About the class of feed that ruminant consumes.

1. Assignment on:
FEED INGREDIENTS USED FOR ANIMAL FEED
(RUMINANTS)
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
RAMPUR CAMPUS
KHAIRAHANI, CHITWAN
PREPARED BY:
SAGAR BHATTARAI
ROLL NO:29
5th semester, IAAS
SUBMITTED TO:
BASANT ACHARYA
ASSOCIATE PROFFESOR
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
SUBJECT: ANIMAL NUTRITION AND
FEEDING PRACTICES (ANU 311)

2. Feeds/feed ingredients are classified into one of eight classes depending
on their proximate chemical composition and intended dietary use
(NRC, 1983)
1) Class 1 - Dry forages and roughages, including hay, straw, fodder (aerial part), stover,
hulls, and other products with more than 18 percent crude fiber (i.e. rice bran, seed coats,
pods, etc.)
2) Class 2 – Concentrates, which are less bulky, contains less than 18% crude fiber and rich
in energy and protein.
3) Class 3 - Silages, including only ensiled forages (i.e. maize, alfalfa, grass, etc.) and
excluding ensiled fish, grain, roots and tubers.
4) Class 4 - Energy feeds, including products with less than 20 percent protein (dry basis)
and less than 18 percent crude fiber (i.e. grain, mill by-products).
5) Class 5 - Protein supplements, including products containing 20 percent or more protein
(dry basis) from animal origin (including ensiled products) as well as oil meals, gluten,
etc. And generally Protein supplements are further divided into 2 categories: Animal
source and Plant source.

3. 6) Class 6 - Mineral supplements.
7) Class 7 - Vitamin supplements, including ensiled yeast.
8) Class 8 - Additives, including antibiotics, coloring materials, flavors, hormones and
medicaments.
Generally, the feed ingredient varies with the stage of the ruminant animal such as lactating
cattle requires varied amount and varied composition while newly born calf requires lesser
amount of feed ingredients.

4. CLASS-1: DRY FORAGES AND ROUGHAGES
Roughages can basically defined as feed ingredient that has a high concentration
of slowly degradable fiber.
The main purpose of this feed ingredient is “Roughage Effect” which is to
stimulate the bacteria present in the rumen to make slurry which in general make
high quality energy from low quality diet.
Roughages are further classified into:
i. Non- Maintenance: DCP less than 3% on dry matter basis.
ii. Maintenance: 3-5% DCP on dry matter basis.
iii. Productive: Greater than 5% DCP on dry matter basis.

5. CLASS-2 : CONCENTRATES
Concentrate feed is a feed used with another to improve the nutritive
balance of the total and intended to be further diluted and mixed to produce
a supplement or a complete feed.
 Concentrate feeds are generally feeds with a high content of nutritional
substances.

6. CLASS-3: SILAGES
Silage is a type of fodder made from green foliage crops which have been
preserved by acidification, achieved through fermentation.
The grasses are cut and then fermented to keep as much of
the nutrients (such as sugars and proteins) as possible.
The advantages of using silage forages consist in reducing the nutrient
losses (10-15%), ensuring high milk productions, mitigating the toxic effects
of some plants, forage storage under optimum conditions over a long period
and their likeness to mechanized distribution.

7. CLASS -4: ENERGY FEEDS
 Those feed ingredients which provides easily digestible and absorbed energy
in the form of glucose are categorized into Energy Feeds.
Cereal grains and molasses are high-energy feeds.
Various example of Energy feeds are:
i. Millets: It contains 12.6% CP, 1.8% CF, 2.4% Ash, 4.8% EE and 78.4%
NFE
ii. Oats: 11.7% CP, 16% CF, 2.9% Ash, 6.6% EE and 62.8% NFE
iii. Barley: 10.3% CP, 6.2% CF, 3.5% Ash, 2.4% EE and 77.6% NFE
iv. Rice: It has multiple form as Feed Ingredients such as: Rice Bran(10%CP,
10-15%CF) Rice Hull(3.8-4.3% CP, 30-43%CF)and Rice Polish(11-12%
CP, 1% CF).

8. v. Wheat: Generally Wheat Bran is feed to ruminants as form of Concentrates
which consist of 13% CP and 11.3%CF.
vi. Maize:
Figure of Respective Energy Feeds

9. CLASS 5 –PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS
 Proteins are important building blocks of animal tissues.
The majority of animal tissues and organs need proteins and other
elements as their building blocks.
 Therefore, proteins in animal nutrition are needed for the growth and
regeneration of tissues.
Protein is provided from both vegetable and animal sources.
Ruminant has no amino acid requirement instead, they have
a nitrogen requirement.
The major Plant based protein source are: Soybean meal, Groundnut
meal, Cotton seed cake, Linseed cake, Mustard cake and Sesame cake.

10.  Mainly, Plant based protein is feed to Ruminants but some times Animal
Source protein is also feed as by- pass protein as the rumen digest majority
of digestible protein with the help of Rumen Microbes.
 The main problem with the rumen microbes is they digest the protein and
convert into VFAs which is later again converted into protein which is
lower than the consumed Protein Intake diet.
Ruminants break down dietary protein into ammonia and C skeleton
through rumen microbes and synthesize their own microbial protein.
Therefore, a portion of a ruminant's protein requirement can be met with
nonprotein nitrogen (NPN).
So, there is main concern for Ruminants for the protein supply, there for
to make sure majority of protein is available into Ruminants they are feed
as By-pass Protein .

11. CLASS-6: MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS
Generally Minerals are classified into Macro and Micro Nutrients.
Macro Elements: And Micro Elements:
Calcium (Ca) Iron(Fe)
Phosphorus (P) Copper(Cu)
Magnesium (Mg) Zinc(Zn)
Potassium (K) Manganese(Mn)
Sodium (Na) Cobalt(Co)
Chlorine (Cl) Selenium(Se)
Sulphur (S) Iodine(I)
Molybdenum (Mo)

12. Both macro (g/kg dry matter) and micro (mg/kg dry matter) elements have
essential roles in a variety of functions.
They promote bone growth and contribute to enzymatic functions of cell
membranes (phosphorus).
 In cattle, Calcium plays role in the milk production which determines the
productivity of the cattle.
They also regulate alkaline – acid conditions (sodium, potassium, chlorine
and Sulphur), and are have a key role in the synthesis of various proteins and
hormones in the body.
 Most importantly they have a role that these elements play for the immune
system.
Moreover, the mineral need for the body of Ruminants are lesser in compared
to the other feed ingredients.
In contrast, when the requirement of minerals doesn’t get fulfilled it plays
antagonistic behavior in the Animal body.

13. CLASS 7- VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS
Vitamin needs of Ruminants can be confined largely to A, D and E.
This is because bacteria in the rumen of ruminants are considered to
have the ability to synthesize vitamin K and the B vitamins in
sufficient quantities to meet the animal's requirement.
Generally Vitamin A is fed to animals through Carrot, Cod liver Oil,
Green Grass, Silage and Hay.
Vitamin D through Cod liver oil, Kidney, sun dried grasses.
Vitamin E through Skimmed Milk, Selenium mineral,
Polyunsaturated oil diet.

14. CLASS 8- ADDITIVES SUPPLEMENTS
Generally, Additives supplements are classified into 2 groups:
1. Nutrients feed additives: Synthetic amino acid, Minerals and vitamins
2. Non-nutrients feed additives:
A. Antibiotic: These are substances which are produced by living organisms
(mold, bacteria, or green plants) and which have bacteriostatic or
bactericidal properties. E.g. Penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracyclines,
Aureomycin etc.
B. Probiotic: Probiotics are live cultures of useful bacteria to provide health
benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut flora.
E.g. Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp
C. Hormones: Hormonal preparations are added in the diet of animals to bring
desirable metabolic changes (skeleton and muscle metabolism). e.g.
Estrogen, androgen, thyroprotein etc.

15. D. Arsenicals: have growth promoting properties similar to those of
antibiotic when added to the chick diet. Eg: Arsanilic acid, sodium
arsanilate etc.
E. Tranquilizers: used to combat stress due to heat or other
environmental factor. E.g. Herbal ASF power, Alviton liquid etc.
F. Copper sulphate: At 0.1% level of the diet in improve rate of weight
gain.
G. Live yeast culture: Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been widely used in
ruminant nutrition to manipulate rumen fermentation and improve
animal performance.
H. Antihelminthis: These are the deworming (especially roundworm)
drugs used in the feed or water. E.g. Almizol, Levamisole.
I. Flavoring agent: to improve palatability of certain feedstuffs. eg-
LIVO-2000, LIV-52.
J. Antioxidant: chemicals that delay the start or slow the rate of oxidation
in fats or feed. E.g. BHA, DPPD, BHT etc.
K. Antifungal: These are natural or synthetic substances, which inhibit the
growth of fungi or mold. E.g. UTPP-5(Vet Care).

16. WATER
Generally water is not considered as feed ingredient but it plays an
important role.
Inadequate water intake can cause various health problems.
In addition, water and feed intake are positively correlated.
It is tagged as super nutrient too.