The generation revenue and demand payment assessment for pool based market mo...journalBEEI
The objective of this paper is to address the economic benefits in term of generation revenue and demand payment for the pool based market model in Malaysia electricity supply industry (MESI). In pool market model, there are issues on the benefit of the generators such as too high system marginal price (SMP) during peak demand and no revenue during low demand. Therefore, conceptual study for two bus test system in MESI involving four generators around Peninsular Malaysia is conducted to perform the economic analysis in term of generation revenue and demand assessment considering existing single buyer model and pool based market model, i.e., pool model, spot market model and the proposed model, in order to identify which market model is superior. As a result, the proposed model managed to decrease the demand payment as it is proportional to generation revenue, even though the generation revenue is at intermediate value and succeed to increase the low and medium generator’s revenue.
Market Based Criteria for Congestion Management and Transmission PricingIJERA Editor
Congestion Management is one of the major tasks performed by system operator to ensure the operation of transmission system within operating limits. In the emerging electric power market, the congestion management becomes extremely important and it can impose a barrier to the electricity trading. In the present paper, a concept of transmission congestion penalty factors is developed and implemented to control power overflows in transmission lines for congestion management. Here we presents a Re-dispatch methodology for cost of transmission network to its user. The transmission price computation considers the physical impact caused by the market agents in the transmission network. The paper includes case study for IEEE 5 bus power system.
A MULTIPURPOSE MATRICES METHODOLOGY FOR TRANSMISSION USAGE, LOSS AND RELIABIL...ecij
In the era of power system restructuring there is a need of simplified method which provides a complete allocation of usage, transmission losses and transmission reliability margin. In this paper, authors presents a combined multipurpose matrices methodology for Transmission usage, transmission loss and transmission reliability margin allocation. Proposed methodology is simple and easy to implement on large power system. A modified Kirchhoff matrix is used for allocation purpose. A sample 6 bus system is used to demonstrate the feasibility of proposed methodology.
Optimal cost allocation algorithm of transmission losses to bilateral contractsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
One of the trends in electricity reform is the involvement of bilateral contracts that will participate in electricity business development. Bilateral agreements require fair transmission loss costs compared with the integrated power system. This paper proposes a new algorithm in determining the optimal allocation of transmission loss costs for bilateral contracts based on the direct method in economic load dispatch. The calculation for an optimal power flow applies fast decoupled methods. At the same time, the determination of a fair allocation of transmission losses uses the decomposition method. The simulation results of the optimal allocation of power flow provide comparable results with previous studies. This method produces a fair allocation of optimal transmission loss costs for both integrated and bilateral parties. The proportion allocation of the transmission lines loss incurred by the integrated system and bilateral contracts reflects a fair allocation of R. 852.589 and R. 805.193, respectively.
The generation revenue and demand payment assessment for pool based market mo...journalBEEI
The objective of this paper is to address the economic benefits in term of generation revenue and demand payment for the pool based market model in Malaysia electricity supply industry (MESI). In pool market model, there are issues on the benefit of the generators such as too high system marginal price (SMP) during peak demand and no revenue during low demand. Therefore, conceptual study for two bus test system in MESI involving four generators around Peninsular Malaysia is conducted to perform the economic analysis in term of generation revenue and demand assessment considering existing single buyer model and pool based market model, i.e., pool model, spot market model and the proposed model, in order to identify which market model is superior. As a result, the proposed model managed to decrease the demand payment as it is proportional to generation revenue, even though the generation revenue is at intermediate value and succeed to increase the low and medium generator’s revenue.
Market Based Criteria for Congestion Management and Transmission PricingIJERA Editor
Congestion Management is one of the major tasks performed by system operator to ensure the operation of transmission system within operating limits. In the emerging electric power market, the congestion management becomes extremely important and it can impose a barrier to the electricity trading. In the present paper, a concept of transmission congestion penalty factors is developed and implemented to control power overflows in transmission lines for congestion management. Here we presents a Re-dispatch methodology for cost of transmission network to its user. The transmission price computation considers the physical impact caused by the market agents in the transmission network. The paper includes case study for IEEE 5 bus power system.
A MULTIPURPOSE MATRICES METHODOLOGY FOR TRANSMISSION USAGE, LOSS AND RELIABIL...ecij
In the era of power system restructuring there is a need of simplified method which provides a complete allocation of usage, transmission losses and transmission reliability margin. In this paper, authors presents a combined multipurpose matrices methodology for Transmission usage, transmission loss and transmission reliability margin allocation. Proposed methodology is simple and easy to implement on large power system. A modified Kirchhoff matrix is used for allocation purpose. A sample 6 bus system is used to demonstrate the feasibility of proposed methodology.
Optimal cost allocation algorithm of transmission losses to bilateral contractsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
One of the trends in electricity reform is the involvement of bilateral contracts that will participate in electricity business development. Bilateral agreements require fair transmission loss costs compared with the integrated power system. This paper proposes a new algorithm in determining the optimal allocation of transmission loss costs for bilateral contracts based on the direct method in economic load dispatch. The calculation for an optimal power flow applies fast decoupled methods. At the same time, the determination of a fair allocation of transmission losses uses the decomposition method. The simulation results of the optimal allocation of power flow provide comparable results with previous studies. This method produces a fair allocation of optimal transmission loss costs for both integrated and bilateral parties. The proportion allocation of the transmission lines loss incurred by the integrated system and bilateral contracts reflects a fair allocation of R. 852.589 and R. 805.193, respectively.
Telecom towers have traditionally relied on Gensets and Batteries for their power backup. With these methods, the challenges of high operating costs due to maintenance, repairs and cost of fuel are well known. Fuel cells have lately emerged as a potential alternate for this application. It is a market to watch closely as further technology improvements in the coming years will happen. The time is right to further improve upon the backup power technology. The Government, TRAI and telecom operators will need to work together to make fuel cells usage mainstream. Given the competitiveness of solar power, a hybrid of fuel cell & solar could emerge as a perfect combination which is reliable, sustainable, and a green alternative in future
Economical and Reliable Expansion Alternative of Composite Power System under...IJECEIAES
The paper intends to select the most economical and reliable expansion alternative of a composite power system to meet the expected future load growth. In order to reduce time computational quantity, a heuristic algorithm is adopted for composite power system reliability evaluation is proposed. The proposed algorithm is based on Monte-Carlo simulation method. The reliability indices are estimated for system base case and for the case of adding peaking generation units. The least cost reserve margin for the addition of five 20MW generating units sequentially is determined. Using the proposed algorithm an increment comparison approach used to illustrate the effect of the added units on the interruption and on the annual net gain costs. A flow chart introduced to explain the basic methodology to have an adequate assessment of a power system using Monte Carlo Simulation. The IEEE RTS (24-bus, 38-line) and The Jordanian Electrical Power System (46bus and 92-line) were examined to illustrate how to make decisions in power system planning and expansions.
Ericsson White Paper - Minimizing carbon intensity in telecom networks using TCO techniques
A methodology for optimizing energy efficiency in networks based on the total cost of ownership approach.
Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Dev...IJRES Journal
Telecom towers, technically known as BTS (Base Transceiver Stations) are the most energy intensive part of cellular network architecture and contribute up to 60 to 80% of total cellular power consumption and varies in response to the real traffic demand throughout the day and night. But, thelack of grid availability highlightsa potential barrier to telecom industry growth in Nepal. Nepal has approximately 5,222 telecom towers of which about 22% do operate on diesel generators (DGs) while the remaining by grid electricity with some shares of renewable energy technologies (RETs: solar and/or wind). Despite the large carbon imprint, the uncertainty in power availability has compelled telecom operators to use DGs to ensure continuous supply of power for the better network availability, which translates huge operating costs along with adverse environmental impact. So, it becomes an imperative solution for telecom operators to evaluate all alternatives in order to increase network reliability with reduced energy cost. This study report intentionally focus on current energy consumptionof such telecom towers and forecast thefuture energydemand with reference to growing subscriber trend up to 2025 using LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternative Planning System)withBusiness As Usual (BAU) scenario. A clean energy technology (CET) scenario with possible RET options is also developed and compared with base case scenario through some policy mechanics on behalf of environmental benefits and sustainable cellular communication. Furthermore, this study concludes a potential energy cum cost saving with RET adoption with basic cost economics analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
GENCO Optimal Bidding Strategy and Profit Based Unit Commitment using Evolutio...IJECEIAES
In deregulated electricity markets, generation companies (GENCOs) make unit com- mitment (UC) decisions based on a profit maximization objective in what is termed profit based unit commitment (PBUC). PBUC is done for the GENCO’s demand which is a summation of its bilateral demand and allocations from the spot energy market. While the bilateral demand is known, allocations from the spot energy market depend on the GENCO’s bidding strategy. A GENCO thus requires an optimal bidding strategy (OBS) which when combined with a PBUC approach would maximize operating profits. In this paper, a solution of the combined OBS-PBUC problem is presented. An evolutionary particle swarm optimization (EPSO) algorithm is implemented for solving the optimization problem. Simulation results carried out for a test power system with GENCOs of differing market strengths show that the optimal bidding strategy depends on the GENCO’s market power. Larger GENCOs with significant market power would typically bid higher to raise market clearing prices while smaller GENCOs would typically bid lower to capture a larger portion of the spot market demand. It is also illustrated that the proposed EPSO algorithm has a better performance in terms of solution quality than the classical PSO algorithm.
techTransmission usage and cost allocation using shapley value and tracing me...elelijjournal
In the deregulated power system, transmission pricing has become a very important task because it is necessary to develop an efficient, feasible and reliable pricing scheme that can generate the useful economic signals to network users such as generating companies, transmission companies, distribution companies and customers. The objective of this paper is to compare transmission usage and cost allocation scheme to loads (and/or generators) based on Shapley value method and power flow tracing method.Modified Kirchhoff matrix is used for power flow tracing. A comparison is done between the both methods.
A case study based on sample 6 bus power system is applied to check the feasibility and reliability of the proposed usage and cost allocation methodology.
Allocation of Transmission Cost Using Power Flow Tracing MethodsIJERA Editor
In the open access restructured power system market, it is necessary to develop an appropriate pricing scheme that can provide the useful economic information to market participants, such as generation, transmission companies and customers. Though many methods have already been proposed, but accurately estimating and allocating the transmission cost in the transmission pricing scheme is still a challenging task. This work addresses the problem of allocating the cost of the transmission network to generators and demands. In this work four methods using DC Power flow and AC power flow have been attempted. They are MW-Mile Method, MVA-Mile Method, GGDF method and Bialek Tracing method.MVA-Mile method and Bialek Tracing method applies AC power flow and considers apparent power flows. The purpose of the present work is to allocate the cost pertaining to the transmission lines of the network to all the generators and demands. A load flow solution is run and, the proposed method determines how line flows depend on nodal currents. This result is then used to allocate network costs to generators and demands. The technique presented in this work is related to the allocation of the cost to GENCO‘s TRANSCO‘s and DISCO‘s. A technique for tracing the flow of electricity of lines among generators with GGDF and Bialek upstream looking algorithm is proposed. With these methods correct economic signals are generated for all players. All these methods are tested on IEEE 14 bus system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Telecom towers have traditionally relied on Gensets and Batteries for their power backup. With these methods, the challenges of high operating costs due to maintenance, repairs and cost of fuel are well known. Fuel cells have lately emerged as a potential alternate for this application. It is a market to watch closely as further technology improvements in the coming years will happen. The time is right to further improve upon the backup power technology. The Government, TRAI and telecom operators will need to work together to make fuel cells usage mainstream. Given the competitiveness of solar power, a hybrid of fuel cell & solar could emerge as a perfect combination which is reliable, sustainable, and a green alternative in future
Economical and Reliable Expansion Alternative of Composite Power System under...IJECEIAES
The paper intends to select the most economical and reliable expansion alternative of a composite power system to meet the expected future load growth. In order to reduce time computational quantity, a heuristic algorithm is adopted for composite power system reliability evaluation is proposed. The proposed algorithm is based on Monte-Carlo simulation method. The reliability indices are estimated for system base case and for the case of adding peaking generation units. The least cost reserve margin for the addition of five 20MW generating units sequentially is determined. Using the proposed algorithm an increment comparison approach used to illustrate the effect of the added units on the interruption and on the annual net gain costs. A flow chart introduced to explain the basic methodology to have an adequate assessment of a power system using Monte Carlo Simulation. The IEEE RTS (24-bus, 38-line) and The Jordanian Electrical Power System (46bus and 92-line) were examined to illustrate how to make decisions in power system planning and expansions.
Ericsson White Paper - Minimizing carbon intensity in telecom networks using TCO techniques
A methodology for optimizing energy efficiency in networks based on the total cost of ownership approach.
Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Dev...IJRES Journal
Telecom towers, technically known as BTS (Base Transceiver Stations) are the most energy intensive part of cellular network architecture and contribute up to 60 to 80% of total cellular power consumption and varies in response to the real traffic demand throughout the day and night. But, thelack of grid availability highlightsa potential barrier to telecom industry growth in Nepal. Nepal has approximately 5,222 telecom towers of which about 22% do operate on diesel generators (DGs) while the remaining by grid electricity with some shares of renewable energy technologies (RETs: solar and/or wind). Despite the large carbon imprint, the uncertainty in power availability has compelled telecom operators to use DGs to ensure continuous supply of power for the better network availability, which translates huge operating costs along with adverse environmental impact. So, it becomes an imperative solution for telecom operators to evaluate all alternatives in order to increase network reliability with reduced energy cost. This study report intentionally focus on current energy consumptionof such telecom towers and forecast thefuture energydemand with reference to growing subscriber trend up to 2025 using LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternative Planning System)withBusiness As Usual (BAU) scenario. A clean energy technology (CET) scenario with possible RET options is also developed and compared with base case scenario through some policy mechanics on behalf of environmental benefits and sustainable cellular communication. Furthermore, this study concludes a potential energy cum cost saving with RET adoption with basic cost economics analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
GENCO Optimal Bidding Strategy and Profit Based Unit Commitment using Evolutio...IJECEIAES
In deregulated electricity markets, generation companies (GENCOs) make unit com- mitment (UC) decisions based on a profit maximization objective in what is termed profit based unit commitment (PBUC). PBUC is done for the GENCO’s demand which is a summation of its bilateral demand and allocations from the spot energy market. While the bilateral demand is known, allocations from the spot energy market depend on the GENCO’s bidding strategy. A GENCO thus requires an optimal bidding strategy (OBS) which when combined with a PBUC approach would maximize operating profits. In this paper, a solution of the combined OBS-PBUC problem is presented. An evolutionary particle swarm optimization (EPSO) algorithm is implemented for solving the optimization problem. Simulation results carried out for a test power system with GENCOs of differing market strengths show that the optimal bidding strategy depends on the GENCO’s market power. Larger GENCOs with significant market power would typically bid higher to raise market clearing prices while smaller GENCOs would typically bid lower to capture a larger portion of the spot market demand. It is also illustrated that the proposed EPSO algorithm has a better performance in terms of solution quality than the classical PSO algorithm.
techTransmission usage and cost allocation using shapley value and tracing me...elelijjournal
In the deregulated power system, transmission pricing has become a very important task because it is necessary to develop an efficient, feasible and reliable pricing scheme that can generate the useful economic signals to network users such as generating companies, transmission companies, distribution companies and customers. The objective of this paper is to compare transmission usage and cost allocation scheme to loads (and/or generators) based on Shapley value method and power flow tracing method.Modified Kirchhoff matrix is used for power flow tracing. A comparison is done between the both methods.
A case study based on sample 6 bus power system is applied to check the feasibility and reliability of the proposed usage and cost allocation methodology.
Allocation of Transmission Cost Using Power Flow Tracing MethodsIJERA Editor
In the open access restructured power system market, it is necessary to develop an appropriate pricing scheme that can provide the useful economic information to market participants, such as generation, transmission companies and customers. Though many methods have already been proposed, but accurately estimating and allocating the transmission cost in the transmission pricing scheme is still a challenging task. This work addresses the problem of allocating the cost of the transmission network to generators and demands. In this work four methods using DC Power flow and AC power flow have been attempted. They are MW-Mile Method, MVA-Mile Method, GGDF method and Bialek Tracing method.MVA-Mile method and Bialek Tracing method applies AC power flow and considers apparent power flows. The purpose of the present work is to allocate the cost pertaining to the transmission lines of the network to all the generators and demands. A load flow solution is run and, the proposed method determines how line flows depend on nodal currents. This result is then used to allocate network costs to generators and demands. The technique presented in this work is related to the allocation of the cost to GENCO‘s TRANSCO‘s and DISCO‘s. A technique for tracing the flow of electricity of lines among generators with GGDF and Bialek upstream looking algorithm is proposed. With these methods correct economic signals are generated for all players. All these methods are tested on IEEE 14 bus system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Determination of load transfer in reinforced concrete solid slabs by finite e...IOSR Journals
According to the ACI building code, the concrete slab can be divided into two types depending on
the ratio of the long side to the short side. Regarding the results of the ratio, the concrete slab can be divided as
one-way and two-way slabs. The main objective of this paper is to study the stress or moments distribution in
solid slab panel in its two directions and compare with ACI code assumption that the load is transferred mainly
in short direction and most of the load is transferred in one direction only if the ratio of the longer span to the
shorter span is greater than one. This will be discussed by analyzing one panel of solid slab using the computer
software SAP2000. Two types of panels will be used; the first one a panel that is supported simply on its four
sides and the second panel is supported only by four pin supports and beams. This paper shows that the gravity
load on the slab is transferred to long and short direction. This means that one-way concrete solid slab doesn't
exist and all concrete solid slabs work as a two-way concrete slab.
Nearest Adjacent Node Discovery Scheme for Routing Protocol in Wireless Senso...IOSR Journals
The broad significance of Wireless Sensor Networks is in most emergency and disaster rescue
domain. The routing process is the main challenges in the wireless sensor network due to lack of physical links.
The objective of routing is to find optimum path which is used to transferring packets from source node to
destination node. Routing should generate feasible routes between nodes and send traffic along the selected path
and also achieve high performance. This paper presents a nearest adjacent node scheme based on shortest path
routing algorithm. It is plays an important role in energy conservation. It finds the best location of nearest
adjacent nodes by involving the least number of nodes in transmission of data and set large number of nodes to
sleep in idle mode. Based on simulation result we shows the significant improvement in energy saving and
enhance the life of the network
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design and implementation of Parallel Prefix Adders using FPGAsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Adders are known to have the frequently used in VLSI designs. In digital design we have half adder and full adder, main adders by using these adders we can implement ripple carry adders. RCA use to perform any number of addition. In this RCA is serial adder and it has commutation delay problem. If increase the ha&fa simultaneously delay also increase. That’s why we go for parallel adders(parallel prefix adders). IN the parallel prefix adder are ks adder(kogge-stone),sks adder(sparse kogge-stone),spaning tree and brentkung adder. These adders are designd and implemented on FPGA sparton3E kit. Simulated and synthesis by model sim6.4b, Xilinx ise10.1.
Exploring the economic and societal impacts of enabling the rollout of electr...DecarboN8
The third webinar in DecarboN8's Future Transport Fuels Webinar Series for academics, students, policymakers, businesses, civil society and anyone interested in the decarbonisation of transport in the UK.
About the event:
Over the last four years, CEP has applied its economy-wide approach to analysing the likely wider economy impacts of enabling the roll-out of electric vehicles in the UK. This is seen as a key component of reducing emissions from private transport and facilitating the transition to net zero. In this webinar we will discuss our latest research that explores the macro economic and societal impacts of both investing to reinforce the electricity network and from shifting fueling from fossil fuels to electricity. We will also explore considerations for a ‘Just Transition’ and regulatory and policy implications.
About the speaker:
Professor Karen Turner is Director of the Centre for Energy Policy at the University of Strathclyde. She has previously held academic posts at in the Economics Departments at Heriot-Watt, Stirling and Strathclyde Universities. Karen was one of six ESRC Climate Change Leadership Fellows and her main research interests lie in considering and modelling the economy-wide and macroeconomic impacts of energy policy and industry developments. The main focuses of her current work is considering the wider economic and societal value proposition for a range of low carbon energy solutions, including energy efficiency, electric vehicles, industrial decarbonisation and CCUS, through projects funded by UKRI and various government and industry bodies. Karen is currently a member of the Scottish Just Transition Commission, was member of the committee delivering the Royal Society of Edinburgh’s inquiry on Scotland’s Energy Future and is leading a cross-cutting sub-group of a new Royal Society (London) study on the long term role of energy storage.
The project involves determining real time electricity charges incurred by the residential consumers. The smart grid integrated with residential PV systems was modeled in Simulink to determine demand response in dynamic pricing environment. Based on the load demand, electricity charges were calculated and compared with flat rate charges to highlight cost savings.
Economics of Electricity Transmission Line Rehabilitation Investments Sener Salci
The analytical challenges in evaluating the impacts of transmission line investments have vexed practitioners and electricity market regulators. The purpose of this study is to provide a guideline for improving the accuracy and predictability of the impacts of electricity rehabilitation projects. The subject is too broad to address completely here. The proposed guideline is suitable for evaluations of such project implemented in a broken electricity network. In such case, the demand for electricity is deterred, the supply of the electricity is unreliable, and the system is far away from its least-cost optimum production/consumption level. The guideline does not rebut the catalog of existing evaluation models or approaches. The guideline utilizes them for a reasonable ex-ante assessment to identify “good” projects that satisfy the economic and public objectives of the economy. An integrated cost-benefit analysis (CBA) framework is recommended to appraise such projects along with allocating the impacts to stakeholders in a manner that is commensurate with the net benefits they receive. Such an integrated analysis is much more than a set of procedures for estimating the expected net present values or rates of return of the project.
Optimal power flow based congestion management using enhanced genetic algorithmsIJECEIAES
Congestion management (CM) in the deregulated power systems is germane and of central importance to the power industry. In this paper, an optimal power flow (OPF) based CM approach is proposed whose objective is to minimize the absolute MW of rescheduling. The proposed optimization problem is solved with the objectives of total generation cost minimization and the total congestion cost minimization. In the centralized market clearing model, the sellers (i.e., the competitive generators) submit their incremental and decremental bid prices in a real-time balancing market. These can then be incorporated in the OPF problem to yield the incremental/ decremental change in the generator outputs. In the bilateral market model, every transaction contract will include a compensation price that the buyer-seller pair is willing to accept for its transaction to be curtailed. The modeling of bilateral transactions are equivalent to the modifying the power injections at seller and buyer buses. The proposed CM approach is solved by using the evolutionary based Enhanced Genetic Algorithms (EGA). IEEE 30 bus system is considered to show the effectiveness of proposed CM approach.
Active and reactive power sharing in micro grid using droop control IJECEIAES
The development of renewable energy contributes to the global objectives of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, obtaining and increasing our energy efficiency. In the face of these changes, the electric-network must adapt, while maintaining a high level of reliability and a quality of energy production. To meet this objective, it is recommended to use highly developed electrical network by integrating renewable energy sources in order to adapt the energy consumption to their production, using electrotechnical software information and telecommunications technologies. We are talking about intelligent grids (Smart Grid). The main objective of the work presented in this paper is the contribution to the study of intelligent network for efficient management of energy produced by several sources linked to the AC bus via the voltage inverters. Numerical simulations have been presented to validate the performance of the proposed active and reactive power controller (Droop Control).
GIS Based Power Distribution System: A Case study for the Junagadh Cityijsrd.com
In this paper power distribution data (poles, transformers and transmission lines) have been mapped using GPS and high resolution remote sensing images. These details have been put in GIS using ArcGIS 9.1 software. Various things like road network and land use are also superimposed on the power distribution system GIS layer. Various types of analysis like finding a pole or circuit of specific transformer can be done using GIS tools.
This paper presents a novel approach for static transmission expansion planning and
allocation of the associated expansion costs to individual market entities in a restructured power
system. The approach seeks the optimal addition of transmission lines among the possible candidate
transmission lines minimizing the overall system costs and at the same time satisfying the system
operational and security constraints. Novelty of the approach lies in applying a widely known
technique used for overload security analysis to an area such as Transmission expansion planning.
Transmission expansion costs are allocated using distribution factors to the individual entities in a
fair and transparent manner. The results for modified Garver Test system demonstrate that the
approach with the advantage of its simplicity can be applied to transmission expansion planning and
cost allocation in restructured power system
A hybrid approach for ipfc location and parameters optimization for congestio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The deregulated power system operation with competitive electricity market environment has been created many challenging tasks to the system operator. The competition with strategic bidding has been resulted for randomness in generation schedule, load withdrawal and power flows across the network. The economic efficiency of electricity market is mainly dependent on network support. In the event of congestion, it is required to alter the base case market settlement and hence the economic inefficiency in terms of congestion cost can occur. In order to anticipate congestion and its consequences in operation, this paper has been considered Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).This article proposed a tactical approach for optimal location and then its parameters in Decoupled Power Injection Modeling (DPIM) are optimized using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The case studies are performed on IEEE 30-bus test system and the results obtained are validating the proposed approach for practical implementations.
Keywords: Deregulated power system, competitive electricity market, congestion management, IPFC, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
Improving Distribution System Performance in Deregulated Electricity Industry...IOSRJEEE
In many developing countries, domestic electricity consumers having single phase appliances are most times supplied with single phase meters with incoming three phase supply lines. Due to frequent phase faults, these customers often change their supply from one phase to another whenever there is low voltage or no supply in the phase they are currently connected to. This action coupled with the fact that there is uneven distribution of loads on the distribution transformers in residential areas, lead to more transformer overload with consequential loss of power, equipment, man-hours, revenue and in extreme cases, life. When electricity was treated as a welfare commodity or as part of government social responsibility, these consequences where ignored. But with commercialization, privatization and deregulation, cost minimization and profit maximization have become the watchwords. As a means of minimizing this, utilizing the concept of phase-constrained electricity billing scheme in the deregulated Nigerian Power Industry was presented in this work. The phaseconstrained billing model involves re-arranging the service lines and setting up constraint matrices to relate the phase and service lines utilizable by customer to the electricity bill using penalty factors. To test the acceptability of this model, a customer behavior and utilization index based questionnaires were administered in the field. The survey was analyzed using the statistical attitude measurement technique based on the 5-point Likert Scale. The responses obtained showed that introducing a penalty factor in the billing which ensure that those using more phases pay higher will minimize frequent change of phases; and provide a direction for utilities and customers in resolving the power quality and availability problems associated with frequent phase changing.
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
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D010242934
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 2 Ver. IV(Mar – Apr. 2015), PP 29-34
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10242934 www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
‘Line-by-Line’ Embedded Transmission pricing methodologies
I. Kranthi Kiran1
, Dr. A. Jaya Laxmi2
1
(Associate Professor, Department of EEE, MVGR College of Engineering, Vizianagaram-535005, India)
2
(Professor, Department of EEE, JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad-500085, India)
Abstract: The environment of the electric power industry in several countries around the world is changing
from traditional regulated conventional set up to a deregulated one, to provide more effective generation of
electric power. The movement of electricity industry environment in such a fashion resulted in the market forces
to drive the electricity price and reduce the net cost through amplified competition. Provision of correct
economic signals to the market participants in a deregulated electricity market is necessary to ensure reliable
and secured operation of the overall power system. This paper introduces the concepts of deregulation of
electric power industry and wheeling cost of electrical energy, exhibits different types of wheeling cost
computation methodologies and presents in detail an embedded wheeling cost methodology namely “Power
flow based Line-by-line methodology”. A software package in MATLAB is developed to compute the wheeling
cost by different versions of the aforementioned methodology, applied on IEEE 30-bus system and the results
obtained are presented for comparison.
Keywords: Deregulation, Embedded cost, Independent Power Producers, Wheeling cost, Incremental cost
Nomenclature
Rs. - Rupees
BC - Book cost in Rs.
n - Year
p.u. - per unit
LIFE - Average service life in years
RC - Replacement Cost in Rs.
CoD - Cost of Depreciation in Rs.
SALVAGE - Salvage value in p.u.
DR - Depreciation Reserve in Rs.
NP - Net Plant cost in Rs.
AWC - Annual Wheeling Cost in Rs.
IPP - Independent Power Producer
I. Introduction
Regulated electric power industry is the one in which the three phases like generation, transmission and
distribution of electric power are planned and operated by a single entity [1]. However, electrical energy is not a
form of energy that can be stored and reused in large quantities. Also, it is difficult to meet the drastically
increasing load demand as well as to maintain continuous supply at an economical cost. To overcome all these,
electric power industry needs to be deregulated.
Deregulation is the concept where generation, transmission and distribution of power can be carried out
by independent entities. Deregulation offers lower electricity price, provides better consumer service and
maintains an improved and efficient system. The concept of deregulation has been introduced in many fields
like automobiles, finance, communication, power industry etc. The present scenario of electric power industry in
most of the countries around the world, starting from Chile in the early 1970‟s, is undergoing the restructuring
process [2]. Competition has been introduced in electric power industry around the world based on the promise
that it will increase the efficiency of the industrial sector and reduce the cost of electrical energy.
Deregulated power industry allows many private companies called „IPPs‟ in the power generation field
to be connected across the power transmission system. This situation also welcomes recent and effective
methods of power transmission in the electric power system [3].
II. Wheeling and Wheeling cost of Electrical Energy
2.1 Wheeling
Liberalization of the economic policies by the Indian government in 1990‟s led the opening of power
generation to private sector. Further, the amendment of Indian electricity act in 2003 resulted in separation of
2. „Line-by-Line‟ Embedded Transmission pricing methodologies
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10242934 www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
vertically integrated state electricity boards into three entities viz., GENeration COrporation (GENCO) for
generation, TRANSmission COrporation (TRANSCO) for transmission and DIStribution COMpany (DISCOM)
for distribution of power. However, the IPP‟s have to sell their generated electrical energy either to the
government or to its buyer. In the second option, IPP‟s have to use the TRANSCO transmission network for
delivering the electrical energy to the buyer. The job of TRANSCO is to “wheel” the electrical energy from a
seller to a buyer. Thus, wheeling involves the transmission of electrical energy from a seller to a buyer through
the transmission work owned by a third party [4].
2.2 Effects of wheeling
Wheeling affects the line loss, re-dispatch of generators, transmission line flow constraints, other
power system security issues and recovery of embedded capital costs.
2.3 Wheeling cost
Usually seller and buyer reach an agreement on the rate of electrical energy based on the capital cost of
the power plant, plant load factor etc. Wheeling cost or Transmission pricing is the cost paid by the seller of
electrical energy to the transmission network holder for the use of transmission network to transmit power to the
buyer of electricity [5]. Also the wheeling cost includes the cost for utilizing the assets and facilities of the
transmission network. The wheeling company decides the wheeling cost of electrical energy.
III. Transmission Pricing Methodologies
3.1 Transmission pricing strategy
The rapidly changing business environment for electric power utilities all around the world has resulted
in unbundling of services provided by these utilities. Wheeling of electrical energy (transmission services) is
one of the more prevalent of such unbundled services. In fact, today there are enterprises whose main function is
to provide only wheeling (transmission grid) services. National Grid Company in United Kingdom is the largest
of such enterprises. Pricing of transmission services plays a crucial role in determining whether providing
transmission services is economically beneficial to both the wheeling utility and the wheeling customers.
However, it is important to realize that pricing of transmission services, although a technical issue is not an
engineering problem [6]. Engineering analysis mainly deals in determining the feasibility and the cost of
providing transmission services. It is not only one of many considerations in the overall process of pricing
transmission services. Market and political considerations could also play major roles in determining
transmission prices. Hence, it is extremely important to distinguish between transmission costs and prices.
In general, strategic pricing of any service or product, without considering political impact seek to I)
increase customer value by providing a wider variety of services and price options, II) promote economic
efficiency by ensuring that the customer value and the cost of service are balanced and III) change customer
consumption patterns wherever appropriate to improve the utilization of existing resources [7].
At present, pricing transmission services which account for all these considerations is not possible due
to the following reasons:
Regulatory oversight of electric utility pricing practices which constrains pricing methods to be cost based,
simple and stable over long time periods.
Limited experience of the utility industry with provision of transmission services at large scale.
Difficulty in obtaining necessary tools and data for evaluating the economic impacts of providing
transmission services. In fact evaluating transmission cost is even difficult task that requires complex
analytical tools and extensive data. The problem becomes substantially more difficult and subjective when
determining the value of transmission services to wheeling customers.
To deal with the above mentioned barriers to strategic transmission pricing, economists have advocated
adherence to basic economic principles that would price transmission prices based on the incremental cost of
providing transmission services. Two challenges under these circumstances are to be addressed. They are how to
correctly calculate the incremental cost of providing transmission services and how much premium in excess of
the incremental cost should be allowed in transmission pricing to provide wheeling utilities with an incentive to
accommodate large number of transmission transactions [8]. Presently, the utility industry commonly uses cost
based prices for transmission services.
For a technical review of cost based transmission pricing, the distinction between transmission prices
and costs becomes very difficult and confusing particularly when the incremental transmission pricing
methodologies are discussed. The emphasis on transmission costs is mainly to illustrate how these mitts are
evaluated and translated to transmission prices [9].
3. „Line-by-Line‟ Embedded Transmission pricing methodologies
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10242934 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
3.2 Wheeling cost computation methodologies
Except for a methodology for transmission pricing based on a bidding process, practically all existing
transmission pricing models are cost based with the goal to allocate and/or assign all or part of the existing cost
and new cost of transmission system to wheeling customers [10]. Transmission pricing paradigm is the overall
process of translating transmission costs into overall transmission charges.
The two methods to calculate wheeling cost are „Embedded‟ and „Incremental‟ wheeling cost
computation methodologies. They are explained in detail in the following sections.
3.2.1 Embedded wheeling cost computation methodology
In this methodology, all existing transmission systems and the new costs of system operation and
expansion, regardless of their cause, are summed up (rolled-in) into a single number [11]. Cost incurred during
building the infrastructure and future investment, operation and maintenance costs are summed up and then the
total cost is allocated to the customers. This cost is then allocated among various users of the transmission
system, including the utility native customers, according to their extent of use of the transmission system.
Various transmission pricing methodologies have been developed, each defining and evaluating this extent of
use differently [12].
Various embedded wheeling cost computation methodologies include „Postage stamp methodology‟ or
„Rolled-in methodology‟, „Contract path methodology‟, „Boundary flow methodology‟ and two „MW-km‟
methodologies or „Line-by-line‟ methodologies namely „Distance based MW-km methodology‟ and „Power
flow based MW-km methodology‟ [13].
3.2.2 Incremental wheeling cost computation methodology
According to this methodology, only new transmission costs caused by the new transmission customers
will be considered for evaluating transmission charges for these customers [14]. The existing system costs will
remain allocated to utilities‟ present customers. Several methodologies are used along with this paradigm to
calculate transmission prices for transmission customers. These methodologies include „Short-Run Incremental
Cost (SRIC) computation methodology‟, „Long-Run Incremental Cost (LRIC) computation methodology‟,
„Short-Run Marginal Cost (SRMC) computation methodology‟ and „Long-Run Marginal Cost (LRMC)
computation methodology‟ [15].
IV. Line-by-line or MW-km Methodology
This methodology allocates the cost based on a computed set of parallel paths for a particular
transaction [16]. The two versions of MW-km methodology are Distance based MW-km methodology and
Power flow based MW-km methodology. In this paper, Power flow based MW-km methodology is used in
determining the wheeling cost.
4.2.1 Distance based MW-km methodology
This methodology allocates the existing or rolled-in transmission charges to wheeling customers based
on the magnitude of the transacted power and the geographical distance between the generator and load [17].
This is a non-power flow methodology and hence does not make use of any power flow simulation while
calculating the wheeling cost. This methodology is simple, easy to apply and easy to calculate. However, the
geographical distance does not indicate the actual transmission facilities involved in the transaction or the
reinforcements required for accommodating the transaction and hence wheeling customers are likely to receive
and act upon incorrect economic signals. Also due to the absence of fixed relationship between the geographical
distance and the actual costs, the transmission users do not face their actual costs.
4.2.2 Power flow based MW-km methodology
The load flow based MW-km methodology reflects, to some extent, the actual usage of the power
system. Transmission prices are determined in relation to the proportion of the transmission system used by
individual transactions, as determined by load flow studies [18].
This methodology takes into account the quantity of transacted power and the electrical distance
between the generators and loads. This methodology allocates the charges for each transmission facility to
transmission transactions based on the extent of use of that facility by these transactions. The allocated charges
are then added up over all transmission facilities to evaluate the total price for usage of transmission system. For
this reason, this methodology is also called „Facility-by-facility methodology‟.
A power flow model is used to calculate the flow caused by the transaction on each circuit of the
transmission system. The ratio of the power flow due to the transaction and the circuit capacity is then
determined. This ratio is multiplied by the circuit cost to obtain a cost for the transaction on each circuit. The
share of the total system costs for the transaction is the sum of the costs for each circuit. The relatively simple
4. „Line-by-Line‟ Embedded Transmission pricing methodologies
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10242934 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
and clear calculation of transmission charges using this methodology increases the degree of transparency of
charges [19]. In addition, the problems of prices not being cost-reflective which is common to distance-based
methodology is reduced by making users face prices that are more closely related to their use of the network.
Consequently, these results show that there is a decreased discrimination between users and an increased
allocative efficiency.
However, the load flow based MW-km approach still fails to signal the costs of future investment
caused by individual users‟ decisions, as it is on the recovery of historic costs. Additionally it is expected that
the total power flows are less than the circuit capacity, hence not all the transmission system capital cost may be
recovered [20]. If congestion occurs due to the transactions this will be observed from the results of the load
flow and a methodology to address congestion can be considered.
Different types of MW-km Methodology include Net difference based Line-by-Line methodology,
Vector difference based one and Positive difference based one.
To yield ∆MW-kms, the net difference based line-by-line methodology involves subtraction of absolute
values of base case power flows from those of transaction case power flows and vector difference based line-
by-line methodology uses absolute values of difference of base case power flows and transaction case power
flows, while determining wheeling cost [21]. However, the positive difference based line-by-line methodology
considers absolute values of difference of base case power flows and transaction case power flows under the
condition of transaction case power flow greater in magnitude than base case power flow, in computing the
wheeling cost [22].
The stepwise procedure for computation of wheeling cost by MW-km methodology is as follows.
1. Select the study year.
2. Develop Book cost, Cost of Depreciation, Depreciation reserve and Net plant cost for each line using the
following equations numbered (1) to (4).
3. Sum the cost data available in the appendix along with gross cost of depreciation and express the result
based on the total net plant cost, to obtain Annual Fixed Charge Rate (AFCR) in p.u.
4. Determine the annual wheeling cost using the equation-(5).
V. Case Study
IEEE 30-bus system is considered for the determination of wheeling cost by the three versions of
Power flow based MW-km methodology, with a buyer at bus-12 demanding 100 MW of active power from a
seller available at bus-2. The cost data and technical data of the considered bus system are presented in
appendix.
Table 1 compares the annual wheeling costs obtained by different versions of Power flow based MW-
km methodology.
Table 1: Annual Wheeling Cost
Study year
Annual wheeling cost (Rs.)
Net difference methodology Vector difference methodology Positive difference methodology
1 18.07 Crores 34.63 Crores 1,457.80 Crores
2 19.49 Crores 37.36 Crores 1,572.94 Crores
3 20.76 Crores 39.79 Crores 1,675.15 Crores
VI. Conclusion
Consideration of active line power flow in any one direction in every branch of the bus system or
assumption of both line power flows acting only in one direction in every branch of the bus system may over
rate or under rate the wheeling service. Thus it can be stated that the net difference based line-by-line
methodology and vector difference based line-by-line methodology gives inaccurate results. However, as the
5. „Line-by-Line‟ Embedded Transmission pricing methodologies
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10242934 www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
inclusion of Independent Power Producer leads to extra line power flows in the network thereby leading to the
occurrence of extra power losses, the positive difference based line-by-line methodology is found to give correct
economic signals in the wheeling cost calculation.
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APPENDIX
Cost data and Technical data
Capital cost per unit line length Rs. 1 Crore
Capitalization breakdown per annum 5 %
Administrative and general Expenses per annum 2 %
Operation and maintenance per annum 2 %
Working capital provision per annum 5 %
Taxes per annum 5 %
Insurance per annum 1.5 %
Study period 3 years
Transmission line maximum capacity 100 MW
Transmission line average service life 30 years
Kranthi Kiran Irinjila was born in Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, on 31st
July, 1974. He received his B.Tech.
degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE) in 1996 from Nagarjuna University,
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. He completed M.Tech. (Power Systems) course in EEE with
emphasis on High Voltage Engineering in 2005 from JNT University, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh. He is pursuing Ph.D. in the area of Power Systems under the guidance of Dr. A.
Jaya Laxmi, Professor, JNTU College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. He has
two years of Industrial experience and fifteen years of teaching experience.
6. „Line-by-Line‟ Embedded Transmission pricing methodologies
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10242934 www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
He presented three papers in different national and international level conferences. He published six papers in
international journals. His research interests are in the areas of deregulation, power system restructuring and
wheeling cost methodologies.
Mr. Kiran is a Member of Indian Society for Technical Education (MISTE).
Dr. A. Jaya Laxmi was born in Mahaboob Nagar District, Andhra Pradesh, on 07-11-1969. She completed her
B.Tech. (EEE) from Osmania University College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh in 1991, M. Tech. (Power Systems) from NIT Warangal (NITW), Andhra Pradesh
in 1996 and completed Ph.D.(Power Quality) from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University College of Engineering, Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh in 2007. She has five years
of Industrial experience and sixteen years of teaching experience.
She has 60 International Journals to her credit. She has 100 International and National
papers published in various conferences held at India and also abroad. She is presently
guiding research scholars at various universities and out of them two research scholars are awarded. Her
research interests are Neural networks, Power Systems & Power Quality. She was awarded “Best Technical
Paper Award” for Electrical Engineering in Institution of Electrical Engineers in the year 2006 and “Best Poster
Award” in INDICON 2014.
Dr. Laxmi is a Member of IEEE and IAO, Fellow of Institution of Electrical Engineers (FIEE), Calcutta, Life
Member of Indian Society of Technical Education (MISTE), Life Member of System Society of India (MSSI),
Member of Indian Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (MIETE) and Member of Indian Science
Congress (MISC).