This document discusses optimizing the energy production of an autonomous photovoltaic (PV) system with a simple charge regulator. The study determines the optimal open circuit voltage range of the PV field for 12V and 24V storage systems. Mathematical models are developed for PV modules, storage batteries, and charge regulators. Simulation results show that a PV field's open circuit voltage between 16-23V optimizes energy production for a 12V system, and between 34-43V for a 24V system, under standard test conditions. The optimal voltage ensures the intersection point between the PV and battery voltage-current characteristics is near the PV module's maximum power point.
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boo...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper deals with a solar PV array connected with grid system. This system consists of PV cells with 30 KW system, Boost converter, three phase inverter with suitable control system and three phase load. This paper gives analysis of each components of the system. The output voltage from the solar PV cells are variable according to radiation intensity and temperature so in order to connect with grid the output voltage should be fixed and converted to AC voltage and this job will be done by an inverter. A very effective control system has been developed for the inverter based on pulse width modulation. This paper presents an intensive performance and dynamic behavior of a grid related PV energy conversion system. The PV system is developed and simulated with the help of MATLAB Simulink software environment. Abhishek Verma | Dr. Anup Mishra | Brahma Nand Thakur "Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boost Converter and PWM Based Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/40056/analysis-and-simulation-of-solar-pv-connected-with-grid-accomplished-with-boost-converter-and-pwm-based-inverter/abhishek-verma
The power generation using solar photovoltaic (PV) system in microgrid requires energy storage system due to their dilute and intermittent nature. The system requires efficient control techniques to ensure the reliable operation of the microgrid. This work presents dynamic power management using a decentralized approach. The control techniques in microgrid including droop controllers in cascade with proportional-integral (PI) controllers for voltage stability and power balance have few limitations. PI controllers alone will not ensure microgrid’s stability. Their parameters cannot be optimized for varying demand and have a slow transient response which increases the settling time. The droop controllers have lower efficiency. The load power variation and steady-state voltage error make the droop control ineffective. This paper presents a control scheme for dynamic power management by incorporating the combined PI and hysteresis controller (CPIHC) technique. The system becomes robust, performs well under varying demand conditions, and shows a faster dynamic response. The proposed DC microgrid has solar PV as an energy source, a lead-acid battery as the energy storage system, constant and dynamic loads. The simulation results show the proposed CPIHC technique efficiently manages the dynamic power, regulates DC link voltage and battery’s state of charge (SoC) compared to conventional combined PI and droop controller (CPIDC).
Open-Delta VSC Based Voltage Controller in Isolated Power SystemsIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a reduced switch voltage source converter (VSC)
topology implemented as a voltage controller in isolated power systems. In
isolated power systems generally self-excited induction generators (SEIG)
are used mainly for their ruggedness and economic reasons. Mostly for
constant power applications such as pico hydro uncontrolled turbine driven
self excited induction generators feeding three-phase loads are employed.
The proposed reduced switch voltage controller is used to regulate and
control the voltage at the generator terminals as it is subjected to voltage
drops, dips or flickers when the isolated power system is subjected to various
critical loads. In this paper the controller is realized using a three-leg fourswitch
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based current controlled
voltage-source converter (CC-VSC) and a self-supporting dc bus containing
two split capacitors, thus reducing the IGBT count and hence cost. This
reduced switch topology forms an Open-Delta type converter. The proposed
generating system along with the controller is modeled and simulated in
MATLAB along with Simulink and power system blockset (PSB) toolboxes.
The system is simulated and the capability of the isolated generating system
along with the reduced switch based voltage controller is presented here
where the generator feeds linear and non-linear loads are investigated.
SIMULATION OF REDUCED SWITCH INVERTER BASED UPQC WITH FUZZY LOGIC AND ANN CON...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new methodology to reduce harmonic distortion in UPQC using artificial neural network
and fuzzy logic controller. So this paper main aim is improve power quality by using UPQC with ANN and FLC. The most purpose of the proposed (ANN & FLC) is capable of providing good static and dynamic performances compared to PI controller. The UPQC is to control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the UPQC has the potential of up power quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems. The appliance of computing is growing quick within the space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now days we are using twelve switches used in back to back configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12
switches. In 9 switch UPQC converter given the most useful benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of three methods. They are one is PI controller technique, ANN controller technique and FLC controller technique. By contrast PI, FLC and ANN, ANN is better than (FLC & PI) for power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network (ANN) is taken into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power quality (PQ) devices. A whole
simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with the quality FLC & PI controller’s results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits,
additionally to its part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found restricted applications because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized
dc-link capacitance, restricted amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather than acceptive these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly “converts” most of those topological short comings into fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses,
Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably
designed management theme with PI and ANN with Fuzzy logic controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is shown to favorably raise the general power quality in Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a reduced value.
KEYWORDS: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that
results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipment’s. Utility distribution networks, sensitive
industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service
interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. With the restructuring of power systems and with
shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of power quality is going to take
newer dimensions. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The
performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements
and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission
standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality
measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical
behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines.
Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage
system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the
real power source under fluctuating wind power. Here two control schemes for STATCOM are Fuzzy logic
controller and hybrid Fuzzy logic controller. We can better response for hybrid fuzzy compare to fuzzy logic
controller. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power
quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. Finally the proposed
scheme is applied for both balanced and unbalanced linear nonlinear loads.
Grid-Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based on Mul...ijsrd.com
This dissertation proposes a wind energy conversion system is composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter. The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the electrical power, while the rectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control, the inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. Multilevel inerter is used to step up the voltage and to reduce the THD. Here nine level and eleven level inverter are used and the voltage increases and THD reduces from 12.87 % to 7.46 %. Active and reactive power is controlled dc stabilization and the reactive power is near to unity Here PI controller is used to control the inverter output rms voltage and LC filter is used to remove the harmonics available in the system.
Partial Shading Detection and MPPT Controller for Total Cross Tied Photovolta...IDES Editor
This paper present Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) controller for solving partial shading problems in
photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is well-known that partial shading
is often encountered in PV system issue with many
consequences. In this research, PV array is connected using
TCT (total cross-tied) configuration including sensors to
measure voltage and currents. The sensors provide inputs for
MPPT controller in order to achieve optimum output power.
The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is
utilized in this paper as the controller methods. Then, the
output of MPPT controller is the optimum power duty cycle
(α) to drive the performance DC-DC converter. The simulation
shows that the proposed MPPT controller can provide PV
voltage (VMPP) nearly to the maximum power point voltage.
The accuracy of our proposed method is measured by
performance index defined as Mean Absolute Percentage Error
(MAPE). In addition, the main purpose of this work is to
present a new method for detecting partial condition of
photovoltaic TCT configuration using only 3 sensors. Thus,
this method can streamline the time and reduce operating
costs.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
An improved luo converter for high power applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract
Power conversion is one of the major requirements in various industries and in daily life. Among various types of power
conversion, DC-DC conversion has greater importance. DC-DC conversion can be reliably performed using luo converter. It
employs voltage lift technique so that output voltage is increased stage by stage, in arithmetic progression. Luo converter can be
incorporated with the Z network or impedance network so as to ensure simple start up and smooth power conversion. An
impedance network consist of two identical inductors and two identical capacitors connected in ‘X’ shape. Besides power
conversion it also offers filtering operation. The luo converter in this scheme is of switched capacitor type. It helps to provide
regulated output voltage from an unregulated source of power supply. The major benefits of this proposed scheme is that it
combines the advantages of the switched capacitor, voltage lift technique and the impedance network. Hence the proposed scheme
has various advantages such as high power density, larger range of output DC voltage, lower or no inrush current, lower
harmonic injection, simple circuit, high voltage transfer gain, can process upto several tens of watts of power. The simulation
analysis and the hardware implementation shows that the output voltage obtained is higher than the expected theoretical value.
i.e, it is the highly boosted voltage output.
Keywords: Z-network, boost voltage, voltage lift technique
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
New Structure for Photovoltaic SystemApplications with Maximum Power Point Tr...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper recommendes a new structure for photovoltaicsystems with a new inverter topology. A quasi-Z-source DC-DC converter with capability of dividing its output voltage to the same voltages and tracking maximum power point is proposed. The proportional-integral incremental conductance method is used for maximum power point tracking. The new recommended inverter topology is linked to quasi-Z-source converter for transferring power. For triggering inverter switches, alternate phase opposition disposition switching technique is utilized. A comparison is drawn between suggested multilevel inverter topology and other conventional multilevel inverter topologies. Description of proposed structure along with detailed simulation results that verify its feasibility are given to demonstrate the availability of the proposed system by MATLAB/Simulink software.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boo...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper deals with a solar PV array connected with grid system. This system consists of PV cells with 30 KW system, Boost converter, three phase inverter with suitable control system and three phase load. This paper gives analysis of each components of the system. The output voltage from the solar PV cells are variable according to radiation intensity and temperature so in order to connect with grid the output voltage should be fixed and converted to AC voltage and this job will be done by an inverter. A very effective control system has been developed for the inverter based on pulse width modulation. This paper presents an intensive performance and dynamic behavior of a grid related PV energy conversion system. The PV system is developed and simulated with the help of MATLAB Simulink software environment. Abhishek Verma | Dr. Anup Mishra | Brahma Nand Thakur "Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boost Converter and PWM Based Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/40056/analysis-and-simulation-of-solar-pv-connected-with-grid-accomplished-with-boost-converter-and-pwm-based-inverter/abhishek-verma
The power generation using solar photovoltaic (PV) system in microgrid requires energy storage system due to their dilute and intermittent nature. The system requires efficient control techniques to ensure the reliable operation of the microgrid. This work presents dynamic power management using a decentralized approach. The control techniques in microgrid including droop controllers in cascade with proportional-integral (PI) controllers for voltage stability and power balance have few limitations. PI controllers alone will not ensure microgrid’s stability. Their parameters cannot be optimized for varying demand and have a slow transient response which increases the settling time. The droop controllers have lower efficiency. The load power variation and steady-state voltage error make the droop control ineffective. This paper presents a control scheme for dynamic power management by incorporating the combined PI and hysteresis controller (CPIHC) technique. The system becomes robust, performs well under varying demand conditions, and shows a faster dynamic response. The proposed DC microgrid has solar PV as an energy source, a lead-acid battery as the energy storage system, constant and dynamic loads. The simulation results show the proposed CPIHC technique efficiently manages the dynamic power, regulates DC link voltage and battery’s state of charge (SoC) compared to conventional combined PI and droop controller (CPIDC).
Open-Delta VSC Based Voltage Controller in Isolated Power SystemsIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a reduced switch voltage source converter (VSC)
topology implemented as a voltage controller in isolated power systems. In
isolated power systems generally self-excited induction generators (SEIG)
are used mainly for their ruggedness and economic reasons. Mostly for
constant power applications such as pico hydro uncontrolled turbine driven
self excited induction generators feeding three-phase loads are employed.
The proposed reduced switch voltage controller is used to regulate and
control the voltage at the generator terminals as it is subjected to voltage
drops, dips or flickers when the isolated power system is subjected to various
critical loads. In this paper the controller is realized using a three-leg fourswitch
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based current controlled
voltage-source converter (CC-VSC) and a self-supporting dc bus containing
two split capacitors, thus reducing the IGBT count and hence cost. This
reduced switch topology forms an Open-Delta type converter. The proposed
generating system along with the controller is modeled and simulated in
MATLAB along with Simulink and power system blockset (PSB) toolboxes.
The system is simulated and the capability of the isolated generating system
along with the reduced switch based voltage controller is presented here
where the generator feeds linear and non-linear loads are investigated.
SIMULATION OF REDUCED SWITCH INVERTER BASED UPQC WITH FUZZY LOGIC AND ANN CON...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new methodology to reduce harmonic distortion in UPQC using artificial neural network
and fuzzy logic controller. So this paper main aim is improve power quality by using UPQC with ANN and FLC. The most purpose of the proposed (ANN & FLC) is capable of providing good static and dynamic performances compared to PI controller. The UPQC is to control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the UPQC has the potential of up power quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems. The appliance of computing is growing quick within the space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now days we are using twelve switches used in back to back configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12
switches. In 9 switch UPQC converter given the most useful benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of three methods. They are one is PI controller technique, ANN controller technique and FLC controller technique. By contrast PI, FLC and ANN, ANN is better than (FLC & PI) for power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network (ANN) is taken into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power quality (PQ) devices. A whole
simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with the quality FLC & PI controller’s results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits,
additionally to its part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found restricted applications because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized
dc-link capacitance, restricted amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather than acceptive these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly “converts” most of those topological short comings into fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses,
Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably
designed management theme with PI and ANN with Fuzzy logic controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is shown to favorably raise the general power quality in Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a reduced value.
KEYWORDS: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that
results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipment’s. Utility distribution networks, sensitive
industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service
interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. With the restructuring of power systems and with
shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of power quality is going to take
newer dimensions. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The
performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements
and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission
standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality
measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical
behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines.
Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage
system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the
real power source under fluctuating wind power. Here two control schemes for STATCOM are Fuzzy logic
controller and hybrid Fuzzy logic controller. We can better response for hybrid fuzzy compare to fuzzy logic
controller. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power
quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. Finally the proposed
scheme is applied for both balanced and unbalanced linear nonlinear loads.
Grid-Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based on Mul...ijsrd.com
This dissertation proposes a wind energy conversion system is composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter. The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the electrical power, while the rectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control, the inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. Multilevel inerter is used to step up the voltage and to reduce the THD. Here nine level and eleven level inverter are used and the voltage increases and THD reduces from 12.87 % to 7.46 %. Active and reactive power is controlled dc stabilization and the reactive power is near to unity Here PI controller is used to control the inverter output rms voltage and LC filter is used to remove the harmonics available in the system.
Partial Shading Detection and MPPT Controller for Total Cross Tied Photovolta...IDES Editor
This paper present Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) controller for solving partial shading problems in
photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is well-known that partial shading
is often encountered in PV system issue with many
consequences. In this research, PV array is connected using
TCT (total cross-tied) configuration including sensors to
measure voltage and currents. The sensors provide inputs for
MPPT controller in order to achieve optimum output power.
The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is
utilized in this paper as the controller methods. Then, the
output of MPPT controller is the optimum power duty cycle
(α) to drive the performance DC-DC converter. The simulation
shows that the proposed MPPT controller can provide PV
voltage (VMPP) nearly to the maximum power point voltage.
The accuracy of our proposed method is measured by
performance index defined as Mean Absolute Percentage Error
(MAPE). In addition, the main purpose of this work is to
present a new method for detecting partial condition of
photovoltaic TCT configuration using only 3 sensors. Thus,
this method can streamline the time and reduce operating
costs.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
An improved luo converter for high power applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract
Power conversion is one of the major requirements in various industries and in daily life. Among various types of power
conversion, DC-DC conversion has greater importance. DC-DC conversion can be reliably performed using luo converter. It
employs voltage lift technique so that output voltage is increased stage by stage, in arithmetic progression. Luo converter can be
incorporated with the Z network or impedance network so as to ensure simple start up and smooth power conversion. An
impedance network consist of two identical inductors and two identical capacitors connected in ‘X’ shape. Besides power
conversion it also offers filtering operation. The luo converter in this scheme is of switched capacitor type. It helps to provide
regulated output voltage from an unregulated source of power supply. The major benefits of this proposed scheme is that it
combines the advantages of the switched capacitor, voltage lift technique and the impedance network. Hence the proposed scheme
has various advantages such as high power density, larger range of output DC voltage, lower or no inrush current, lower
harmonic injection, simple circuit, high voltage transfer gain, can process upto several tens of watts of power. The simulation
analysis and the hardware implementation shows that the output voltage obtained is higher than the expected theoretical value.
i.e, it is the highly boosted voltage output.
Keywords: Z-network, boost voltage, voltage lift technique
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
New Structure for Photovoltaic SystemApplications with Maximum Power Point Tr...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper recommendes a new structure for photovoltaicsystems with a new inverter topology. A quasi-Z-source DC-DC converter with capability of dividing its output voltage to the same voltages and tracking maximum power point is proposed. The proportional-integral incremental conductance method is used for maximum power point tracking. The new recommended inverter topology is linked to quasi-Z-source converter for transferring power. For triggering inverter switches, alternate phase opposition disposition switching technique is utilized. A comparison is drawn between suggested multilevel inverter topology and other conventional multilevel inverter topologies. Description of proposed structure along with detailed simulation results that verify its feasibility are given to demonstrate the availability of the proposed system by MATLAB/Simulink software.
Proximate, Mineral and Anti-Nutrient Evaluation of Pumpkin Pulp (Cucurbita Pepo)IOSR Journals
Abstract: Proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional concentration of Pumpkin pulp (Cucurbita pepo) were investigated using standard analytical methods as stipulated by AOAC (1990), Agte el al; (1995), Chapman and Pratt, (1961), Kadhakrishna and Sivaprasad (1980), Nelson (1968),Day and underwood, (1986). The proximate composition (%) showed that pumpkin pulp contained Total ash 15.988 ± 0.10, Moisture 0.532 ± 0.10, Fat extract 2.300 ± 0.01 Crude fibre 11.463 ± 0.10, Crude protein 3.070 ± 0.01 and Carbohydrate by difference 66.647 ± 0.01% .The mineral element were Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Ni and P with values of 189.91 ± 0.2, 179.01 ± 0.2, 0.502 ± 0.1, 1.370 ± 0.1, 3.910 ± 0.1, 0.290 ± 0.1, 0.110 ± o.1 and 11.83 ± 0.2 mg/kg respectively also Na and K with values of 159.01 ± 0.2 and K 160.31 ± 0.1 mg/l00kg were estimated using Flame Emission spectrophotometer. The anti-nutritional analysis of pumpkin pulp gives Phytates 0.618 ± 0.100mgl100kg, Oxalates 16.297 ± 0.100 mg/100kg and Tannins 0.358 ± 0.100 mg/100kg. The results obtained above goes a long way to proof that pumpkin pulp is highly nutritious and at the same time can be used as food formulation for infant due to its nutritional composition.
Key Words: Cucurbita pepo, cucurbitaceae, pumpkin pulp, proximate analysis, mineral
Performance Enhancement of MPPT Based Solar PV System using Neural Networkijtsrd
In this paper, using artificial neural network ANN for tracking of maximum power point is discussed. Error back propagation method is used in order to train neural network. Neural network has advantages of fast and precisely tracking of maximum power point. In this method neural network is used to specify the reference voltage of maximum power point under di erent atmospheric conditions. By properly controlling of dc dc boost converter, tracking of maximum power point is feasible. To verify theory analysis, simulation result is obtained by using MATLAB SIMULINK. Rakesh Kumar | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Performance Enhancement of MPPT Based Solar PV System using Neural Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50540.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/50540/performance-enhancement-of-mppt-based-solar-pv-system-using-neural-network/rakesh-kumar
Simulation of grid connected photovoltaic system using MATLAB/ SimulinkIJAEMSJORNAL
In this paper, a whole simulation model of grid connected PV system with the practically of harmonics compensation is introduced during the simulation. The simulation model of grid connected PV system embrace a PV array, a dc to dc buck boost converter and a dc to ac inverter. Grid connected PV system is electricity generating solar system that is connected to the utility grid. Within the world, energy sources just like fossil fuels and nuclear reaction area unit wide used for electrical power generation. However burning fossil fuels and nuclear area unit wide used for electrical power generation. we tend to get I-V & P-V characteristics of the model. These are often desired by mathematical equation that is nonlinear.
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
Energy Storage Management in Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic SystemIJERA Editor
The penetration of renewable sources in the power system network in the power system has been increasing in the recent years. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage device into the power system network. This paper discusses the modeling of photo voltaic and status of the storage device such as lead acid battery for better energy management in the system. The energy management for the grid connected system was performed by the dynamic switching process.
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
Performance Investigation of Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Modelling Bas...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are normally modeled by employing accurate equations dealing with a behavior the PV system. This model has Characteristic of PV array cells, which are influenced by both irradiation and temperature variations. Grid-connected PV system is considered as electricity generated solar cell system which is connected to the grid utilities. This paper characterizes an exhibiting and simulating of PV system that executed with MATLAB /Simulink. The impact of solar irradiances as well as ambient temperature performances of PV models is investigated and noted that a lower temperature provides maximum power higher so that the open circuit voltage is larger. Furthermore, if the temperature is low, then a considerably short circuit current is low too.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
Solar energy is a vital untapped resource in a tropical country like ours. The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is their low efficiency and high capital cost. The efficiency of solar PV is very low. In order to increase the efficiency, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are to be undertaken to match the source and load property. These techniques are employed in PV systems to make full utilization of PV array output power. Recently, many MPPT algorithms of PV system have been proposed which depends on solar irradiation and temperature, but perturb and observe (P&O) and Incremental conductance algorithms are basic and most widely used. This project firstly introduces a Mat lab Simulink of photovoltaic array. To achieve the maximum power point tracking the Incremental Conductance method and perturb and observed (P&O) method are used. These two algorithms are employed with PV model along with converter in Mat lab Simulink. Three different converter boost, buck boost and cuk converter are design according to requirement and used. Few comparisons such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination have been recorded. Irfan Khan | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5743.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/5743/modeling-and-simulation-of-solar--photovoltaic-system/irfan-khan
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Modeling Combined Effect of Temperature, Irradiance, Series Resistance (Rs) a...IJLT EMAS
In this project a single solar cell performance is analysis with change in the various electrical and mechanical parameters. The open circuit voltage and short circuit current (I-V) and P-V of solar cell is varies with the influence electrical and mechanical parameters. In this project we analysis the solar cell with the following parameter such as temperature, irradiance and series resistance (R s) and shunt resistor (R sh). The analysis is done separate and combined effect of temperature and irradiance with series and shunt resistor. The single solar cell model is done by MATLAB-Simulink tool and the output under change in various parameters is verified.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Simulation of incremental conductance mppt with direct control method using c...eSAT Journals
Abstract PV Module Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is a photovoltaic system that uses the photovoltaic array as a source of electrical power supply. Every photovoltaic (PV) array has an optimum operating point, called the maximum power point, which varies depending on cell temperature, the insulation level and array voltage. The function of MPPT is needed to operate the PV array at its maximum power point. The design of a Maximum Peak Power Tracking (MPPT) is proposed utilizing a cuk converter topology. Solar panel voltage and current are continuously monitored by a MPPT, and the duty cycle of the cuk converter continuously adjusted to extract maximum power. The design consists of a PV array, DC-DC cuk converter and many such algorithms have been proposed. However, one particular algorithm, the Incremental Conductance method, claimed by many in the literature to be inferior to others, continues to be by far the most widely used method in commercial PV MPPT’s. The general model was implemented on Mat lab, and accepts irradiance and temperature as variable parameters and outputs the I-V characteristic and P-V characteristic Index Terms: PV system; Maximum power point tracking (MPPT); Incremental conductance (Inccond); digital signal processor (dsp)
Modeling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Field for 13 KW IJECEIAES
In the future solar energy will be very important source of energy. More than 45% of needed energy in the world will be generated by photovoltaic module. Therefore it is necessary to concentrate our efforts in order to reduce the application costs .This work investigates on the modeling of a Stand Alone Power System focusing on Photovoltaic energy systems. We introduce the models of the system components Therefore a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is needed to track the peak power in order to make full utilization of PV array output power under varying conditions. This paper presents two widely-adopted MPPT algorithms, perturbation & observation (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC).A complete characterization and simulation model was implemented in the MatlabSimulink environment. Design complete system is done to analyze its behavior for a typical year, with the aim to evaluate their energetic effectiveness.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
I010416376
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 4 Ver. I (July – Aug. 2015), PP 63-76
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 63 | Page
Optimization of the Energy Production of an Autonomous PV
System with a Charge Regulator Simple
Jacques Marie Ilboudo1,
Sosthène Tassembedo2,
Prof. Zacharie Koalaga3
and Prof FrancoisZougmoré4
Laboratory of Materials and Environment, Physics Department, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Abstract:The photovoltaic solar energy is a theme at center of the topicality since the world conscience hold of
the warming of planet by the greenhouse effect and of the rarefaction of the primary resources(Oil, gas…).For
solve theseproblems environmental and of energy, the development of the photovoltaic solar energy becomes
primordial.The PV system is the device which allows exploiting this inexhaustible energy source. Currently we
distinguish several types of which the one met usually in the isolated sites is the autonomous PV system.
In this article, we studied the modelling and the optimization of the functioning of an autonomous photovoltaic
system equipped with a charge regulator simple.The study is made in considering tensions of 12 V and of 24 V
of the storage system.The voltage in open circuit represents the only parameter of the PV field taken into
account in this study. After the investigations, the results obtained show on the one hand that a suitable
operation of charge or discharge, from a storage system is obtained if the discharge or charge current is weak.
On the other hand, the study on autonomous PV system showed that the tension in open circuit of the PV field
adapted for the optimal functioning of an autonomous PV system of 12V is in the fork between 16 V to 23 V. In
the case of an autonomous photovoltaic system of 24 V, this beach of tension is between 34 V to 43 V.The
tension in open circuit of PV field is under the conditions of 1000 W/m2
and a temperature of 25
°C.Keywords:PV modules, storage system, charge regulator simple, photovoltaic solar energy, optimization.
I. Introduction
Energy is an essential element for the development of the human being.Currently in the whole world,
energy production is dominated by the conversion of the origin sources fossil. But the decrease of the world
content of this source of energy and its negative impact on the environment [1-5], require of orienting the
research on other energy sources alternative.The renewable energies represent today an unquestionable solution
and the future of the world. The photovoltaic solar seen the number of advantages which it offers, is in this
moment, among the renewable energies, the most relevant solution.Indeed, the use of photovoltaics solar
produces no greenhousegases.And also, the raw material of the photovoltaic (the sun) is available and
inexhaustible in the whole world. On the PV system existing, the system autonomous PV is the most utilized in
the regions not or weakly covered from electric network.It exist two principal types of autonomous PV system.
The autonomous PV system with a regulator MPPT which has an optimized production and thosewith a simple
regulator, present an inferior efficacy compared to the first. However because of the high price of regulator
MPPT in relation to the simple regulator, optimize the production of autonomous PV system to simple regulator
would reduce its cost in kilowatt-hour. To solve this problem, we carried out a study whose theme is:
Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system with a charge regulator simple.This study
aims to determine for each tension of 12 V or 24 V of the storage system, the interval of open circuit tension of
the PV field appropriate to optimize the production of autonomous PV system with a charge regulator simple.
II. Material and method
The autonomous photovoltaic systems exist for a long time for numerous applications called "in
isolated sites", i.e. without connection with an electric network. On the autonomous PV system, the
technological progress have been carried out essentially on the device of impedance adaptation of PV field to
optimize the production of this last. Few investigations have been carried out on the configuration appropriate of
the PV field to improve the efficacy of stand-alone PV systems without an impedance adaptation system.
Astand-alone PV system in its constitution is essentially composed of[6,7]:
A PV field;
A storage system;
A regulator of load;
A converter;
Protection systems ;
Theelectricequipment.
2. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 64 | Page
The general representation showing the structure of an autonomous PV system generally met is presented on the
figure 1 below.
Fig.1: Representation of an autonomous PV system
The autonomous PV systems not equipped of a device of impedance adaptation are currently most
widespread and least expensive.The major disadvantage in these PV systems is the direct dependence between
the electric production of the PV field and the tension of the storage system.In fact, the power produced by the
PV field depends of the point of intersection between the characteristic of current-voltage of the PV field and
the one of storage system. To optimize then the production of the autonomous PV system, it is necessary that the
point of intersection between the two characteristics (That of PV field and the storage system) is on or in the
neighbourhood of the point of optimal functioning of the PV modules field. The methods that we will apply to
determine the conditions necessary, for optimize the production of autonomous PV system, is founded on the
tension in open circuit of PV field and the nominal voltage of the storage system. This method will consist totest
by the simulation, several differ PV module on the autonomous PV system according to the nominal voltage
from the storage system. The tension in open circuit of PV field adapted to the nominal voltage of thestorage
system to the optimization of autonomous PV system will be thus deduced. The storage systems which will
concern to the study are those whose nominal voltage is of 12 V and 24 V.The PV modules of the study will be
those of the data base of the PVsyst software.
Thus for realize this study, of the investigations have been achieved on the modelling of the system
autonomous PV. Of these investigations, mathematical models on the PV modules and the storage system were
determined.
II.1 PV modules
II.1.1 Mathematical model for a photovoltaic module
A photovoltaic cell is the basic element of the conversion of the solar radiation into electricity.The
association of several PV cells in series or in parallel constitutes a photovoltaic module.A PV cell is modelled
by an electronic circuit which understands a source of current, a diode, a shunt resistance and a series
resistance.The equivalent circuit of a PV module is almost identical to that of the PV cell represented by figure 2
below [8-14].
Fig. 2:Equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic cell
Champ PV
Régulateur Prise pour charges
en courant continu
Onduleur PV
Prise pour charges en
courant alternatif
Accumulateur (Batteries)
PV field
Charge regulator PV Plug for load of
direct current
Plug for load of
alternating current
Accumulator (Battery)
PV Inverter
Iphcel D
ID
Icel
Rch
Ucel
Rshcel
Rscel
3. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 65 | Page
The characteristic equation of current - tension of the PV cell deduced from figure 2 above is[8-14]:
shcel
celscelcel
cel
celscelcel
scelphcelcel
R
IRU
-1))
nTk
IRU
(exp(qIII
(1)
In this equation 1, Iphcel is the photo-current of PV cell, Vt the thermal tension and Iscel, the saturation current of
the diode of the PV cell. Thesedifferentmagnitudes are expressed with the relations 2; 3 and 5 below[8-18].
)]T-(T[I
G
G
I celréfcelIscphcelréf
réf
phcel (2)
)]
T
1
T
1
(
kn
Eq
exp[)
T
T
(II
celcelréf
g3
celréf
cel
scelréfscel
(3)
G
800
20NOCT
TT acel
(4)
q
nTk
V cel
t
(5)
The equations 6 to 11 give the relations between the parameters of PV cell and those of the PV module[8, 10,
11].
cp
mod
cel
N
I
I (6)
cs
mod
cel
N
U
U (7)
cs
cpmods
scel
N
NR
R
(8)
cs
cpmodsh
shcel
N
NR
R
(9)
cp
mods
scel
N
I
I (10)
cp
modph
phcel
N
I
I (11)
The characteristic current -tension of a PV module expressed by expression 12 below, is deduced from the
relation 1 and of the equations 6 to 11 above.
modsh
modmodsmod
cscel
modmodsmod
smodphmodmod
R
IRU
-1))
NnTk
IRU
(exp(qIII
(12)
II.1.2 Reference model of the PV modules
For the study, we will consider the technical data of about twenty PV modules of different voltage in
open circuit and we will present the results gotten of the PV modules displayed in the table below.
4. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 66 | Page
Table 1: Electrical characteristics data of PV modules
Letter assigned
to PV module (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H)
Mark
HeliosTech
nology Tenesol
PVT
Austria
HeliosTech
nology
Bosch Solar
Energy AG
Sun Earth Solar
Power Co Ltd Suntech SunPower
model HT 70
TE70-
36M-CR+
PVT-
100AE-A HT 230
BSM c-SI M
60 IN 301
25_V1_23
TPB156X156-
72-P 230W
HiPerformaP
LUTO200-
Ade
SPR-230E-
BLK-D
Uoc 20 V 22.1 V 26.4V 37V 37 V 43 V 45.4 V 48.2 V
Isc 5A 4.2A 4.8A 8.3A 8.4A 7.5 A 5.8 A 6.05 A
Uop 16 17.5V 22.2V 30.5V 29.7V 34 V 36.6 V 40.5 V
Iop 4.4 A 4A 4.42A 7.5A 7.9A 6.77 A 5.48 A 5.68 A
Pop 70W 70W 100 W 230W 230W 230W 200 W 230W
II.2 Model of the storage system
Solar energy is an energy intermittency source whose exploitation into photovoltaic requires a system
of storage for supply of the electrical appliances during the unfavourable periods.The storage system usually
utilized in the photovoltaic systems is generally constituted of batteries.From these batteries we distinguish
several types of which those frequently met are presented on the table 2below [20].
Tab.2: Performance of differ type from batteries
Battery type Yield Cycle 100 % Cycle 80 % Cycle 33 % Densities and
mass (Wh/kg)
Li-ion 0.85 – 0.95 3000 - 5000 5000 - 7000 7000 - 10000 80 - 120
NiMH 0.65 – 0.85 600 - 1000 800 - 1200 2800 - 3000 35 - 55
NiCd 0.65 – 0.85 300 - 500 1000 - 1500 4800 - 6000 22 -30
PbA 0.7 – 0.84 320 - 800 400 - 1000 900 - 2000 20 - 32
VRB 0.6 – 0.8 2800 -3000 3000 - 4000 7000 - 8000 15 - 20
On the level of PV systems, the acid lead batteries are the most utilized. In the literature several
mathematical models of which the one developed by CIEMAT allows to study the behavior of the acid lead
batteries.This model is based on the electronic circuit of the figure 3.The battery is modelled in this case by
atension source and a resistance [25,26].
Fig.3Equivalent electric circuit of nb elements accumulator in series
In considering nbaccumulator cells in series, the terminal voltage of a battery is given by expression 13 below
[25, 26].
batibbbbat
IRnEnV (13)
During the functioning of the battery, the evolution of the capacity Q (t) is described by the equation 14 below.
dt)t(I)t(Q (14)
In charge, the evolution of the terminal voltage of a battery is deduced from expression 15
))TrefTam(025.01(036.0
)EDC04.1(
48.0
I1
6
C
I
n)EDC16.02(nU 2.1
c
86.0
bat10
bat
bcbC
(15)
With
)t(C
)t(Q
EDCEDC
bat
0cc (16)
Ibat
Vbat
nb×Ri
nb×Eb
5. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page
The behavior of the terminal voltage of a battery during the operation of discharge is given using relation 17
below.
))TrefTam(007.01(02.0
)EDC04,0(
27.0
I1
4
C
I
n))EDC1(12.0085.2(nU 5.1
d
3.1
bat10
bat
bdbd
(17)
Where
)t(C
)t(Q
EDCEDC
bat
0dd (18)
A battery is degraded according to its mode of use. To slow down this degradation, the photovoltaic regulators
are installed in PV system.
II.3 Regulator of charge
The regulator of charge / discharge is a device placed between the PV module and the battery on the
one hand and on the other hand between the battery and the electric equipment.The photovoltaic regulator
protects the battery against the discharges deep and the overloads. This protective characteristic of the regulator,
limits the evolution of the terminal voltage of the battery or the storage system to a beach of tension. According
to the nominal voltage of the storage system, the table 3 belowpresents the tensioninterval of the battery limited
by the photovoltaic regulator.
Tab.3: Voltage beach of the battery according to its nominal voltage
Currently we distinguish two types of photovoltaic charge regulator simple. The charge regulator series
of which its protection mode of the battery is of open the connection circuit of the PV field at storage
system.The charge regulator shunt, short-circuit the PV field to reduce the charging current of the storage
system. The choice of a charge regulator must make itself according to the tension in open circuit and of the
intensity of the current of short-circuit of PV field.The intensity of short-circuit current of PV field must satisfy
the relation 19 below for the correct functioning of PV system.
2.1
I
I Cadr
PVfieldsc
(19)
II.4 Measurement device of the solar irradiation and the temperature of PV module
It is necessary to constituteof the data on the solar irradiation and the temperature of PV modules for
realized of simulations of the behavior of PV system.The device presented on the figure 4 below is realized to
obtain these climatic data.This device is composed of a PV module, a measurement device of the solar radiation,
a thermocouple K and a data acquisition system (KEITHLEY 2701).The measurements realized on these
climatic data are made in considering of measurementssteps of two second.
Fig.4: Data acquisitionexperimental device
Solarimètre
PV Module
Temperature
sensor
System of data acquisition:
KEITHLEY 2701
The sun
Nominal voltage of the storage
system
Minimal discharge voltage authorized
by the regulator
Maximum charge voltage authorized by
the regulator
12 V 11.2 V 14.7 V
24 V 22.4 V 29.4 V
6. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
III. Result and discussion
III.1 Results of the experimental study of the solar irradiation and the temperature of PV module:
The measurements of the solar irradiation and the temperature of the PV modules realized with the
device of the figure 4 above,will allow integratingthe climatic data in the mathematical model for thesimulation
realization of thePV system behavior.Themeasurementsresults of these climatic data obtained are presented on
the figure 5 below to help of the Easy Plot software.
Fig.5 Evolution of the solar irradiation and of the temperature of a PV module during one day
In observing this figure 5, we notice that the curve of the solar irradiation and the one of the
temperature presents a similar evolution.The maximum solar irradiation measured towards 13 hour is of 1062.64
W/m2
and the temperature recorded is of 66.52°C.By example, we present on the table 4 below, some values of
the solar irradiation and of the temperature of PV module measured at certain hours of the day.We will refer to
these values in the study of the simulation of PV system.
Tab.4 :Climatic data
Hour of the day Measuredsolarirradiation Temperature measured on PV module
13 h 1062.64 W/m2
66.52 °C
12 h 958.35 W/m2
64.85 °C
11 h 910.19 W/m2
61.2 °C
10 h 818.2 W/m2
48.2 °C
9 h 668.2 W/m2
49.5 °C
8 h 430.4 W/m2
30.6 °C
III.2 Simulation result on the behavior of a battery
A battery is anenergy storage device of which thefunctioning depends of several electric parameters
such as the tension, the current and the charge state.In this part we did a simulation of the behavior of a battery,
in putting the effect of the charge current and the current of discharge on the behavior of the terminal voltage of
the battery in evidence.The results obtained with the formulas 13 to 18 above are presented on the figures 6 and
7 below.
7. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
Fig.6:Curves ofdischarge of the lead-acid battery to different regimes
The graph above shows that the terminal voltage of a battery decreases with the fall of the charge state
of the battery.This decrease of the terminal voltage of the battery is accentuated when the battery undergoes the
discharge with an elevated current.With the negative effect of the deep discharge on the lifespan of the battery,
the terminal voltage of the battery during the operation of discharge is limited by the charge regulator generally
to 11.2V.In considering this limiting value of the terminal voltage of the battery and the figure 6 above, we
determined the charge state of the battery according to the current of discharge.The results are displayed on the
table 5below.
Table.5: Charge state of the battery according to the discharge currentfor a tension of 11.2 V
Currentintensity of discharge Charge state of the battery
10 A 14.2 %
30 A 29.8 %
60 A 45.26 %
The data of the table 5 above show that the capacity available of a battery depends of the discharge
mode. More a battery is unloaded quickly (with a discharge current important), more the available capacity is
weak.That is probably due to the phenomenon of diffusion of the ions.Indeed with a current of discharge of 60
A, we can discharge to the maximum on a battery of 300 Ah, 54.74 % of stored energy in battery. On the other
hand with a current of discharge of 10 A, 85.8 % of the energy stored in the battery isrecoverable.
Fig.7:Curves of charge of the lead-acid battery to different regimes
Tension(V)
Intensity of the
current I =10 A
Intensity ofthe
current I= 30 A
Intensity ofthe
current I= 60 A
Stateof load
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
7
7,5
8
8,5
9
9,5
10
10,5
11
11,5
12
Tension(V)
Intensity ofthe
current I =10 A
Intensity ofthe
current I= 30 A
Intensity ofthe
current I = 60 A
Stateof load
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
8. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 70 | Page
The figure 7 above shows that the terminal voltage of a battery increases with the rise of the charge
state of the battery and the charge current.In an autonomous PV system, to protect the battery from the overload,
the terminal voltage of the battery is limited by the charge regulator generally to 14.7 V.In considering figure 7
above, we determined the charge state according to the charging current of a battery of 300 Ah with a tension of
14.7 V.The results are displayedon the table 6below.
Table.6: Charge state of the batteryaccording to the chargingcurrent for a tension of 14.7 V
Intensity of chargingcurrent State of charge
10 A 96.7 %
30 A 86.3 %
60 A 73.7 %
The data of the table 6 above show that the maximum storage capacity of energy of a battery decreases
if during thecharge operation, the current intensity applied to the battery is important.Indeed, in carrying out an
operation of chargeof a battery of 300 Ah with a current of 60 A, we can store to the maximum that 73.7 % of
the total capacity of the battery.On the other hand with a charge current of 10 A, the battery is loaded up to 96.7
% of the total capacity.From these results,we deducethat an operation of optimal charge or ofoptimal discharge
of a battery is gotten if the charge current or the discharge current applied to the battery is weak.
III.3Optimalfunctioning of a PV module according to the beach of tension of the battery
In this part, we did a simulation on the optimization of an autonomous PV system with a charge
regulator simple in considering two types of storage system of a capacity of 300 AH. The storage system of 12
V and of 24 V.The yield of the charge regulatorwillbe 0.94. This simulation will be carried out according to
each PV module of table 1 above, the climatic data on of figure 5 and also in considering the nominal voltage of
the storage system.
The simulation of the autonomous PV system with each PV module A, B, C and D is made with the
storage system of 12 V. By against the study of the behavior of the autonomous PV system with each PV
module E, F, G, H will be made with the storage system of 24 V. These simulations will be realized in basing
itself on the current-voltage characteristic of the PV module and also on the energy production by Watt- peak of
each PV module of the table 1 in the autonomous PV system.
III.3.1 Functioning optimal of a PV module according to the beach of tension of a battery of 12 V
The simulation results obtained from formulas 12 to 18 aboveand the data of table 1 are presented on
the 5 figures below.
Fig.8: Position of theoptimal functioning points of PV module (A) in relation to the beach offunctioning tension
of a battery of 12 V
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Intensityofcurrent(A)
Tension (V)
G = 1000 W/m2 ; Tc = 67 C
G = 800 W/m2 ; Tc = 58 C
G = 600 W/m2 ; Tc = 49 C
G = 400 W/m2 ;Tc = 41 C
G = 200 W/m2 ; Tc = 32 C
58.5 W
48.8 W
37.9 W
25.8 W
12.8 W
Beach of functioning voltage of the battery
9. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
Fig.9: Position of theoptimal functioning points of PV module (B) in relation to the beach of functioning tension
of a battery of 12 V
Fig.10: Position of theoptimal functioning points of PV module (C) in relation to the beach of functioning
tension of a battery of 12 V
Fig.11: Position of theoptimal functioning points of PV module (D) in relation to the beach offunctioning
tension of a battery of 12 V
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Intensityofcurrent(A)
Tension (V)
G = 1000 W/m2 ; Tc = 66 C
G = 800 W/m2 ; Tc = 58 C
G = 600 W/m2 ; Tc = 49 C
G = 400 W/m2 ; Tc = 41 C
G = 200 W/m2 ; Tc = 32 C
57.7 W
47.7 W
36.8 W
24.9 W
12.4 W
Beach of functioning voltage of the battery
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Intensityofcurrent(A)
Tension (V)
G = 1000 W/m2 ; Tc = 66 C
G = 800 W/m2 ; Tc = 58 C
G = 600 W/m2 ; Tc = 49 C
G = 400 W/m2 ; Tc = 41 C
G = 200 W/m2 ; Tc = 32 C
81.2 W
66.6 W
50.8 W
34.2 W
16.8 W
Beach of functioning voltage of the battery
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Intensityofcurrent(A)
Tension (V)
G = 1000 W/m2 ; Tc = 66 C
G = 800 W/m2 ; Tc = 57 C
G = 600 W/m2 ; Tc = 49 C
G = 400 W/m2 ; Tc = 41 C
G = 200 W/m2 ; Tc = 32 C
190.6 W
157.2 W
120.6 W
81.3 W
40.2 W
Beach of functioning voltage of the battery
10. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
Fig.12:Energy production by watt- peak of the autonomous PV system of 12 V
according toPV modules A, B, C and D
In an autonomous PV system with a charge regulator simple, thefunctioning point of the PV field is
fixed by the terminal voltage of the battery [27]. The optimal production of this type of PV system depends then
of the evolution of the terminal voltage of the battery in relation to the tension at point of optimal functioning of
the PV field. Indeed on the figures 8 and 9 we note that the points of maximum power of the PV modules A and
B are all practically at the inside or at proximity of the beach of functioning voltage of the battery.By against,
those of PV modules C and D on the figures 10 and 11 are very distant from this beach of functioning tension of
the battery. Also the energy productions by watt - peak of the PV modules A and B, shown by the figure
12above, are superior at that of the PV modules C and D. Therefore, only the PV modules A and B can provide
an optimal energy production in an autonomous PV system of 12 V withoutimpedance adaptation device. The
PV modules A and B provide an open circuit voltage less than 23 V.Thoseprovide bythe PV modules C and D
are superior to 23 V. Thus the optimal functioning of an autonomous PV system of 12 V with a charge regulator
simple depends of the choice of the PV module or the conception of the PV field according to the tension into
open circuit. From these investigations and those done on other PV modules or PV field, we conclude that an
autonomous PV system of 12V with a single charge controller can function of optimal way if the open circuit
voltage of the PV field underthe conditions of 1000W/m2
and 25 °C is in interval of 16 V to 23 V.
III.3.2 Functioning optimal of a PV module according to the beach of tension of a battery of 24 V
In this part, the study is done on an autonomous PV system of 24 V with a charge regulator simple. The results
obtained of this research are represented on the figures below.
Fig.13:Position of theoptimal functioning points of PV module (E) in relation to the beach of functioning
tension of a battery of 24 V
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
A B C D
EnergyproductionbyWattpeak(Wh/Wp)
PV module
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Intensityofcurrent(A)
Tension (V)
G = 1000 W/m2 ; Tc = 66 C
G = 800 W/m2 ; Tc = 57 C
G = 600 W/m2 ; Tc = 49 C
G = 400 W/m2 ; Tc = 41 C
G = 200 W/m2 ; Tc = 32 C
189.8 W
158.8 W
123.6 W
84.7 W
42.6 W
Beach of functioning voltage of the battery
11. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page
Fig.14:Position of theoptimal functioning points of PV module (F) in relation to the beach offunctioning tension
of a battery of 24 V
Fig.15:Position of theoptimal functioning points of PV module (G) in relation to the beach offunctioning
tension of a battery of 24 V
Fig.16:Position of theoptimal functioning points of PV module (H) in relation to the beach offunctioning
tension of a battery of 24 V
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
Intensityofcurrent(A)
Tension (V)
G = 1000 W/m2 ; Tc = 67 C
G = 800 W/m2 ; Tc = 58 C
G = 600 W/m2 ; Tc = 49 C
G = 400 W/m2 ; Tc = 41 C
G = 200 W/m2 ; Tc = 32 C
186.1 W
155.4 W
120.5 W
82.1 W
40.8 W
Beach of functioning voltage of the battery
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
Intensityofcurrent(A)
Tension (V)
G = 1000 W/m2 ; Tc = 67 C
G = 800 W/m2 ; Tc = 58 C
G = 600 W/m2 ; Tc = 49 C
G = 400 W/m2 ; Tc = 41 C
G = 200 W/m2 ; Tc = 32 C
170.2 W
155.4 W
120.5 W
82.1 W
40.8 W
Beach of functioning voltage of the battery
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
Intensityofcurrent(A)
Tension (V)
G = 1000 W/m2 ; Tc = 67 C
G = 800 W/m2 ; Tc = 58 C
G = 600 W/m2 ; Tc = 49 C
G = 400 W/m2 ; Tc = 41 C
G = 200 W/m2 ; Tc = 32 C
193.57 W
159.04 W
121.79 W
82.17 W
40.77 W
Beach of functioning voltage of the battery
12. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
Fig.17:Energy production by watt-peak of the autonomous PV system of 24 V
according toPV modules E, F, G and H
Like that of autonomous PV system of 12 V, we also notice, that the functioning of an autonomous
PV system of 24 V with a charge regulator simple depends of the choice of PV modules according to the
tension in open circuit. Indeed observing the figure 13 to 16 and also the energy production by watt-peak of the
PV modules in autonomous PV system presented on the figure 17, we note that the PV modules E and F are
appropriate in an autonomous PV system of 24 V. From these results and those obtained with other PV modules,
we deduce that an autonomous PV system of 24 V with a simple charge controller can function of optimal way
if the open circuit voltage of the PV field under the conditions of 1000 W/m2
and 25 °C is between 34V to 43 V.
IV. Conclusion
In this article, we did a work which led us to model a PV module and a storage system. These models
then enabled us to make simulations on these elements. The results of these simulations obtained show that an
adequate operation of discharge or of charge of a storage system is obtained with a weak current of charge or of
discharge. Concerning the study on the optimization of the autonomous PV system with simple regulator of the
appreciable results are obtained. These results show that the appropriate choice of a PV module according to the
tension into open circuit to realize an autonomous PV system with charge regulator simple is very important to
optimize the production of PV system. Indeed with a tension of 12 V of a storage system, the range of the open
circuit voltage of PV field to optimize the production is understood between 16 V to 23 V. With a system of
storage of tension of 24 V, this beach of the tension in open circuit of the PV field appropriate to optimize the
production is between 34 V to 43 V. The open-circuit voltage of the PV field isconsidered underthe conditions
of 1000 W/m2
and a temperature of 25 °C.
Abbreviations
Icel Current of the PV cell
Ucel Voltage acrossthe PV cell
Iphcel Photo-currentof thePVcell
Iphrefcel Photo-current of the PV cell in the reference conditions
Iscel Reverse saturation currentof the diode of thePVcell
Isrefcel Reverse saturation currentofthediodeofthePVcellinreference conditions
Rscel Seriesresistanceof thePVcell
Rshcel Shuntresistance of thePVcell
G Solar radiation(W/m2
)
Gref Solar radiation (W/m2
) inthereference conditions
Imod Current of the PV module
Umod Voltage acrossof the PV module
Iphmod Photo-current of the PV module
Iphrefmod Photo-current of the PV module in the reference conditions
Ismod Reverse saturation currentof the diode of the PV module
Isrefmod Reverse saturation currentof the diode of the PV module inthereference conditions
Rsmod Seriesresistanceof thePV module
Rshmod Shuntresistance of thePVmodule
Isc Short circuit current
µIsc Temperature coefficient oftheshort circuit current
Uoc Open circuit voltageof the PV module
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
E F G H
EnergyproductionbyWattpeak(Wh/Wp)
PV module
13. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
k Boltzmann constant
q Electron charge
Tcel Temperature of thePVcell
Ta Ambient temperature
Tcelref TemperatureofthePVcellinthe reference conditions
NOCT Nominal functioning temperature of the PV cell
n Quality factor
Eg Energygap
Ncs Number of PV cellsconnected in series
Ncp Number of branches of PV cells
Cb Batterycapacity
Vbat Voltage acrossthe battery
Vc Terminal voltage of the battery during the operation of the charge
Vd Terminal voltage of the battery during the operation of the discharge
IscPVfield Intensity of the short-circuit of PV field
Icadr admissible current intensity of the regulator
Ri Resistanceinternsbattery
EDCc State of charge of the battery during the charge operation
EDCd State of charge of the battery during the operation of the discharge
EDCc0 Initialcharge state of the battery during thecharge operation
EDCd0 Initialcharge stateof the battery during the operation of the discharge
Ibat Current Intensity of the battery
Tam Temperature of the batteries
Tref Functioning temperature of the battery under the reference conditions
PbA Lead–acid
NiCd Nickel–cadmium
VRB Vanadium
NiMH Nickel–metal hydride
Uop Optimalvoltage PV module
Iop Optimalintensity ofcurrentof the PV module
Pop Optimal power of the PV module
Bibliography
[1]. M.A. Delucchi, M. Z. Jacobson,” Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and
transmission costs, and policies”, Energy Policy 39 (2011) 1170–1190 , University of California and Stanford University, USA,
2011.
[2]. A. F. Sherwani J.A. Usmani, Varun, Siddhartha,” Life cycle assessment of 50 kWp grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system
in India “, International Journal of Energy and Environment, Volume 2, Delhi technological University, India, 2011.
[3]. R. Battisti, A. Corrado,” Evaluation of technical improvements of photovoltaic systems through life cycle assessment methodology
”, Energy 30 (2005) 952–967, University of Roma,Italy, 2005.
[4]. S. Jalilzadeh, H. Kord , A. Rohani,” Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis of Autonomous Photovoltaic/ Fuel Cell Energy
System ”, Ecti Transactions on Electrical ENG. , Electronics, And communication Vol.8, NO.1 February 2010.
[5]. M. Haddadi-Koussa, D. Saheb,”Modélisation d’un générateur photovoltaïque dans l’environnement « Matlab »”, 4th International
Conference on Computer Integrated Manufacturing CIP’2007, 03-04 Novembre, Alger, Algérie, 2007.
[6]. V. Boitier, C. Alonso,”Dimensionnement d'un Système Photovoltaïque”, CETSIS'2005, Nancy, 2005.
[7]. A. Benatlallah et R. Mostefaoui,” Logiciel de Simulation PV ”, Rev. Energ. Ren. : Zones Arides 55-61, Université de Mostaganem,
2002.
[8]. A.Chouder, S. Silvestre, B.Taghezouit, E. Karatepe,”Monitoring, modelling and simulation of PV systems using LabVIEW”, Solar
energy, UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya, Spain, 2012.
[9]. K. Ishaque, Z. Salam ,” An improved modeling method to determine the model parameters of photovoltaic (PV) modules using
differential evolution (DE)”, Solar Energy 85 (2011) 2349-2359, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia,
UTM 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 2011.
[10]. M. Edouard1, D. NJOMO, ”Mathematical Modeling and Digital Simulation of PV Solar Panel using MATLAB Software”,
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, University of Yaounde,Cameroon,2013.
[11]. M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, E.R. Filho ,”Modeling and circuit- based simulation of photovoltaic arrays”, University of Campinas
(UNICAMP), Brazil, 10th Brazillian Power Electronics conference (COBEP), 2009.
[12]. V. Di Dio, D. La Cascia, R. Miceli“ A Mathematical Model to Determine the Electrical Energy Production in Photovoltaic Fields
Under Mismatch Effect”,IEEE, VialedelleScienzes.n, 90128, Palermo (Italy), 2007.
[13]. M. Abdulkadir, A. S. Samosir, A. H. M. Yatim, “ Modeling and simulation based approach of photovoltaic system in Simulink
model ”, ARPN journal of Engineering and Applied Science, University Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia, 2012.
[14]. R. Merahi1, R. Chenni2, M. Houbes, ” Modélisation et Simulation d’un Module PV par Matlab”, Journal of Scientific Research N°
0 vol. 1,10ème Séminaire International sur la Physique Energétique 10th International Meeting on EnergeticalPhysics, Université
Mentouri de Constantine(UMC), Algérie, 2010.
[15]. E. Skoplaki, J.A. Palyvos,”On the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance: A review of
efficiency/power correlations”, Solar Energy 83 (2009) 614–624, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2009.
[16]. L. Lu, H.X. Yang, ”Environmental payback time analysis of a roof-mounted building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system in
Hong Kong”, Applied Energy 87 (2010) 3625–3631, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, 2010.
[17]. M.C. A. Garcia, J.L. Balenzategui,”Estimation of photovoltaic module yearly temperature and performance based on Nominal
Operation Cell Temperature calculations”, Renewable Energy 29 (2004) 1997–2010, Departamento de EnergiasRenovables,
Madrid, Spain,2004.
[18]. S. Diaf, G. Notton, M. Belhamel, ”Design and techno-economical optimization for hybrid PV/wind system under various
meteorological conditions”, Applied Energy 85, 968-987, Université de corse , France , 2008.
14. Optimization of the energy production of an autonomous PV system…
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10416376 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
[19]. H. Yang, W. Zhou, L. Lu , ” Optimal sizing method for stand – alone hybrid solar – wind system with LPSP technology by using
genetic algorithm ”, Solar Energy 82, 354 – 367, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China , 2007.
[20]. C. J. Rydh, B. A. Sandén, ”Energy analysis of batteries in photovoltaic systems. Part I: Performance and energy requirements”,
Energy Conversion and Management 46, 1957–1979,University of Kalmar and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, 2005.
[21]. C. J. Rydh, B. A. Sandén,”Energy analysis of batteries in photovoltaic systems. Part II: Energy return factors and overall battery
efficiencies”, Energy Conversion and Management 46, 1980–2000, Sweden, 2005.
[22]. C. V. T. Cabral, D. O. Filho, A. S. A. C. Diniz, ”A stochastic method for stand – alone photovoltaic system sizing”, Solar Energy
84, 1628-1636, University of Viçose, Brazil, 2010.
[23]. B. S .Borowy , Z. M. Salameh , ” Methodology for Optimally Sizing the Combination of a Battery Bank and PV Array in a
Wind/PV Hybrid System ”, IEEE Transactions on Energy conversion, University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell, MA 01854 ,
Vol. 11, No. 2, USA, 1996.
[24]. J. D. Mondol, Y. G. Yohanis, B. Norton, ”Optimal sizing of array and inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems”, Solar
Energy 80, 1517–1539, University of Ulster, Ireland,2006.
[25]. J. LABBÉ “L’hydrogèneélectrolytique comme moyen de stockage d’électricité pour systèmes photovoltaïques isoles“, Thèse, 2006
[26]. O. GERGAUD, ” Modélisation énergétique et optimisation économique d'un système de production éolien et photovoltaïque couplé
au réseau et associé à un accumulateur ”, Thèse, l’École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 2002.
[27]. J. Royer, T. Djiako, E. Schiller,”Le pompage photovoltaïque ” , Manuel de cours, IEPF/Université d’Ottawa/EIER/CREPA, 1998.