increase the projects through
various solutions such as DakNet.
4.4 UNITED VILLAGES
United Villages Networks Private Limited has operated in India since September
2005 and is currently working in two Indian states: Orissa and Rajasthan. Recently, the
company has opted out of being an Internet Service Provider in favor of providing
information technology enabled services to rural communities via village-level
franchises. Specifically, United Villages has developed a low-cost Internet access model

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 15
called DakNet, using Mobile Access Points technology. Village-based franchisees
known as DakNet Service Providers (DSP) sell subscriptions for users to access a range
of services on the DSP’s laptop (subscriptions are also sold by the United Villages’ sales
team). This data is uploaded periodically to a roadside access point. Wi-Fi transceivers
mounted on local buses send and receive data from the roadside access points, for later
transfer to/from the Internet via wireless protocols. This store-and-forward system allows
DakNet to offer an asynchronous network communication model to users at low cost.
In Orissa, the DakNet store-and-forward system operates in four steps:
1. A village-based DakNet Service Provider (DSP) is equipped with a laptop.
Villagers can sign up for a DakNet prepaid account and use the DSP’s laptop to
order shopping items, request job information etc. offline.
2. Generally, all the DSPs are located next to a motor able road. User data (such as
email, e-shopping orders etc.) are transferred to the fixed access point (FAP) at a
kiosk or DSP center. From the FAP, the data are then transferred to a bus fitted
with a wireless transceiver that stops outside the DSP center.
3. When the bus arrives at the main bus station in the city of Bhubaneswar, stored
user data are forwarded via a wireless node to the main office of United
Villages – also in Bhubaneswar – and thence onto real-time Internet.
4. The system also works in reverse: the buses deliver information from the
Internet to user accounts at the same time as they are receiving user data.
Fig. 4.6 Daknet Store-And-Forward Drive-By Wi-Fi Model

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 16
United Villages is working with leading mobile service providers to use
roadside mobile towers as real-time Internet access points. This means that buses will
be able to store-and forward data as they travel, rather than wait until they return to
Bhubaneswar’s main bus station.
Currently, there are over 60 DSP franchises in Orissa which are granted – in
general – to existing rural entrepreneurs already running a local business such as a
photo studio, public telephone booth, electrical equipment shop, TV/radio repair shop
etc. Less frequently, an individual running a village school or a rural NGO might take
on a franchise.
The DakNet system supports a suite of e-services designed for users with
limited or zero digital literacy. Comparable services accessed via mobile phone are
usually priced too high for rural users, and not otherwise available in the villages of
Orissa (cyber cafes are only located in urban centers).
4.5 APPLICATIONS
4.5.1 EDUCATION
Use of DakNet
DakNet infrastructure was used to connect rural schools to the Internet. One
school is connected to the Internet through a satellite, and 14 others schools are
connected through the e-postman system. Data is transported by five motormen, each of
whom covers a different route.
Application Context
Internet accessibility complements the computer classes students were already
taking. Originally, students only learned how to type and use Microsoft Word and Excel.
Connecting schools to the Internet allows students to learn how to use e- mail and
conduct web searches. Many schools have established a pen-pal system with other
schools, which motivates students to practice writing and e-mailing in English. Many
donors also communicate to the students through e-mail.

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 17
Challenges
The schools have experienced few technical problems with the hardware.
Hands-on time to explore and practice is limited.
Social Benefit
Providing rural communities with Internet access is a baby step in bridging the
digital divide. Learning how to use the Internet at the primary school level helps students
to overcome the intimidation of using new technology. It also decreases the negative
impacts of physical isolation, as they are now able to receive daily news and explore the
world outside their village through web searches.
4.5.2 TELEMEDICINE
Use of DakNet
DakNet infrastructure established through the rural schools to implement
telemedicine. Villagers can ask the computer teacher to e-mail their symptoms to a
medical clinic instead of paying an actual visit. Doctors at the clinic then choose the
most urgent cases to treat. Close to seventy percent of the patients that are referred to the
telemedicine clinic utilize DakNet.
Application Context
When patients arrive at the telemedicine clinic, local doctors provide foreign
doctors with precise descriptions of patients’ illnesses. These descriptions contain written
explanations, digital pictures, or even digitized X-rays. Any useful information that can
be transferred electronically is added to a patient’s profile.
Challenges
The main challenge is to have doctors committed to the project due to lower pay
scale. There are also the challenges of properly writing up the symptoms, translating
technical jargon between languages, and overcoming cultural barriers related to medical
treatment.

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 18
Social Benefit
Many patients had long-term illnesses that were successfully treated through this
way.
4.5.3 E-GOVERNMENT
Use of DakNet
Villagers who live near connected rural schools can Use Daknet computer to
write e-mails on their behalf directly to the Governor to voice their needs and concerns.
Application Context
To Solve Out Any Type of Dispute Or Degradation In Service.
Challenges
Due To Lack Of Knowledge Only Few People Can Use These Feature As a X
Factor.
Social Benefit
Both the governor and villagers liked the new method of communication. Many
of these villages are so remote that in the past, the Governor seldom visited them and had
little idea of their needs. E-mail brought their needs to the Governor’s attention for the
first time. Even this basic form of e-government was empowering, democratizing, and
led to increased accountability.
NiDA can use FMS technology to roll out nationwide e-government applications,
especially in rural areas.
4.5.4 E-COMMERCE
Use of DakNet
AAfC/JRF uses the DakNet hub as a communications center to run two
ecommerce pilots that sell traditional Cambodian handicrafts. Two workshops were set
up to produce traditional Cambodian scarves and blankets. The project aims to stimulate

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BCE, SHRAVANABELAGOLA 19
the local economy by bringing in extra revenue and preserve Khmer hill- tribe culture
and art.
Application Context
The project has not been profitable for AAfC/JRF so far because the raw
materials are expensive and the client base is mainly limited by word-of mouth
advertisement and those affiliated with AAfC/JRF. The project can only reach
sustainability if AAfC/JRF can expand the client base.
Challenges
This project had a positive impact on the weavers’ lives, all of whom were
women, because it enabled them to generate more income for their family. Prior to the
project, the women did not generate any income. Depending on customer demand, they
now can earn on average an extra USD 14 per month.
Social Benefit
The pilot has the potential to expand but will need to overcome obstacles,
including transporting the raw materials and final products to and from the villages. The
founder of AAfC/JRF hopes to have profitable pilots in order to make Internet
connectivity self-sustainable instead of dependent on donor funds. Local people are more
likely to engage in the new technology if they see the commercial advantages of doing
so.
4.6 FEATURES OF DAKNET
Since it avoids using phone lines or expensive equipment, Daknet provides one of
the lowest-cost accessibility solutions in the world. In addition to low cost the other
feature of Daknet is its ability for upgrading the always-on broadband connectivity. As
the village increases its economic means the villagers can use the same hardware,
software and user interface to enjoy real-time information access. The only change is the
addition of fixed location wireless antennas and towers, a change that is entirely
transparent to end users, because they need not learn new skills or buy new hardware and
software. With multiple MAP buses, a low cost wireless network and seamless
communication infrastructure gets created.

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CONCLUSION
Daknet’s low deployment cost and enthusiastic reception by rural users has
motivated dozens of inquiries for further deployments. This provides millions of people
their first possibility for digital connectivity. Increasing connectivity is the most reliable
way to encourage economic growth.
The larger goal is to shift the policy focus of the Government’s universal service
obligation funds from wireless village telephones to wireless ad-hoc networking. The
shift will probably require formal assessment for user satisfaction, resulting economic
growth and system reliability.

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