This paper proposes an Active Voltage and Threshold Scaling (AVTS) algorithm to reduce both active and leakage power in digital CMOS circuits. AVTS adaptively controls both the supply voltage (Vdd) and body bias voltage (Vth) based on workload and operating conditions. By balancing Vdd and Vth, AVTS can optimize total power while maintaining performance. Simulations show AVTS provides greater power savings than Active Voltage Scaling alone in future technologies where leakage power is significant. AVTS hardware with feedback control of Vdd, Vth is also proposed and analyzed.
An adaptive protection scheme to prevent recloser-fuse miscoordination in dis...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
SRF CONTROLLED DVR FOR COMPENSATION OF BALANCED AND UNBALANCED VOLTAGE DISTUR...IAEME Publication
The growth of power electronictechnology in the field of electric power sector has caused a greater awarenesson the power quality of distribution systems. With the re-structuring of powersystems and with shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation,the issue of power quality is going to take newer dimensions. The presentresearch is to identify the prominent concerns in this area and hence themeasures that can enhance the quality of power. This paper investigates theproblems of voltage sag, swell and its severe impact on nonlinear loads,sensitive loads.
As a consequence of sensitive, diverse and complex loads in today's distribution networks, improving power quality in distribution systems has attracted great attention. Power quality issues involve voltage sags, transient interrupts and other distortions in sinusoidal waveforms. Enormous methods have been proposed for power quality modification. One of the methods by which power quality problems might be addressed is to apply power electronic devices in the form of custom power devices. One of such devices is Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) which is connected in series to distribution networks. At the same time, through injection of voltage to the network it is able to control voltage amplitude and phase. It is adopted lend to compensate for voltage sags through injecting series and synchronous three phase voltage. Consisted of three single phase inverters and a DC bus, it can protect susceptible loads against various types of voltage sags as well as other disturbances in the power supply. Moreover, it is capable of generating and absorbing active and reactive power. Therefore, in this paper, different structures of DVR have been investigated and eventually proposed a new structure for DVR based on Γ-Source asymmetric inverter. With the proposed structure, severe voltage sags can be retrieved 80- 90 percent. The simulation results that obtained by using MATLAB/Simulink indicate the properly functioning of proposed structure.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMES BASED DVR MODEL IN SIMULINKpaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, A SMES based DVR model is presented and Modelled with the help of simulink block. Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is considered as the future energy storage devices. In this work SMES is used for storing the DC energy and at the time of Requirement provide this energy to the main line with the help of DVR (Dynamic Voltage restorer). Simulation Result shows the compensation ability of this DVR.
The low power has been the main concern for the VLSI industry with the technology scaling in CMOS process from 130 nm to 22nm. The presentation here gives a brief idea about the several low power VLSI techniques being used in VLSI circuits to reduce the power and delay. for any query feel free to visit us at: http://www.siliconmentor.com/
Investigations on Milling Tool: - A Literature ReviewIJRES Journal
Milling machines are tools designed to machine metal, wood, and other solid materials. Often automated, milling machines can be positioned in either vertical or horizontal orientation to carve out materials based on a pre-existing design. The main aim of this paper is to focus on the study of effects of cutting tools on various materials while the parameters are kept constant and also by varying the parameters. A literature review was conducted to find the effects of different cutting tools on milling of different materials. It was found out that most of the work was done using single tool and single material and results were recorded. The literature review gives us idea to use more than one material and subject it to the single tool. And then a comparison can be made on the results that are recorded.
Child Activity Recognition Using Accelerometer and RFID ReaderIJRES Journal
This paper presents a child activity recognition using a accelerometer and RFID reader. Usually children start walking between 8 months to 16 months and they are more dangerous during this age. So we place accelerometer and RFID on the body of child to prevent child accidents such as falling or any injuries at home. In this paper we determine the activity of child such as sitting down, standing still, walking, toddling, crawling, rolling, and wiggling. The accelerometer and RFID are placed on waist of babies which gives every movement of child. That determine whether the child is falling or in safe mode. The accuracy of each child activity recognition was 98% using accelerometer and RFID reader. The temperature at home and fire at home can be determined by smoke sensor and temperature sensor for safety of child. To recognize daily activities, mean, standard deviation, and slope of time-domain features are calculated over sliding windows.
According to the principles of bionic theory, this paper provided a nursing bed. which can be used help user to turn over the body comfortably, exercise legs and back automatically, especially during turning over the body, the three roll-over board like three hands that can help the user to turn over the body, after turning over the body, one of the three boards can be driven back that left the other two boards supporting the body. At that moment, the place of user’s back besides the place that supported by the other two roll-over board can be cleaned, in this way, it is very convenient to wash the user’s back and help avoid skin ulcer. In addition, the bed can be used to exercise the user’s back and legs and to promote recovery of those who are paralyzed. This paper focus on the mechanical design of the roll-over body function, moreover, considering how to design a mechanical to drive two roll-over boards just by one motor.
An adaptive protection scheme to prevent recloser-fuse miscoordination in dis...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
SRF CONTROLLED DVR FOR COMPENSATION OF BALANCED AND UNBALANCED VOLTAGE DISTUR...IAEME Publication
The growth of power electronictechnology in the field of electric power sector has caused a greater awarenesson the power quality of distribution systems. With the re-structuring of powersystems and with shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation,the issue of power quality is going to take newer dimensions. The presentresearch is to identify the prominent concerns in this area and hence themeasures that can enhance the quality of power. This paper investigates theproblems of voltage sag, swell and its severe impact on nonlinear loads,sensitive loads.
As a consequence of sensitive, diverse and complex loads in today's distribution networks, improving power quality in distribution systems has attracted great attention. Power quality issues involve voltage sags, transient interrupts and other distortions in sinusoidal waveforms. Enormous methods have been proposed for power quality modification. One of the methods by which power quality problems might be addressed is to apply power electronic devices in the form of custom power devices. One of such devices is Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) which is connected in series to distribution networks. At the same time, through injection of voltage to the network it is able to control voltage amplitude and phase. It is adopted lend to compensate for voltage sags through injecting series and synchronous three phase voltage. Consisted of three single phase inverters and a DC bus, it can protect susceptible loads against various types of voltage sags as well as other disturbances in the power supply. Moreover, it is capable of generating and absorbing active and reactive power. Therefore, in this paper, different structures of DVR have been investigated and eventually proposed a new structure for DVR based on Γ-Source asymmetric inverter. With the proposed structure, severe voltage sags can be retrieved 80- 90 percent. The simulation results that obtained by using MATLAB/Simulink indicate the properly functioning of proposed structure.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMES BASED DVR MODEL IN SIMULINKpaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, A SMES based DVR model is presented and Modelled with the help of simulink block. Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is considered as the future energy storage devices. In this work SMES is used for storing the DC energy and at the time of Requirement provide this energy to the main line with the help of DVR (Dynamic Voltage restorer). Simulation Result shows the compensation ability of this DVR.
The low power has been the main concern for the VLSI industry with the technology scaling in CMOS process from 130 nm to 22nm. The presentation here gives a brief idea about the several low power VLSI techniques being used in VLSI circuits to reduce the power and delay. for any query feel free to visit us at: http://www.siliconmentor.com/
Investigations on Milling Tool: - A Literature ReviewIJRES Journal
Milling machines are tools designed to machine metal, wood, and other solid materials. Often automated, milling machines can be positioned in either vertical or horizontal orientation to carve out materials based on a pre-existing design. The main aim of this paper is to focus on the study of effects of cutting tools on various materials while the parameters are kept constant and also by varying the parameters. A literature review was conducted to find the effects of different cutting tools on milling of different materials. It was found out that most of the work was done using single tool and single material and results were recorded. The literature review gives us idea to use more than one material and subject it to the single tool. And then a comparison can be made on the results that are recorded.
Child Activity Recognition Using Accelerometer and RFID ReaderIJRES Journal
This paper presents a child activity recognition using a accelerometer and RFID reader. Usually children start walking between 8 months to 16 months and they are more dangerous during this age. So we place accelerometer and RFID on the body of child to prevent child accidents such as falling or any injuries at home. In this paper we determine the activity of child such as sitting down, standing still, walking, toddling, crawling, rolling, and wiggling. The accelerometer and RFID are placed on waist of babies which gives every movement of child. That determine whether the child is falling or in safe mode. The accuracy of each child activity recognition was 98% using accelerometer and RFID reader. The temperature at home and fire at home can be determined by smoke sensor and temperature sensor for safety of child. To recognize daily activities, mean, standard deviation, and slope of time-domain features are calculated over sliding windows.
According to the principles of bionic theory, this paper provided a nursing bed. which can be used help user to turn over the body comfortably, exercise legs and back automatically, especially during turning over the body, the three roll-over board like three hands that can help the user to turn over the body, after turning over the body, one of the three boards can be driven back that left the other two boards supporting the body. At that moment, the place of user’s back besides the place that supported by the other two roll-over board can be cleaned, in this way, it is very convenient to wash the user’s back and help avoid skin ulcer. In addition, the bed can be used to exercise the user’s back and legs and to promote recovery of those who are paralyzed. This paper focus on the mechanical design of the roll-over body function, moreover, considering how to design a mechanical to drive two roll-over boards just by one motor.
An Investigation into the Delays in Road Projects in BahrainIJRES Journal
This research investigated the delays in road projects in Bahrain. It studied frequency and severity of delay’s causes, as well as frequency of delay’s effects in such projects. Forty seven causes were identified and classified by responsibility into six groups. A field survey was conducted through a questionnaire including 36 contractors, 24 consultants and 84 engineers working at Ministry of Works (MOW). The researcher concluded that there are many causes of delay related to contractors such as the improper planning and scheduling. One of the major causes related to the owner, i.e. MOW is delay in decision making. The main problems related to consultants are due to lack of experience. Moreover, cost and time overruns were two of the most frequent effects of delay.
SMS hashing system (Real-Time) for the reliability of financial transactionsIJRES Journal
The sole reason to go with this project is to increase the security for the people using ATM. Once the card and password related to it is stolen it might be a huge loss to the card holder, so to rectify this problem we are implementing this project. Now a day’s using the ATM (Automated Teller Machine) which provide customers with the convenient banknote trading is very common. In the recent times the cases regarding the illegal transactions has shown a considerable increase. How to carry on the valid identity to the customer becomes the focus in current financial circle. Traditional ATM systems authenticate generally by using the credit card and the password, the method has some defects. In recent years, the algorithm of fingerprint recognition has been continuously updated, which has offered new verification means for us. The original password authentication method combined with the biometric identification technology verify the clients’ identity better and achieve the purpose that use of ATM machines improve the safety effectively.
Study the effect of Mn2+ ions on the ac electrical properties of some iron do...IJRES Journal
Oxide glasses doped with transition metal ions are of high interest because of their variant applications in both science and technology fields. However, the normal melt quench method have used to prepared some iron doped phosphate glasses according the following molecular formula: (65-x) mol% P2O5 - 20 mol% Na2O - 15 mol% Fe2O3 - x mol% MnO, Where x= 0, 5,10, 20, 25. The room temperature Mössbauer Effect ME Spectra used to characterized the glassy state homogeneity of these glasses. ME spectra show, for all glasses, no magnetic field participate which mean good glassy state formation. The ac electrical transport properties were also measured, as function of temperature up to 500k. It was found that the ac conductivity increased with the gradual increase of Mn2+ cations, while the electrical activation energy decreased.
A High Speed Transposed Form FIR Filter Using Floating Point Dadda MultiplierIJRES Journal
There is a huge demand in high speed area efficient parallel FIR filter using floating point dadda algorithm, due to increase performance of processing units. Area and spped are usually confictiong constraints so that improving speed results mostly in large areas. In our research we will try to determine the best solution to this problem by comparing the results of different multipliers. Different sized of two algorithm for high speed hardware multipliers were studied and implemented ie.dadda and booth multipliers. The working of these two multipliers were studied and implementing each of them separately in VHDL. The results of this research will help us to choose the better option between multipliers for floating point multiplier for fabricating different system.
Relation between Energy Saving and Economic Indices of CompanyIJRES Journal
Owing to the application of energy, tangible products made of raw materials take on those properties that determine their market demand. Raw materials acquire these properties and qualities during a process that is referred to as the energotechnological process. In general there are two definitions of a technological process. According to the first definition, the technological process is a sequence and combination of operations, and according to the second definition, which is more concise and derived from the content of the term itself, technology is a science about material treatment methods that allow this effect to be optimised. The first definition relates mainly to the organisation and structure of production. The priority of the second definition is obvious when creating new production, making advanced improvements to the existing production and ensuring the pre-eminence of the products in market competition. Obviously the second definition is more universal and preferable, and it is clear that practical utility of this definition is based on science about the energy impact on various material media. Thus energy shall be considered as one of two major factors of production efficiency (along with the material component). The considered methods of calculation of separate aspects of the problem of energy saving represent a complete logically bracketed approach and allow for proceeding to form a common methodology of energy saving in the company as well as in territorial and production groups.
Natural Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) Cultivation to Mitigate Chili Leaf Cur...IJRES Journal
Farmers in North Sulawesi have experienced trauma in chili cultivation because epidemic of chili leaf curl complex (CLCC) have been occurred since 1982. This study aimed to determine the natural chili cultivation is more resistant to invasion of CLCC than monoculture chili cultivation. Experimental farms located in the village of Esandom, East Tombatu Subdistrict, Southeast Minahasa District, North Sulawesi. The trees that grow in the land fallow thinned, then made planting holes with a distance of about 2.5 meters and around the planting hole is cleaned. Monoculture of chilli cultivation in marshland. The number of sample units for sampling CLCC as much as 20% of the number of plants per farm. Population density monitoring of the insect predators and parasitoids that fly during the day performed using traps yellow sticky card and hand collection method, nocturnal insects were collected using pitfall traps. Density of other predators such as spiders, lizards, or garden-lizards calculated at five sample points on the diagonal sampling pattern. Species of plants in the natural farm identified and analyzed. CLCC severity on natural farming and monoculture, 0% and 100%, respectively. CLCC severity on natural farming systems is very low due to concentrations of sources were low and natural enemies have existed in the experimental farm.
The interaction with season collection of cuttings, Indol Butyric Acid (IBA) ...IJRES Journal
Differences in the root ability of olive cuttings in the juvenile and mature form are reported. The root ability of cuttings from juvenile and mature olive shoots together with the influence of season stem collection and different concentrations of IBA has been studied. Shoot proliferation and rooting of the olive explants were improved with editing to the nutrient media of 20 mg/l and 50 mg/l crude extract from olive ovule, respectively. Also, it is found that the extract of olive ovule has high content of IAA That means that shoots coming from the olive ovule located at the base of the tree have juvenility factors. Leafy stem cuttings of olive cultivar “Kalinjot” were obtained from 1-year-old olive shoots sampled on March 25th, April 15th, August 1st and September 1st during the 2013 growing season. The shoots were collected from the olive ovule located at the base of the tree (juvenile form) and on the crown of the tree (mature form) To improve the rooting of olive cuttings, different concentrations of IBA , (0,2000,4000,dhe 6000 ppm) After treatments, the stem cuttings, equipped with an automatic mist system, were planted in the greenhouse. 60 days after the beginning of rooting treatments, cuttings were scored for the presence of callus, percentage of rooted cuttings, root number per cutting and root length. In all the seasons and all the concentrations of IBA the juvenility modified significantly higher rooting of cuttings.
Solar drying is one of the application of solar energy. Drying means moisture removal from the product. Drying is helpful in preserving food product for long time; it prevent product from contamination. Direct solar drying, indirect solar drying, and mixed mode solar drying these are different solar drying methods. Primarily open to the sun or direct sun drying technique is used. However, it has some disadvantages. These disadvantages can be eliminated by indirect type of dryer which is used for drying products as application of solar energy. In this paper, we studied the different technique of drying and various modes of solar drying
Risk governance for traffic accidents by Geostatistical Analyst methodsIJRES Journal
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are indispensable tool for administrating big datasets based on location of measured point. The values related to space may vary with both time and location. GIS-supported Geostatistical Analyst (GA) can evaluate datasets by analysing the locations of points. Maps produced using probability and prediction methods must be the base products for city planning. This study develops methods to obtain maps to determine traffic hot zones in Konya, Turkey, by applying GA supported by GIS. By applying GA, this study differs from previous studies which have determined the hot spots using linear analysis. In this study, unlike preceding studies, the aim is to determine new safe routes and zones with the help of GA.
Another, different aim is to map and determine graduated hot or safe zones using number of mortalities criterion (AC1), number of injured people criterion (AC2), number of accidents with damage only criterion (AC3), and total number of accidents criterion (AC4).
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) are applications that collect data from a system in order to automate the monitoring and controlling of its activities. Several industrial fields such as, electric utilities, water supplies and buildings’ facilities have already adopted SCADA systems to increase the efficiency and reduce cost. However, the IT community is concerned about the level of security that any applied SCADA system provides. This paper concentrates on the major security threats encountered in SCADA systems. In addition, it discusses a new proposed methodology in order to increase the system security with minimal impact on efficiency. The proposed scheme provides several security services which are mutual authentication, confidentiality, data integrity and accountability.
A Two-DOF Parallel Mechanism Analysis Based on Position and Orientation Chara...IJRES Journal
This paper proposed a comprehensive analysis of a two-DOF parallel mechanism based on Position and Orientation Characteristics Theory(POC). According to the POC theory analysis, the topological structure of the parallel mechanism was given, the POC equation for the parallel mechanism was instituted. Compile the math model of parallel mechanism in Maple, obtained three dimensional surface of the positive position solutions and space trajectories of three dimensional surface.
Real-Time Location Systems Security using Distance BoundingIJRES Journal
Traditional Authentication protocols, that run between a prover and a verifier, enable the verifier to decide whether a prover is fraud or authenticate by using technique like password, smart card, but location based attacks cannot be prevent using these techniques. Networks like Real Time Location System (RTLS), Wireless, Mobile Adhoc Network (MANet) suffer location based attacks. Location based attacks categories in distance fraud, mafia fraud, and terrorist fraud. Distance bounding technique is use for secure neighbor detection in RTLS that cryptographically measure an upper bound for the physical distance between two network devices. In this paper propose architecture for physical proximity or location verification of devices, for all types of attacks and prevention technique to these location based attacks
Correlation Coefficients Between Kernel Yield And Other Characters Of Groundn...IJRES Journal
Field Trial was conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Samaru in the northern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria to assess the performance of 36 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) genotypes to Alectra vogelii (Benth). The trial was undertaken in a field that was naturally infested with Alectra. It was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The combined data of the two years showed that kernel yield exhibited significantly positive correlation with crop vigour at 9 weeks after sowing (WAS). Crop vigour 12 WAS, Alectra shoots population 9 WAS, Alectra shoots population 12 WAS, number of mature pods, shelling percentage, haulm yield and 100 – kernel weight (r = 0.168*, 0.197**, 0.227**, 0.253**, 0.695**, 0.332**, 0.399** and 0.537** respectively). Plant vigour 12 WAS related strongly positive to number of mature pods and shelling percentage (r = 0.199**m 0.150* respectively). Also kernel weight correlated significantly positive with Alectra shoots population at 12WAS, shelling percentage and haulm yield (r = 0.351**, 0.254**, 0.567** respectively).
Car’s Aerodynamic Characteristics at High Speed Influenced by Rear SpoilerIJRES Journal
The factors affect the rear spoiler’s aerodynamics characteristics are cross-sectional shape, chord length and angle of attack. By changing the three factors that can change the state of the car flow field. Determine the main body size, build models by Solidworks . Use Hypermesh to mesh, increase the number of grid near the body especially at the rear spoiler. Use Fluent for fluid analysis to get the values of aerodynamic lift coefficient CL (at 120km / h) based on orthogonal experiments. After calculating, obtain significance order of factors can obtain the best rear spoiler shape, helping to optimize the automotive styling quickly, improve the car's power and economy, ease the new car quickly seize the market.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
Power Gating Based Ground Bounce Noise ReductionIJERA Editor
As low power circuits are most popular the decrease in supply voltage leads to increase in leakage power with respect to the technology scaling. So for removing this kind of leakages and to provide a better power efficiency many power gating techniques are used. But the leakage due to ground connection to the active part of the circuit is very high rather than all other leakages. As it is mainly due to the back EMF of the ground connection it was called it as ground bounce noise. To reduce this noise different methodologies are designed. In this paper the design of such an efficient technique related to ground bounce noise reduction using power gating circuits and comparing the results using DSCH and Microwind low power tools. In this paper the analysis of adders such as full adders using different types of power gated circuits using low power VLSI design techniques and to present the comparison results between different power gating methods.
A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTAT...ijtsrd
As demand for electricity has risen exponentially, power production and transmission are affected by scarce energy, environmental constraints and other losses. Soft computing methods to fix the sag, swell and disruption of the supply voltage in the distributed device. At present, a broad variety of highly versatile controls that leverage on newly available power electronics components are evolving for custom power applications. Control electronic equipment intended to improve the stability and efficiency of electricity flows in low voltage distribution networks. The control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components. Using a digital signal processor, DSTATCOM is built and its output as a DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory for different types of loads. Amit Radhakrishna Parhad | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM (Neural Network Approach)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42403.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electrical-engineering/42403/a-review-on-optimization-techniques-for-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-neural-network-approach/amit-radhakrishna-parhad
Design of Memory Cell for Low Power ApplicationsIJERA Editor
Aggressive CMOS scaling results in lower threshold voltage and thin oxide thickness for transistors manufactured in nano regime. As a result, reducing the sub-threshold and tunneling gate leakage currents has become crucial in the design of ICs. This paper presents a new method to reduce the total leakage power dissipation of static random access memories (SRAMs) while maintaining their performance.
Dual-Level Adaptive Supply Voltage System with Bandgap Reference MPR for Vari...IJERA Editor
Nowadays VLSI circuits have become much advanced by overcoming many challenges such as extra power
consumption, but circuit aging along with process variations are still challenging the advancements in power
efficient VLSI circuits. The aim of this dissertation is to propose the new adaptive technique to efficiently
compensate the fine grained variations by addressing the limitations in existing adaption approach. Adaptive
supply voltage (ASV) is proved to be one among the top most adaptation approaches in tuning of power
performance. Controlling power leakage is the main advantage in using ASV, while delivery overheads along
with voltage generation from conventional ASV systems make their application to mitigate fine-grained
variations demanding. The main aim of this dissertation is to present a dual level ASV system with band gap
reference Miniature programmable regulator (BGRMPR). Reference voltage independent of process and
temperature variations can be achieved because of using band gap reference voltage. Another advantage of
adapting this approach is because less power is consumed by system when compared to dual-level ASV system
with MPR.
The DC-fault Blocking Capability by a New Hybrid Multilevel Converter in HVDC...Editor IJCATR
This paper explains the working principles, supported by simulation results, of a new converter topology in-tended for HVDC
application, called the Alternate Arm Con-verter (AAC). Modular Multilevel Converters deliver small footprints and efficiencies above
99% in their half-bridge format, but only deliver DC-fault blocking with full-bridge sub-modules, and with an unacceptable penalty in
efficiency. The Alternate Arm Converter (AAC) is a hybrid circuit topology using a mixture of full-bridge sub-modules and director
switches which is capable of current control through DC faults while maintaining good efficiency in normal operation. It is hybrid
between the modular multi-level converter, because of the presence of H-bridge cells, and the 2-level converter, in the form of director
switches in each arm. This converter is able to generate a multi-level AC voltage and, since its stacks of cells consist of H-bridge cells
instead of half-bridge cells, they are able to generate higher AC voltage than the DC terminal voltage. This allows the AAC to operate
at an optimal point, called the “sweet spot”, where the AC and DC energy flows equal. The director switches in the AAC are responsible
for alternating the conduction period of each arm, leading to a significant reduction in the number of cells in the stacks. Furthermore,
the AAC can keep control of the current in the phase reactor even in case of a DC-side fault and support the AC grid, through a
STATCOM mode. Simulation results and loss calculations are presented in this paper in order to support the claimed features of the
AAC
To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Using DSTA...ijtsrd
This project illustrates the execution of a three stage delivery static compensator DSTATCOM by using a back propagation BP control algorithm for its capacities, such as load balancing and zero voltage management of reactive power compensation under non linear loads. We use BP based control algorithm to obtain the critical dynamic weight estimate here. And the BP based control algorithm is often used for estimating the receptive power portions of the load streams necessary for estimating the reference source streams. Regulation of power efficiency devices through neural networks is the new area of study in the field of power engineering. The extraction of the harmonic components defines the output of the balancing instruments. Here we use DSTATCOM and UPFC as balancing instruments. A DSTATCOM model is developed using a computerized signal processor and its implementation is focused on various working conditions. The execution of DSTATCOM is found to be suitable for various kinds of burdens with the proposed control algorithm. The BP based control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components of the load present. Back propagation algorithm trained by the sample will detect the power quality signal issue in real time. Continuity, differentiability, non decreasing momotomy are the key features of this algorithm. The process of UPFC is close to that of DSTATCOM, although the only difference is that it does not have the device shut down in worse circumstances. The simulation model is developed with ANFIS and its output is studied under different operating conditions. The output of ANFIS is found to be satisfactory with the proposed control algorithm for different types of loads. The suggested method shall be checked by the results of MATLAB Simulink. Rohit Mishra | Ashish Bhargava "To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Using DSTATCOM with ANN (Back Propagation Algorithm)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47521.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47521/to-study-analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-with-ann-back-propagation-algorithm/rohit-mishra
Simulation of 3 Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmissio...ijtsrd
Gate Turn off GTO thyristor based power control controller for flow control of transmission system is used to regulate voltage and reactive power improment. GTO thyristor switching devices with high power handling capability and the advancement of the other type of power semiconductor devices such as IGBTs, MOSFETs, Ideal switch and so on have led to the development of fast controllable reactive power source utilizing new electronic switching and converter technology. Nowadays, the development of a large capacity Gate Turn off thyristor has made it possible to manufacture self commutated converter employing GTO thyristor for power applications. At present, most of the research on GTO thyristor has focused on their use in power electronic systems at high switching frequencies. GTO thyristor enable the design of the solid state shunt equipment based upon switching technology. The improved rating of GTOs made possible the use of voltage sourced converter VSC in power system applications. In this paper, GTO based voltage source converter VSC is used in high power Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS which are used to control power flow on transmission grids. It can be used to build a model of shunt or series static compensator STATCOM or SSSC or, using two such converters, a combination of shunt and series devices known as Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC . This paper has shown a basic application of MATLAB SimPowerSystems programming for 24 pulse GTO converter STATCOM. Zin Wah Aung | Aye Myo Thant | Hnin Yu Lwin "Simulation of 3-Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27887.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27887/simulation-of-3-phase-24-pulse-gto-converter-for-flow-control-of-transmission-system/zin-wah-aung
This list contains a detailed set of project abstracts based on latest IEEE embedded projects. This list contains latest IEEE project abstracts based on Raspberry Pi and ARM processor for Electronics and communication, Electronics and Instrumentation, Electrical and Electronics, Information Technology students. This list contains few abstracts only. For more abstracts based on Embedded, Biomedical, Matlab, NS2, VLSI, Java, Android, .NET, PHP, visit www.softroniics.in or Call 9037291113
A Survey: Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) in 3φ Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) IJECEIAES
Since last decades, the pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques have been an intensive research subject. Also, different kinds of methodologies have been presented on inverter switching losses, inverter output current/ voltage total harmonic distortion (THD), inverter maximum output of DC bus voltage. The Sinusoidal PWM is generally used to control the inverter output voltage and it helps to maintains drive performance. The recent years have seen digital modulation mechanisms based on theory of space vector i.e. Space vector PWM (SVPWM). The SVPWM mechanism offers the enhanced amplitude modulation indexes (MI) than sinusoidal PWM along with the reduction in the harmonics of inverter output voltage and reduced communication losses. Currently, the digital control mechanisms have got more attention than the analog counterparts, as the performance and reliability of microprocessors has increased. Most of the SVPWM mechanisms are performed by using the analog or digital circuits like microcontrollers and DSPs. From the recent study, analysis gives that use of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) can offer more efficient and faster solutions. This paper discusses the numerous existing research aspects of FPGA realization for voltage source inverter (VSI) along with the future line of research.
Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM Neural Ne...ijtsrd
As the power demand has been increasing rapidly, power generation and transmission are being affected due to limited resources, environmental restrictions and other losses. soft computing the techniques of correcting the supply voltage sag, swell and interruption in a distributed system. At present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which capitalize on newly available power electronics components, are emerging for custom power applications. Power electronic based equipment aimed at enhancing the reliability and quality of power flows in low voltage distribution networks. A control algorithm is used for the extraction of the fundamental weighted value of active and reactive power components. Using digital signal processor the DSTATCOM is developed and its performance of DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory for various types of loads. Hareram Mishra | Manju Gupta | Dr. Anuprita Mishra "Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM (Neural Network Approach) – A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45219.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45219/optimization-technique-for-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-neural-network-approach- – -a-review/hareram-mishra
Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithmijtsrd
This paper proposes an immune feedback control algorithm for a three phase distribution static compensator DSTATCOM to mitigate several power quality problems such as harmonics, reactive power, and load unbalancing at distribution level. This control algorithm proposed for DSTATCOM, is validated for maintaining power factor to unity, load balancing, and harmonics reduction of supply currents. In this application, the proposed control algorithm on a DSTATCOM is implemented for the compensation of nonlinear loads. The simulations were performed in the environment of MATLAB SIMULINK. P. Thirumala | K. Mahesh "Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29812.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29812/power-quality-enhancement-using-dstatcom-by-immune-feedback-control-algorithm/p-thirumala
Sources of Power Dissipation
Dynamic Power Dissipation
Static Power Dissipation
Power Reduction Techniques
Algorithmic Power Minimization
Architectural Power Minimization
Logic and Circuit Level Power Minimization
Control Logic Power Minimization
System Level Power Management.
Design and Analysis of Sequential Circuit for Leakage Power Reduction using S...ijsrd.com
The rapid growth in semiconductor device industry has led to the development of high Performance potable systems with improve reliability. In such applications, it is extremely important to minimize current consumption due to the limited availability of battery Power. Consequently, power dissipation is becoming recognized as a top priority issue for VLSI circuit design. Leakage power makes up to 50% of the total power consumption in today's high performance microprocessors. Therefore leakage power reduction becomes the key to a low power design. Leakage power dissipation is the power dissipated by the circuit when it is in Sleep mode or standby mode. A significant portion of the total power consumption in high performance digital circuits in deep submicron regime is mainly due to leakage power. Leakage is the only Source. of power consumption in an idle circuit. Therefore it is important to reduce leakage power in portable system.
Optimized Design of an Alu Block Using Power Gating TechniqueIJERA Editor
Power is the limiting factor in traditional CMOS scaling and must be dealt with aggressively. With the scaling
of technology and the need for high performance and more functionality, power dissipation becomes a major
bottleneck for a system design. Power gating of functional units has been proved to be an effective technique to
reduce power consumption. This paper describe about to design of an ALU block with sleep mode to reduce the
power consumption of the circuit. Local sleep transistors are used to achieve sleep mode. During sleep mode
one functional unit is working and another functional unit is in idle state. i.e., it disconnects the idle logic
blocks from the power supply. Architecture and functionality of the ALU implemented on FPGA and is tested
using DSCH tool. Power analysis is carried out using MICROWIND tool.
Sub-Threshold Leakage Current Reduction Techniques In VLSI Circuits -A SurveyIJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for portable devices powered up by battery, this led the manufacturers of
semiconductor technology to scale down the feature size which results in reduction in threshold voltage and
enables the complex functionality on a single chip. By scaling down the feature size the dynamic power
dissipation has no effect but the static power dissipation has become equal or more than that of Dynamic power
dissipation. So in recent CMOS technologies static power dissipation i.e. power dissipation due to leakage
current has become a challenging area for VLSI chip designers. In order to prolong the battery life and maintain
reliability of circuit, leakage current reduction is the primary goal. A basic overview of techniques used for
reduction of sub-threshold leakages is discussed in this paper. Based on the surveyed techniques, one would be
able to choose required and apt leakage reduction technique.
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
A two-phase model is proposed for describing the dynamics of a fluidized bed reactor used for
polypropylene production. In the proposed model, the fluidized bed is divided into an emulsion and bubble
phase where the flow of gas is considered to be plug flow through the bubbles and perfectly mixed through the
emulsion phase. Similar previous models, consider the reaction in the emulsion phase only. In this work the
contribution of reaction in the bubble phase is considered and its effect on the overall polypropylene production
is investigated the kinetic model is combined with hydrodynamic model in order to develop a comprehensive
model for gas-phase propylene copolymerization reactor. Simulation profiles of the proposed model were
compared with those of well mixed model for the emulsion phase temperature. The simulated temperature
profile showed a lower rate of change compared to the previously reported models due to lower polymerization
rate. Model simulation showed that about 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase and this
considerable amount of polymerization in the bubbles should not be neglected in any modeling attempt.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
Positioning error is a widely problem exists in mechanism, the important factors affecting machining
precision. In order to reduce the error caused by positioning problem processing, based on the differential
workbench as the research object, using the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the
analysis of positioning error mechanism and source of complete differential precision workbench error
compensation, improve the accuracy of the device, provides a method for the application of modern machine
tools. table.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
AVTS Approach To Digital CMOS Circuits For Diminishing Complete Power Expenditure
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 1 Issue 7 ǁ Nov. 2013 ǁ PP.23-29
www.ijres.org 23 | P a g e
AVTS Approach To Digital CMOS Circuits For Diminishing
Complete Power Expenditure
1
S.Hari Prasath Sharma, 2
G.Vishnu Sankar,3
S.M.K.Srikanth, 4
Dharitri Ray
1
PG Scholar Technology of VLSI Design, 2
PG Scholar Technology of Embedded Systems
3
PG Scholar Technology of Embedded Systems, 4
PG Scholar Technology of VLSI Design
(Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bharath University-Chennai, India)
ABSTRACT:
Power utilization of present Digital integrated circuits escalating with each generation which becomes
a serious design issue. This paper wished-for a generalized power tracking algorithm that reduces
power directly by forceful control of supply voltage and body bias. The AVTS algorithm-(Active
Voltage and Threshold Scaling algorithm) save the outflow power for the period of Active mode of
the circuit. Total Active power can be diminishing by adjusting Vdd and Vth based on circuit
operating environment such as hotness, operation load, and circuit structural design. The power
saving method of AVTS is similar to that of the Active Voltage Scaling (AVS) scheme, which
adaptively changes the supply voltage depending on the current function of the system. For the
circuits, and it is possible to trade off active and sub threshold outflow power by balancing between
Vdd and Vth to maintain performance
Keywords - Active Voltage and Threshold Scaling (AVTS), Active Voltage Scaling (AVS) scheme,
Leakage Current Control, Low Power, Power finest Point
I. INTRODUCTION
Low power has emerged as a most important argument in today’s electronics engineering industries.
They require low power has caused a major paradigm shift where power dissipation has become as important a
consideration as performance and area. In the past, the major concern of the VLSI designer was area,
performance, price and consistency; power contemplation was secondary significance. In current days, however,
this has begun to change and, increasingly, power is being given similar weight to area and speed
considerations. Several factors have contributed to this fashion. possibly the most important driving factor has
been the significant success and extension of the class of individual computing strategy (portable desktops,
audio- and video-based multimedia goods) and wireless communications systems (personal digital assistants and
special communicators) which demand express computation and complex functionality with low power
utilization.
Power dissipation has become an important objective in the design of digital circuits. There has been intense
research over the past two decades on various aspects of compilation and synthesis for low power. Many
architectural optimizations like re-configurable architectures, custom ASIC approaches, programmable multi-
cores, etc… Micro- architectural method like parallelism and pipelining, power and clock gating has become
common place now. Circuit techniques for low voltage operation, reserve current decrease, finest gate sizing
have also been explored and are available for use by a designer. Most of these optimization techniques are static
techniques which are applied during design time. In the recent past, Active power management techniques have
emerged, where the power consumption is continuously adjusted during run time of the system.
Traditionally, Active power management (DPM) is employed at operating system level to adjust the supply
voltage for each power state. The supply voltage is conservatively margined to account for process and
temperature variations. These voltage margin increases with technology scaling due to larger process variations,
rendering DPM less efficient. On the other hand, the hardware approach like Active voltage scaling (AVS)
allows voltage to be scaled such that the actual delay of the chip instead of worst case delay meets the target
performance. This enables more power savings as minimum possible voltage for target performance can be
attained. In AVS the supply voltage is adjusted to meet the target delay using an on-chip delay monitor in a
hardware feedback loop. Performance degradation is a direct consequence of supply voltage reduction. In order
2. AVTS Approach To Digital CMOS Circuits For Diminishing Complete Power Expenditure
www.ijres.org 24 | Page
to maintain the required throughout, Active voltage scaling (AVS) systems are used to adjust the supply voltage
according to throughput requirements. Though AVS very well manages the Active switching power, with
shrinking feature size the static (leakage) power has increased exponentially which it cannot control.
Particularly, at low activity levels, leakage power is dominant.
We present a Active VTH Scaling (AVTS) scheme to save the leakage power during Active mode of the
circuit. Active Voltage and Threshold Scaling (AVTS) manages both Active and leakage powers by adjusting
supply voltage and body bias voltage. The power saving strategy of AVTS is similar to that of the Active VDD
Scaling (AVS) scheme, which adaptively changes the supply voltage depending on the current workload of the
system. Instead of tuning the supply voltage, AVTS controls the threshold voltage by means of body bias
control, in order to decrease the outflow power. The power saving potential of AVTS and its impact on Active
and outflow power is applied to future technologies.
II. ACTIVE VOLTAGE AND THERSHOLD SCALING (AVTS)
Active Voltage and Threshold Scaling (AVTS) manages both Active and leakage powers by adjusting
supply voltage and body bias voltage in digital circuits designed below 0.1 m, total power at any given
performance can be optimized by AVTS. AVTS has been successfully proven on silicon for low power high
speed applications. The optimum power point varies strongly with activity and temperature.AVTS offers
considerable power savings compared to AVS when leakage power is a large fraction of total power. The power
savings increase with increasing logic depth. The moderate performance application-specific integrated circuit
(ASIC) with long logic depth at low activity and/or high temperatures gain the most with AVTS.
2.1 OVERVIEW OF AVTS
Active Vth Scaling (AVTS) scheme for Active leakage power reduction. Whenever there is a slack
during computation, the Vth is adaptively changed to a higher value via changing the body bias voltage (VBB).
This will deliver just enough amount of throughput required for the current workload. In order to examine the
effectiveness of AVTS, comparisons between AVS and AVTS for current (0.25μm) and future (0.07μm)
process generations are performed. A careful investigation on the advantages and disadvantages of AVTS over
AVS is also made.
AVTS hardware that has a feedback loop consisting of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), charge pumps a
feedback controller is proposed. The clock frequency of the system for a certain workload is determined by the
operating system in run-time. The AVTS hardware tracks the optimal Vth for the given clock frequency by
actively adjusting the VBB.
The AVTS scheme adaptively controls the body bias to change the Vth. For a time period when the workload is
less than the maximum, the operating system will recommend a lower clock frequency to the hardware. Then
the AVTS hardware will increase the PMOS body bias and decrease the NMOS body bias to raise the Vth and
decrease power dissipation. The Vth can be increased as much as the upper limit of VBB, to significantly save
the standby leakage power.
Reducing the clock frequency will proportionally reduce the total power. However, simply reducing the clock
rate does not affect the energy consumed per operation. Whereas by scaling the supply voltage together with the
frequency, we can gain significant power savings. This is because the Active power dominates the total power.
Scaling the threshold voltage instead of scaling the supply voltage saves mostly the leakage power. For 0.25μm
technology where the leakage power is a minute portion of the total power, AVTS is less efficient than AVS in
saving total power.
2.2 MODULES OF AVTS SYSTEM
VDD CONTROLLER
Vdd is the power supply to the digital circuit. Vdd will be scaled according to power consumption and
time delay Maximum time delay will be set and between in that limits Vdd will be scaled.
If Vdd goes below the minimum Vdd value Vdd value will be increased.
VBS CONTROLLER
Vbs is the voltage between source and substrate. Vbs will effect threshold voltage .Vbs of the digital
circuit will be varied to decrease the threshold voltage.
In AVS only Vdd will be scaled to decrease total power consumption. In AVTS approach both Vdd
and Vbs will be scaled to decrease total power consumption.
3. AVTS Approach To Digital CMOS Circuits For Diminishing Complete Power Expenditure
www.ijres.org 25 | Page
2.3 AVTS SCHEME
Active Vth Scaling (AVTS) scheme for Active leakage power reduction. Whenever there is a slack during
computation, the Vth is adaptively changed to a higher value via changing the body bias voltage (VBB). This
will deliver just enough amount of throughput required for the current workload. In order to examine the
effectiveness of AVTS, comparisons between AVS and AVTS for current (0.25μm) and future (0.07μm)
process generations are performed.
A careful investigation on the advantages and disadvantages of AVTS over AVS is also made. AVTS hardware
that has a feedback loop consisting of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), charge pumps a feedback controller
is proposed. The clock frequency of the system for a certain workload is determined by the operating system in
run-time. The AVTS hardware tracks the optimal Vth for the given clock frequency by dynamically adjusting
the VBB.
3.1 AVTS CONTROLLER
Fig.3.1 shows block diagram of close loop AVTS system. AVTS controller implements the proposed
AVTS algorithm and controls the supply voltage regulator and well bias charge pump. Control signal generator
(CSG) generates control signals for power monitor when START signal is asserted. The proposed AVTS system
is suited for load circuits where the rate of change in activity is gradual. AVTS controller implements the
proposed. AVTS algorithm and controls the supply voltage regulator and well bias charge pump. The drain of
sleep transistor acts as a virtual ground node for the load circuit.
The power monitor processes virtual ground voltage to generate a 2 bit output that gives information on total
power consumed by the load. Control signal generator (CSG) generates control signals for power monitor when
START signal is asserted. The delay monitor measures whether performance of load circuit meets the target
performance within tolerance limit. Delay monitor is implemented with a critical path replica circuit. The
proposed AVTS system is suited for load circuits where the rate of change in activity is gradual. The maximum
rate of change of activity that can be supported is discussed.
Fig.3.1 Design Implementation Block Diagram
3.2 AVTS ALGORITHM
Fig3.2. shows the flow chart of the proposed AVTS algorithm. The algorithm first sets the supply
voltage to meet target performance, and then adjust well potential to achieve minimum power. Nwell bias and P
Well bias are always tuned by same amount and hence AVTS control loop is essentially a 2-D control loop. To
avoid oscillations, loop and loop are decoupled by tuning them independently. Initially maximum supply
voltages and maximum forward bias are applied and the supply voltages are slowly lowered. At each step, the
body bias is reset to maximum forward bias and locks to the target frequency to ensure that the chip stays
functional. Once the smallest power point is discover, the bias values can be held in a register and the controller
turned off.
4. AVTS Approach To Digital CMOS Circuits For Diminishing Complete Power Expenditure
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Fig. 3.2 Flowchart for automatic Vdd /Vth optimization.
The loop can be reactivated whenever the workload changes, or periodically updated to reflect changes in
temperature or operating conditions. Because the ASB loop does not have to be constantly running, the
overhead power utilization, which is already amortized across the whole chip, can be reduced even further. This
ASB control loop is completely self-contained and should lock to the true minimum power configuration taking
into account all possible current paths.
This minimum will result in the physically lowest power consumption achievable by tweaking both and subject
to the constraint that the chips satisfy a target frequency. Even for technologies where the theoretical limit is not
yet achievable using body biasing techniques or in cases where excessive forward bias at low degrades
performance, it is still possible to use this structural design to find the minimum physical power condition.
The threshold voltage can be controlled by changing the body bias of the transistors and is called the adaptive
body bias (ABB) method. For speed silicon, reverse body bias is applied to increase threshold and decrease
leakage, whereas for slow silicon, forward body bias is applied to reduce threshold and improve performance.
Here the body bias adjustment is done sparingly as needed based on the chip’s process state, and is not a
continuous changeable like the supply voltage.
However the point of minimum power depends on the ratio of Active to leakage power, with the former
modulated by the movement issue. For media applications, the activity factor can vary a lot across different
applications and hence, the most favorable settings for threshold and supply also diverge .Analogous to table
based AVS, a table based AVTS scheme has been proposed where for different activity factors, the equivalent
supply and body bias values are stored in the look up table. The activity factors are estimated for different
applications off-line. During run-time, based on the application being run, the suitable activity factor is used to
consult the look up table to obtain the settings for supply and body bias, which will minimize power. Adaptive
voltage and threshold scaling aims to arrive at the optimal voltage and threshold values at run time, by not only
adapting to the process and temperature like in AVS, but also to the dynamically varying activity conditions.
5. AVTS Approach To Digital CMOS Circuits For Diminishing Complete Power Expenditure
www.ijres.org 27 | Page
4.1 ADVANTAGES OF AVTS OVER AVS:
No voltage level converters
AVS or multiple VDD systems require a voltage level shifter whenever a low VDD signal is driving a
high VDD receiver. Although the conventional level converters prevent the static power consumption, the
Active power consumption is large enough to cancel out the power savings gained from supply voltage scaling.
Since AVTS systems use the same supply voltage throughout the chip, no voltage level converters are required.
Simple hardware
Charge pumps are a simple solution for boosting voltages. No external inductors are needed and power
consumption is very low compared to buck converters, which are used for AVS systems. Charge pumps are used
for our AVTS system to generate the body bias voltages
Less power loss charging/discharging internal nodes
Transition energy wasted charging/discharging the VDD ground capacitance is the power overhead of
the AVS scheme. For low-to-high and high-to-low transition of supply voltage, current is extracted or placed
back to the power supply. Even though there is no computation during this cycle, transition energy is consumed.
Since the supply voltage is fixed for AVTS, it has less transition energy loss while charging and discharging the
internal nodes.
Improvement in noise immunity
Signal integrity has become an important issue for deep sub micron devices as crosstalk noise becomes
considerable. Increasing VTH for low workload periods in AVTS will help improve noise immunity, especially
for noise-susceptible circuits such as domino logic and pulsed flip-flops.
4.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To mitigate the Active leakage problem, a Active Vth Scaling (AVTS) scheme is presented. AVTS
algorithm that can be studied and implemented for the design of VDD controller. VDD will be scaled and
controlled according to the limits for the circuit. Power reduction technique can be applied to basic CMOS
circuits and the results for average power are analyzed. Ex.Inveter, NAND, NOR. This idea can be extended to
larger circuits in future.
4.2.1 VDD &VBS CONTROLLER:
Fig 4.1 VDD controller Graph results
6. AVTS Approach To Digital CMOS Circuits For Diminishing Complete Power Expenditure
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Fig 4.2 VBS controller Graph results
Fig 4.3 AVTS controller Graph results
III. CONCLUSION
An AVTS algorithm that can locate with varying activity is studied under simulation framework and validated
with a test chip. Timing overhead of AVTS system and size of load circuit is analyzed as they limit the
application of AVTS. The tracking performance of the algorithm can be improved by reducing the timing
overhead. It can be inferred that for technology node with larger leakage currents, AVTS is more beneficial over
AVS
IV. Acknowledgements
We would like to thank our parents and esteemed Bharath University Research and Development
Chennai and our team members.
AUTHER’S PROFILE
S.Hari Prasath Sharma was born on
02/06/1989. He has obtained B.E.
(ECE) Degree from Anna University
Chennai, Tamil Nadu in the year 2010,
who is currently pursuing Final year
M.Tech. VLSI from Bharat University,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
G.Vishnu Sankar was born on 10/09/1988.
He has obtained B.E. (ECE) Degree from
Anna University Chennai, Tamil Nadu in the
year 2012, who is currently pursuing final
year M.Tech. Embedded Systems from
Bharath University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India.
7. AVTS Approach To Digital CMOS Circuits For Diminishing Complete Power Expenditure
www.ijres.org 29 | Page
S.M.K.Srikanth was born on
09/12/1990. He has obtained B.E. (ECE)
Degree from Anna University Chennai,
Tamil Nadu in the year 2012, who is
currently pursuing final year M.Tech.
Embedded Systems from Bharath
University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Dharitri Ray was born on 19/06/1989.
She has obtained B.Tech. (ECE) Degree
from Annamalai University
Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, who is
currently pursuing Final year M.Tech.
VLSI from Bharath University, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India
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