Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Development and Potential Energy cum Cost Saving with Renewable Energy Technology Options
Telecom towers, technically known as BTS (Base Transceiver Stations) are the most energy intensive part of cellular network architecture and contribute up to 60 to 80% of total cellular power consumption and varies in response to the real traffic demand throughout the day and night. But, thelack of grid availability highlightsa potential barrier to telecom industry growth in Nepal. Nepal has approximately 5,222 telecom towers of which about 22% do operate on diesel generators (DGs) while the remaining by grid electricity with some shares of renewable energy technologies (RETs: solar and/or wind). Despite the large carbon imprint, the uncertainty in power availability has compelled telecom operators to use DGs to ensure continuous supply of power for the better network availability, which translates huge operating costs along with adverse environmental impact. So, it becomes an imperative solution for telecom operators to evaluate all alternatives in order to increase network reliability with reduced energy cost. This study report intentionally focus on current energy consumptionof such telecom towers and forecast thefuture energydemand with reference to growing subscriber trend up to 2025 using LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternative Planning System)withBusiness As Usual (BAU) scenario. A clean energy technology (CET) scenario with possible RET options is also developed and compared with base case scenario through some policy mechanics on behalf of environmental benefits and sustainable cellular communication. Furthermore, this study concludes a potential energy cum cost saving with RET adoption with basic cost economics analysis.
Optimal Economic Load Dispatch of the Nigerian Thermal Power Stations Using P...theijes
This paper deals with the optimization of economic load dispatch (ELD) problem; this is to find the optimal combination of generators in order to minimize the operating costs of the system. This is done by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. PSO is applied to search for the optimal schedule of all the generator units that can supply the required demand at minimum fuel cost while satisfying all system constraints. The PSO algorithm has been implemented using MATLAB optimization toolbox and was applied to solve the ELD problem of the Nigeria thermal power stations. The results were compared with published results obtained via micro-GA, conventional-GA and differential evolution (DE) techniques.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EQUIPMENTSijcsit
The World Wide Web and the rise of servers and PC's data centers have become a major position in the
overall power consumption of the world. In order to prevent global warming and ensuing disasters, already
Internet-service providers, hosting providers on green power have changed. Even household energy
suppliers offer green electricity from renewable energy such as wind, solar, biomass and hydro, which
emits no carbon dioxide, to stand against global warming. Only a global change for the information
technology can prevent the global-warming. The switch to renewable energy is the beginning of our future
and must be pursued as well as the research and development in information and communication
technology.
A Roadmap for Indonesia’s Power Sector: How Renewable Energy Can Power Java-Bali and Sumatra Summary for Policy
Makers was produced by Monash University’s Grid Innovation Hub partnering with the Australia Indonesia Centre, supported by Agora Energiewende and the Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR).
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
Techno-economic Viability and Energy Conversion Analysis of RHES with Less We...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article proposes a new strategy to find the optimal location, configuration and size of the
Renewable (wind-photovoltaic-diesel-battery) Hybrid Energy Systems (RHES (off-grid)). This study has
two steps: first, the proposaltoa strategybased on a weather change to find the optimal location in Iraq
using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric-Renewables (HOMER) software. Second, the study will
examine the influence of the techno-economic viability from side less weight and area on the optimal
configuration/size of the RHES, which gives the maximum output power. A period of one-year for
meteorological data for both solar radiation and wind speed has used. Finally, simulation results indicated
that the optimal location for this RHES is the AL Harithah location. The analysis has shown that RHES can
supply 89% of the load demands by renewable-energy. It is also successful in reducing the area required
for installation of the RHES about 28%.
PVPF tool: an automated web application for real-time photovoltaic power fore...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we propose a fully automated machine learning based forecasting system, called Photovoltaic Power Forecasting (PVPF) tool, that applies optimised neural networks algorithms to real-time weather data to provide 24 hours ahead forecasts for the power production of solar photovoltaic systems installed within the same region. This system imports the real-time temperature and global solar irradiance records from the ASU weather station and associates these records with the available solar PV production measurements to provide the proper inputs for the pre-trained machine learning system along with the records’ time with respect to the current year. The machine learning system was pre-trained and optimised based on the Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm, as described in our previous research, and used to predict the solar power PV production for the next 24 hours using weather data of the last five consecutive days. Hourly predictions are provided as a power/time curve and published in real-time at the website of the renewable energy center (REC) of Applied Science Private University (ASU). It is believed that the forecasts provided by the PVPF tool can be helpful for energy management and control systems and will be used widely for the future research activities at REC.
Optimal Economic Load Dispatch of the Nigerian Thermal Power Stations Using P...theijes
This paper deals with the optimization of economic load dispatch (ELD) problem; this is to find the optimal combination of generators in order to minimize the operating costs of the system. This is done by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. PSO is applied to search for the optimal schedule of all the generator units that can supply the required demand at minimum fuel cost while satisfying all system constraints. The PSO algorithm has been implemented using MATLAB optimization toolbox and was applied to solve the ELD problem of the Nigeria thermal power stations. The results were compared with published results obtained via micro-GA, conventional-GA and differential evolution (DE) techniques.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EQUIPMENTSijcsit
The World Wide Web and the rise of servers and PC's data centers have become a major position in the
overall power consumption of the world. In order to prevent global warming and ensuing disasters, already
Internet-service providers, hosting providers on green power have changed. Even household energy
suppliers offer green electricity from renewable energy such as wind, solar, biomass and hydro, which
emits no carbon dioxide, to stand against global warming. Only a global change for the information
technology can prevent the global-warming. The switch to renewable energy is the beginning of our future
and must be pursued as well as the research and development in information and communication
technology.
A Roadmap for Indonesia’s Power Sector: How Renewable Energy Can Power Java-Bali and Sumatra Summary for Policy
Makers was produced by Monash University’s Grid Innovation Hub partnering with the Australia Indonesia Centre, supported by Agora Energiewende and the Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR).
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
Techno-economic Viability and Energy Conversion Analysis of RHES with Less We...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article proposes a new strategy to find the optimal location, configuration and size of the
Renewable (wind-photovoltaic-diesel-battery) Hybrid Energy Systems (RHES (off-grid)). This study has
two steps: first, the proposaltoa strategybased on a weather change to find the optimal location in Iraq
using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric-Renewables (HOMER) software. Second, the study will
examine the influence of the techno-economic viability from side less weight and area on the optimal
configuration/size of the RHES, which gives the maximum output power. A period of one-year for
meteorological data for both solar radiation and wind speed has used. Finally, simulation results indicated
that the optimal location for this RHES is the AL Harithah location. The analysis has shown that RHES can
supply 89% of the load demands by renewable-energy. It is also successful in reducing the area required
for installation of the RHES about 28%.
PVPF tool: an automated web application for real-time photovoltaic power fore...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we propose a fully automated machine learning based forecasting system, called Photovoltaic Power Forecasting (PVPF) tool, that applies optimised neural networks algorithms to real-time weather data to provide 24 hours ahead forecasts for the power production of solar photovoltaic systems installed within the same region. This system imports the real-time temperature and global solar irradiance records from the ASU weather station and associates these records with the available solar PV production measurements to provide the proper inputs for the pre-trained machine learning system along with the records’ time with respect to the current year. The machine learning system was pre-trained and optimised based on the Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm, as described in our previous research, and used to predict the solar power PV production for the next 24 hours using weather data of the last five consecutive days. Hourly predictions are provided as a power/time curve and published in real-time at the website of the renewable energy center (REC) of Applied Science Private University (ASU). It is believed that the forecasts provided by the PVPF tool can be helpful for energy management and control systems and will be used widely for the future research activities at REC.
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
A Framework for Optimizing the Process of Energy Harvesting from Ambient RF S...IJECEIAES
Energy harvesting has been an active research topic in the past half a decade with respect to wireless networks. We reviewed some of the recent techniques towards improving energy harvesting performance to find that there is a large scope of improvement in terms of optimization and addressing problems pertaining to low-powered communicating mobile nodes. Therefore, we present a framework for identifying available RF sources of energy and constructing a robust link between the energy source and the mobile device. We apply linear optimization approach to enhance the performance of energy harvesting. Probabilility theory is used for identification of event loss in the presence of different number of nodes as well as node distances. The objective of the proposed system is to offer better availability of RF signals as well as better probability of energy harvesting for mobile devices. The proposed technique is also found to be computationally cost effective.
Multi agent oriented solution for forecasting-based control strategy with loa...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
To improve the power supply availability in an island microgrid, this paper proposes a new approach that integrates distributed energy sources economically, reliably and efficiently. In an island mode, a microgrid must ensure its self-sufficiency of energy production since it cannot make an energetic exchange with a main grid. However, in this mode, the random behavior of the resources affected by meteorological factors presents a major constraint. The challenge related to the power availability in microgrids is to find a solution that faces the operation of intermittent power sources. The microgrid should guarantee a useful power management in order to achieve a high availability of energy. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to describe the influence of the meteorological factors on the sources production. We propose a multi-agent control strategy based on the production forecasting and load shedding for a high availability of the microgrid power supply. The proposed multi-agent system uses the master-slave model in which the communication and negotiation between the defined agents are performed by a concept of tokens. The developed control system is implemented on Spartan 6 FPGA-Board. The paper's contribution is applied to a Tunisian petroleum platform where several blackouts are recorded between 2012 and 2014. Simulation and experimental results show clearly a high availability as a performance of the proposed control strategy.
Unit Commitment Problem in Electrical Power System: A Literature Review IJECEIAES
Unit commitment (UC) is a popular problem in electric power system that aims at minimizing the total cost of power generation in a specific period, by defining an adequate scheduling of the generating units. The UC solution must respect many operational constraints. In the past half century, there was several researches treated the UC problem. Many works have proposed new formulations to the UC problem, others have offered several methodologies and techniques to solve the problem. This paper gives a literature review of UC problem, its mathematical formulation, methods for solving it and Different approaches developed for addressing renewable energy effects and uncertainties.
The energy growth in Malaysia is rapidly increasing as the country moves forward with the advancement of industrial revolution. Peak hours require more energy generation, thus cost is also more expensive than during off-peak. Due to this reason, Demand Side Management (DSM) through Demand Response (DR) technique is introduced to modify the demand profile by implementing different strategies of measures. The objective of this study is to optimize the energy profile for commercial sector, as well as analyse the significance of electricity cost reduction by using the optimization technique. A Meta-heuristic technique called as Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) has been implemented in this study to optimize the load profile of a commercial installation. Significant testing shows that the proposed optimization technique has the ability to reform the Maximum Demand from peak zone to off-peak zone to reduce electricity cost. The test results have been validated through 4 cases, which are conventional method for C1 ETOU, C2 ETOU, and C1 ETOU with Optimization technique, and C2 ETOU with optimization technique tariff, respectively. The impact of the EP has been analysed, while the performance of six-time segmentation of C1 and C2 ETOU tariff indicate that the electricity cost for the medium voltage of installation has been reduced. It is hoped that the results from this study can benefit consumers by giving them the flexibility to rearrange their own energy consumption profile, so that the demand side will enjoy significant reduction of electricity cost in the future.
Modeling and Analysis of Energy Efficient Cellular Networksijtsrd
Energy consumption has become a primary concern in design and operation of wireless communication networks due to two main reasons- Environmental concerns and Cost. The next generation network systems will have to consider energy efficient designs in any aspect. The 5G network which is most awaited today though proposes better data rates but also speaks about energy efficiency in its agenda. Iram Masood Hamdani | Raj Kumar Jain "Modeling and Analysis of Energy Efficient Cellular Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21381.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/21381/modeling-and-analysis-of-energy-efficient-cellular-networks/iram-masood-hamdani
Energy efficient clustering using the AMHC (adoptive multi-hop clustering) t...IJECEIAES
IoT has gained fine attention in several field such as in industry applications, agriculture, monitoring, surveillance, similarly parallel growth has been observed in field of WSN. WSN is one of the primary component of IoT when it comes to sensing the data in various environment. Clustering is one of the basic approach in order to obtain the measurable performance in WSNs, Several algorithms of clustering aims to obtain the efficient data collection, data gathering and the routing. In this paper, a novel AMHC (Adaptive MultiHop Clustering) algorithm is proposed for the homogenous model, the main aim of algorithm is to obtain the higher efficiency and make it energy efficient. Our algorithm mainly contains the three stages: namely assembling, coupling and discarding. First stage involves the assembling of independent sets (maximum), second stage involves the coupling of independent sets and at last stage the superfluous nodes are discarded. Discarding superfluous nodes helps in achieving higher efficiency. Since our algorithm is a coloring algorithm, different color are used at the different stages for coloring the nodes. Afterwards our algorithm (AMHC) is compared with the existing system which is a combination of Second order data CC(Coupled Clustering) and Compressive-Projection PCA(Principal Component Analysis), and results shows that our algorithm excels in terms of several parameters such as energy efficiency, network lifetime, number of rounds performed.
Optimal Power Generation in Energy-Deficient Scenarios Using Bagging EnsemblesKashif Mehmood
This paper presents an improved technique for optimal power generation using ensemble
artificial neural networks (EANN). The motive for using EANN is to benefit from multiple parallel processor
computing rather than traditional serial computation to reduce bias and variance in machine learning. The
load data is obtained from the load regulation authority of Pakistan for 24 hours. The data is analyzed on an
IEEE 30-bus test system by implementing two approaches; the conventional artificial neural network (ANN)
with feed-forward back-propagation model and a Bagging algorithm. To improve the training of ANN and
authenticate its result, first the Load Flow Analysis (LFA) on IEEE 30 bus is performed using Newton
Raphson Method and then the program is developed in MATLAB using Lagrange relaxation (LR) framework
to solve a power-generator scheduling problem. The bootstraps for the EANN are obtained through a disjoint
partition Bagging algorithm to handle the fluctuating power demand and is used to forecast the power
generation. The results of MATLAB simulations are analyzed and compared along with computational
complexity, therein showing the dominance of the EANN over the traditional ANN strategy that closed
to LR
Dynamics performance of the wind-power supply chain with transmission capacit...IJECEIAES
Previous studies have shown that poor performance of energy supply chains arises from incorrectly interpret feedback information and time delays between decisions and actions in energy policy. This paper assesses alternatives to improve performance of wind-power supply chain with transmission constraints that contribute to enhance response capacity of the wind industry to changes of energy policy. In order to test these alternatives, this paper used a simulation model with system dynamics (SD), taking as case study Brazil. The simulation model represents the main time lags and fluctuations that exist in the wind-power supply chain. Four simulation scenarios were proposed to evaluate changes in auction-based policy in wind industry of Brazil. The results are related to operational capacity, inventory levels and response capacity. This paper provides an analysis of different scenarios that contribute with synchronization of auctions policy, including transmission capacity constraints.
Electric motors
Editorial - Policy solutions - Facts - Interview - Success stories - Improving market surveillance - Extended product approach - Motor maintenance and refurbishment - Accelerated replacement of less efficient motor stock - Developing powertrains for electric mobility free of critical raw materials - World landscape
The goal of DecarbEurope is to engage decision-makers in policy and industry with solutions that can, in a cost-effective manner, decarbonise Europe at the scale and speed that is needed to achieve our climate goals.
As an ecosystem of twenty sectors — and growing — the initiative connects technologies, policies, and markets. Partners of DecarbEurope commit themselves to common values of deep decarbonisation, cost-effectiveness, circularity, sector-coupling and consumer engagement.
Electric motors play a major role in all economic sectors (industrial, tertiary, residential, agricultural and in transportation), to deliver in a reliable and efficient way mechanical power to a huge variety of processes and services
Abstract: Energy efficiency in all the aspects of human life has become a major concern, due to significant environment impact as well as it economic importance. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) estimated 2-10% of the global consumption but is also expected to enable global energy efficiency through new technologies tightly dependent on networks. Specially, a network model based on G-network quening theory is built, which can incorporate all the important parameters of power consumption together with traditional performance metric and routing control capability. Our goal is to control both power configuration of pipeline and way to distribute traffic flow among them. Optimization policy having best tradeoff between power consumption and packet latency times. The achieved results demonstrate how the proposed model can effectively represent energy and network-aware performance indexes.
Active and reactive power sharing in micro grid using droop control IJECEIAES
The development of renewable energy contributes to the global objectives of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, obtaining and increasing our energy efficiency. In the face of these changes, the electric-network must adapt, while maintaining a high level of reliability and a quality of energy production. To meet this objective, it is recommended to use highly developed electrical network by integrating renewable energy sources in order to adapt the energy consumption to their production, using electrotechnical software information and telecommunications technologies. We are talking about intelligent grids (Smart Grid). The main objective of the work presented in this paper is the contribution to the study of intelligent network for efficient management of energy produced by several sources linked to the AC bus via the voltage inverters. Numerical simulations have been presented to validate the performance of the proposed active and reactive power controller (Droop Control).
A NOVEL SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF A GRID INDEPENDENT HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYS...ijscmcj
Hybrid renewable energy based off-grid or distribute power supply has customarily thought to be a solitary
innovation based restricted level of supply to meet the essential needs, without considering dependable
energy procurement to rural or remote commercial enterprises. The aim of the paper is to propose a design
idea off-grid hybrid system to fulfil the load demand of the telecom base station by using renewable energy
resources for rural regions. HOMER software tool is used for simulation and optimization and it also
analysis the total net present cost (TNPC) $100,757, carbon emission is zero percent, initial cost $70,920,
operating cost $2,334, Capacity Shortage 0.17% and the cost of energy (COE) $0.502. The HOMER
simulation outcome gives the most feasible hybrid system configuration for electric power supply to the
remote location telecom base station.
Micropower system optimization for the telecommunication towers based on var...IJECEIAES
This study investigates the technical and cost-effective performance of options renewable energy sources to develop a green off-grid telecommunication tower to replace diesel generators in Malaysia. For this purpose, the solar, wind, pico-hydro energy, along with diesel generators, were examined to compare. In addition, the modeling of hybrid powering systems was conducted using hybrid optimization model for energy (HOMER) simulation based on techno-economic analysis to determine the optimal economically feasible system. The optimization findings showed that the hybrid high-efficiency fixed photovoltaic (PV) system with battery followed by 2 kW pico-hydropower and battery are the optimal configurations for powering off-grid telecommunication towers in Malaysia with the lowest net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). These costs of NPC and COE are more down than diesel generator costs with battery by 17.45%, 16.45%, 15.9%, and 15.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the economic evaluation of the high-efficiency solar fixed PV panels system annual cash flow compared to the diesel generator with the battery system indicated a ten-year payback period.
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
A Framework for Optimizing the Process of Energy Harvesting from Ambient RF S...IJECEIAES
Energy harvesting has been an active research topic in the past half a decade with respect to wireless networks. We reviewed some of the recent techniques towards improving energy harvesting performance to find that there is a large scope of improvement in terms of optimization and addressing problems pertaining to low-powered communicating mobile nodes. Therefore, we present a framework for identifying available RF sources of energy and constructing a robust link between the energy source and the mobile device. We apply linear optimization approach to enhance the performance of energy harvesting. Probabilility theory is used for identification of event loss in the presence of different number of nodes as well as node distances. The objective of the proposed system is to offer better availability of RF signals as well as better probability of energy harvesting for mobile devices. The proposed technique is also found to be computationally cost effective.
Multi agent oriented solution for forecasting-based control strategy with loa...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
To improve the power supply availability in an island microgrid, this paper proposes a new approach that integrates distributed energy sources economically, reliably and efficiently. In an island mode, a microgrid must ensure its self-sufficiency of energy production since it cannot make an energetic exchange with a main grid. However, in this mode, the random behavior of the resources affected by meteorological factors presents a major constraint. The challenge related to the power availability in microgrids is to find a solution that faces the operation of intermittent power sources. The microgrid should guarantee a useful power management in order to achieve a high availability of energy. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to describe the influence of the meteorological factors on the sources production. We propose a multi-agent control strategy based on the production forecasting and load shedding for a high availability of the microgrid power supply. The proposed multi-agent system uses the master-slave model in which the communication and negotiation between the defined agents are performed by a concept of tokens. The developed control system is implemented on Spartan 6 FPGA-Board. The paper's contribution is applied to a Tunisian petroleum platform where several blackouts are recorded between 2012 and 2014. Simulation and experimental results show clearly a high availability as a performance of the proposed control strategy.
Unit Commitment Problem in Electrical Power System: A Literature Review IJECEIAES
Unit commitment (UC) is a popular problem in electric power system that aims at minimizing the total cost of power generation in a specific period, by defining an adequate scheduling of the generating units. The UC solution must respect many operational constraints. In the past half century, there was several researches treated the UC problem. Many works have proposed new formulations to the UC problem, others have offered several methodologies and techniques to solve the problem. This paper gives a literature review of UC problem, its mathematical formulation, methods for solving it and Different approaches developed for addressing renewable energy effects and uncertainties.
The energy growth in Malaysia is rapidly increasing as the country moves forward with the advancement of industrial revolution. Peak hours require more energy generation, thus cost is also more expensive than during off-peak. Due to this reason, Demand Side Management (DSM) through Demand Response (DR) technique is introduced to modify the demand profile by implementing different strategies of measures. The objective of this study is to optimize the energy profile for commercial sector, as well as analyse the significance of electricity cost reduction by using the optimization technique. A Meta-heuristic technique called as Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) has been implemented in this study to optimize the load profile of a commercial installation. Significant testing shows that the proposed optimization technique has the ability to reform the Maximum Demand from peak zone to off-peak zone to reduce electricity cost. The test results have been validated through 4 cases, which are conventional method for C1 ETOU, C2 ETOU, and C1 ETOU with Optimization technique, and C2 ETOU with optimization technique tariff, respectively. The impact of the EP has been analysed, while the performance of six-time segmentation of C1 and C2 ETOU tariff indicate that the electricity cost for the medium voltage of installation has been reduced. It is hoped that the results from this study can benefit consumers by giving them the flexibility to rearrange their own energy consumption profile, so that the demand side will enjoy significant reduction of electricity cost in the future.
Modeling and Analysis of Energy Efficient Cellular Networksijtsrd
Energy consumption has become a primary concern in design and operation of wireless communication networks due to two main reasons- Environmental concerns and Cost. The next generation network systems will have to consider energy efficient designs in any aspect. The 5G network which is most awaited today though proposes better data rates but also speaks about energy efficiency in its agenda. Iram Masood Hamdani | Raj Kumar Jain "Modeling and Analysis of Energy Efficient Cellular Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21381.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/21381/modeling-and-analysis-of-energy-efficient-cellular-networks/iram-masood-hamdani
Energy efficient clustering using the AMHC (adoptive multi-hop clustering) t...IJECEIAES
IoT has gained fine attention in several field such as in industry applications, agriculture, monitoring, surveillance, similarly parallel growth has been observed in field of WSN. WSN is one of the primary component of IoT when it comes to sensing the data in various environment. Clustering is one of the basic approach in order to obtain the measurable performance in WSNs, Several algorithms of clustering aims to obtain the efficient data collection, data gathering and the routing. In this paper, a novel AMHC (Adaptive MultiHop Clustering) algorithm is proposed for the homogenous model, the main aim of algorithm is to obtain the higher efficiency and make it energy efficient. Our algorithm mainly contains the three stages: namely assembling, coupling and discarding. First stage involves the assembling of independent sets (maximum), second stage involves the coupling of independent sets and at last stage the superfluous nodes are discarded. Discarding superfluous nodes helps in achieving higher efficiency. Since our algorithm is a coloring algorithm, different color are used at the different stages for coloring the nodes. Afterwards our algorithm (AMHC) is compared with the existing system which is a combination of Second order data CC(Coupled Clustering) and Compressive-Projection PCA(Principal Component Analysis), and results shows that our algorithm excels in terms of several parameters such as energy efficiency, network lifetime, number of rounds performed.
Optimal Power Generation in Energy-Deficient Scenarios Using Bagging EnsemblesKashif Mehmood
This paper presents an improved technique for optimal power generation using ensemble
artificial neural networks (EANN). The motive for using EANN is to benefit from multiple parallel processor
computing rather than traditional serial computation to reduce bias and variance in machine learning. The
load data is obtained from the load regulation authority of Pakistan for 24 hours. The data is analyzed on an
IEEE 30-bus test system by implementing two approaches; the conventional artificial neural network (ANN)
with feed-forward back-propagation model and a Bagging algorithm. To improve the training of ANN and
authenticate its result, first the Load Flow Analysis (LFA) on IEEE 30 bus is performed using Newton
Raphson Method and then the program is developed in MATLAB using Lagrange relaxation (LR) framework
to solve a power-generator scheduling problem. The bootstraps for the EANN are obtained through a disjoint
partition Bagging algorithm to handle the fluctuating power demand and is used to forecast the power
generation. The results of MATLAB simulations are analyzed and compared along with computational
complexity, therein showing the dominance of the EANN over the traditional ANN strategy that closed
to LR
Dynamics performance of the wind-power supply chain with transmission capacit...IJECEIAES
Previous studies have shown that poor performance of energy supply chains arises from incorrectly interpret feedback information and time delays between decisions and actions in energy policy. This paper assesses alternatives to improve performance of wind-power supply chain with transmission constraints that contribute to enhance response capacity of the wind industry to changes of energy policy. In order to test these alternatives, this paper used a simulation model with system dynamics (SD), taking as case study Brazil. The simulation model represents the main time lags and fluctuations that exist in the wind-power supply chain. Four simulation scenarios were proposed to evaluate changes in auction-based policy in wind industry of Brazil. The results are related to operational capacity, inventory levels and response capacity. This paper provides an analysis of different scenarios that contribute with synchronization of auctions policy, including transmission capacity constraints.
Electric motors
Editorial - Policy solutions - Facts - Interview - Success stories - Improving market surveillance - Extended product approach - Motor maintenance and refurbishment - Accelerated replacement of less efficient motor stock - Developing powertrains for electric mobility free of critical raw materials - World landscape
The goal of DecarbEurope is to engage decision-makers in policy and industry with solutions that can, in a cost-effective manner, decarbonise Europe at the scale and speed that is needed to achieve our climate goals.
As an ecosystem of twenty sectors — and growing — the initiative connects technologies, policies, and markets. Partners of DecarbEurope commit themselves to common values of deep decarbonisation, cost-effectiveness, circularity, sector-coupling and consumer engagement.
Electric motors play a major role in all economic sectors (industrial, tertiary, residential, agricultural and in transportation), to deliver in a reliable and efficient way mechanical power to a huge variety of processes and services
Similar to Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Development and Potential Energy cum Cost Saving with Renewable Energy Technology Options
Abstract: Energy efficiency in all the aspects of human life has become a major concern, due to significant environment impact as well as it economic importance. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) estimated 2-10% of the global consumption but is also expected to enable global energy efficiency through new technologies tightly dependent on networks. Specially, a network model based on G-network quening theory is built, which can incorporate all the important parameters of power consumption together with traditional performance metric and routing control capability. Our goal is to control both power configuration of pipeline and way to distribute traffic flow among them. Optimization policy having best tradeoff between power consumption and packet latency times. The achieved results demonstrate how the proposed model can effectively represent energy and network-aware performance indexes.
Active and reactive power sharing in micro grid using droop control IJECEIAES
The development of renewable energy contributes to the global objectives of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, obtaining and increasing our energy efficiency. In the face of these changes, the electric-network must adapt, while maintaining a high level of reliability and a quality of energy production. To meet this objective, it is recommended to use highly developed electrical network by integrating renewable energy sources in order to adapt the energy consumption to their production, using electrotechnical software information and telecommunications technologies. We are talking about intelligent grids (Smart Grid). The main objective of the work presented in this paper is the contribution to the study of intelligent network for efficient management of energy produced by several sources linked to the AC bus via the voltage inverters. Numerical simulations have been presented to validate the performance of the proposed active and reactive power controller (Droop Control).
A NOVEL SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF A GRID INDEPENDENT HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYS...ijscmcj
Hybrid renewable energy based off-grid or distribute power supply has customarily thought to be a solitary
innovation based restricted level of supply to meet the essential needs, without considering dependable
energy procurement to rural or remote commercial enterprises. The aim of the paper is to propose a design
idea off-grid hybrid system to fulfil the load demand of the telecom base station by using renewable energy
resources for rural regions. HOMER software tool is used for simulation and optimization and it also
analysis the total net present cost (TNPC) $100,757, carbon emission is zero percent, initial cost $70,920,
operating cost $2,334, Capacity Shortage 0.17% and the cost of energy (COE) $0.502. The HOMER
simulation outcome gives the most feasible hybrid system configuration for electric power supply to the
remote location telecom base station.
Micropower system optimization for the telecommunication towers based on var...IJECEIAES
This study investigates the technical and cost-effective performance of options renewable energy sources to develop a green off-grid telecommunication tower to replace diesel generators in Malaysia. For this purpose, the solar, wind, pico-hydro energy, along with diesel generators, were examined to compare. In addition, the modeling of hybrid powering systems was conducted using hybrid optimization model for energy (HOMER) simulation based on techno-economic analysis to determine the optimal economically feasible system. The optimization findings showed that the hybrid high-efficiency fixed photovoltaic (PV) system with battery followed by 2 kW pico-hydropower and battery are the optimal configurations for powering off-grid telecommunication towers in Malaysia with the lowest net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). These costs of NPC and COE are more down than diesel generator costs with battery by 17.45%, 16.45%, 15.9%, and 15.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the economic evaluation of the high-efficiency solar fixed PV panels system annual cash flow compared to the diesel generator with the battery system indicated a ten-year payback period.
Green telecom layered framework for calculating carbon footprint of telecom n...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the concept of green telecommunication network, and provides information about the carbon footprint within the fixed-line and wireless communication network. A section is devoted to describe the method with an example to calculate the carbon footprint of telecom network using Green Telecom Layered Framework. This framework aids in bridging the chasm between managing and mitigating the concentration of Green House Gases (GHG). The aim is to introduce the reader to the present green telecommunication, and outline the necessity of energy efficiency in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). This paper provides a comprehensive reference for growing base of researchers who will work on the energy efficiency of telecom network in near future. Index Terms: Green Telecom, Carbon Footprint, Layered Framework, and Green Network
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Renewable energy allocation based on maximum flow modelling within a microgridIJECEIAES
This paper designs a microgrid-wide energy allocation mechanism on top of a network flow model from distributed generators to consumer entities. Basically, the flow graph consists of a set of nodes representing consumers or generators as well as a set of weighted links representing the amount of energy generation, consumer-side demand, and transmission cable capacity. The main idea lies in that a special node is added to account for the interaction with the main grid and that two-pass allocation is executed. In the first pass, the maximum flow solver decides the amount of the insufficiency, which must be supplemented by the main power network, usually with predefined cost. The second pass runs the flow solver again to fill the energy lack and calculates the surplus of renewable energy generation. The experiment result observes the stability in energy distribution over the microgrid while the amount of the total energy production can be accommodated by the maximum link capacity.
This paper analyzes influences of renewable fraction on grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) for office building energy systems. The fraction of renewable energy has important contributions on sizing the grid-connected PV systems and selling and buying electricity, and hence reducing net present cost (NPC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. An optimum result with the lowest total NPC for serving an office building is achieved by employing the renewable fraction of 58%, in which 58% of electricity is supplied from the PV and the remaining 42% of electricity is purchased from the grid. The results have shown that the optimum grid-connected PV system with an appropriate renewable fraction value could greatly reduce the total NPC and CO2 emission.
Advantages and recent advances of smart energy gridjournalBEEI
Smart grid is widely recognized technology used to improve the stability and losses of the electric power system. It is encouraging reliability, efficiency, and effective control of the supply of electrical energy. However, it is a hot topic for recent publications and still has a limited understanding among researchers. This review work is to provide insight and support to the beginner researchers since this topic needs a multidisciplinary background knowledge. The conventional electric transmission system and distribution networks struggle to provide resilient performance and reliable service and real-time data. Also, smart grid id a promising network maneuver to stabilize the system once any disturbances break out by using the distributed renewable energy generators, while the conventional networks lack for flexibility to integrate with renewable energy generators or microgrids. This comprehensive work is conducted to map previous controbution in a coherent manar, including the specifications, features, and fundamentals that are presented to benefit the interested readers interested in smart grid development.
Similar to Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Development and Potential Energy cum Cost Saving with Renewable Energy Technology Options (20)
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
A two-phase model is proposed for describing the dynamics of a fluidized bed reactor used for
polypropylene production. In the proposed model, the fluidized bed is divided into an emulsion and bubble
phase where the flow of gas is considered to be plug flow through the bubbles and perfectly mixed through the
emulsion phase. Similar previous models, consider the reaction in the emulsion phase only. In this work the
contribution of reaction in the bubble phase is considered and its effect on the overall polypropylene production
is investigated the kinetic model is combined with hydrodynamic model in order to develop a comprehensive
model for gas-phase propylene copolymerization reactor. Simulation profiles of the proposed model were
compared with those of well mixed model for the emulsion phase temperature. The simulated temperature
profile showed a lower rate of change compared to the previously reported models due to lower polymerization
rate. Model simulation showed that about 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase and this
considerable amount of polymerization in the bubbles should not be neglected in any modeling attempt.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
Positioning error is a widely problem exists in mechanism, the important factors affecting machining
precision. In order to reduce the error caused by positioning problem processing, based on the differential
workbench as the research object, using the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the
analysis of positioning error mechanism and source of complete differential precision workbench error
compensation, improve the accuracy of the device, provides a method for the application of modern machine
tools. table.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Development and Potential Energy cum Cost Saving with Renewable Energy Technology Options
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 3 Issue 1 ǁJanuary. 2015ǁ PP.01-08
www.ijres.org 1 | Page
Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with
Strategic Scenario Development and Potential Energy cum
Cost Saving with Renewable Energy Technology Options
Shree Krishna Khadka1
, JaganNath Shrestha2
, Shree Raj Shakya3
, Lochan Lal
Amatya4
1,2,3
Center for Energy Studies, Institute of Engineering - Pulchowk Campus (Tribhuvan University – Nepal)
4
IT Directorate, Nepal Telecom (Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited)
Abstract: Telecom towers, technically known as BTS (Base Transceiver Stations) are the most energy
intensive part of cellular network architecture and contribute up to 60 to 80% of total cellular power
consumption and varies in response to the real traffic demand throughout the day and night. But, thelack of grid
availability highlightsa potential barrier to telecom industry growth in Nepal. Nepal has approximately 5,222
telecom towers of which about 22% do operate on diesel generators (DGs) while the remaining by grid
electricity with some shares of renewable energy technologies (RETs: solar and/or wind). Despite the large
carbon imprint, the uncertainty in power availability has compelled telecom operators to use DGs to ensure
continuous supply of power for the better network availability, which translates huge operating costs along with
adverse environmental impact. So, it becomes an imperative solution for telecom operators to evaluate all
alternatives in order to increase network reliability with reduced energy cost. This study report intentionally
focus on current energy consumptionof such telecom towers and forecast thefuture energydemand with
reference to growing subscriber trend up to 2025 using LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternative Planning
System)withBusiness As Usual (BAU) scenario. A clean energy technology (CET) scenario with possible RET
options is also developed and compared with base case scenario through some policy mechanics on behalf of
environmental benefits and sustainable cellular communication. Furthermore, this study concludes a potential
energy cum cost saving with RET adoption with basic cost economics analysis.
Keywords: Energy Demand; Cellular Network Power Consumption; Renewable Energy Technologies; Carbon
Footprint; Green Energy for Telecom Towers; LEAP
I. Introduction
Information and communications technology (ICT) usage has grown at an almost exponential rate
worldwide. Mobile subscriber base crossed 5 billion mark in July 2010 and expected to cross 8 billion by
2020[14]. Every year, 120,000 new base stations are deployed servicing 400 million new mobile subscribers
around the world[1]. With increasing demand for telecom services, the energy consumption has also grown
significantly and poses an environment challenge in terms of larger carbonimprint.
About 3% or 600 TWh of the worldwide electrical energy is consumed by ICT sector. It is estimated that
energy consumption for ICT sector will grow to 1,700 TWh by 2030 [18].The total global carbon footprint of
ICT industryis in the order of 860 million tons of CO2 which is about 2% of the global emissions. Of this, the
contribution from GSM, fixed and communication devices are around 230 million tons of CO2 or approximately
0.7% of global emissions[7].
A typical cellular network consists of a core network that takes care of switching, base stations providing
radio frequency interface and the mobile terminals in order to make voice or data communications and the
power consumption is distributed in them with their functionalities. Telecom towers technically known as BTS
(Base Transceiver Station) are the most energy intensive part of the cellular network[21]. It is noted that the
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) energy consumption are considerably higher than the UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) technology-as it is expected because of the different mode of
operation of the two technologies[16][17].These towers require continuous power supply from 500W to 5000W
depending upon the system capacity (older installation consumes more power than new one because of
technological advancement). This would mean the consumption of energy between 12 to 120 KWh per day in
different cases.
Since, traffic load in mobile communication networks significantly varies during a working or weekend
day, the base station power consumption varies accordingly[4]. With the recent spectrum reframing from
900MHz to 1800 MHz and upcoming 3G and 4G rollouts, number of subscribers is expected to grow
exponentially. Nepal Telecom (NT) alone has the subscriber growth from 77.5 million in 2069 BS to 107
2. Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Development
and Potential Energy cum Cost Saving with Renewable Energy Technology Options
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million in 2071 BS with market share of 44%[18][19]. The scenario is expected to grow further in upcoming
days necessitating additional more towers with higher energy demand to ensure better network availability.
The study report ofLorincz J. (2012) investigated the changes in instantaneous power consumption of GSM
and UMTSbase stations according to their respective traffic load. The measurement show the existence of a
direct relationship between base station traffic load and power consumption and suggested some energy efficient
strategies for cellular networks[16].
According to Technical Experts for Renewable Energy Application Group, TERNA. (2007), the average
yearly consumption of a BTS is ca. 35,500kWh, considering that in Italy there are about 60,000 BTSs, the total
average yearly consumption of the Italian BTS system is ca. 2.1 TWh/year, which is the 0.6% of the whole
national electrical consumption. In terms of economic and environmental impact, the data correspond to ca. 300
million euro yearly energy costs and ca. 1.2 Mton of CO2eq emitted in the atmosphere every year[21].
Lubritto C. (2011) in a study revealed the role of mobile communication systems with general national
energy framework and plot the best areas of intervention for saving energy and improving the environmental
impact. The new transmission algorithms and the use of RE based techniques have been tested[17].
Amanna A. (2010) made a case study report of Namibia to evaluate the use of solar and wind as a feasible
cost-effective energy source for a cellular base station. The trial utilized a 6kW wind turbine and 28kW solar
panels combined with battery capable of providing 60 hours of operations and monitoring equipment. The
system provided an average of 198kW of power/week which was more than 10kWh necessary for acceptable
operations. It has been calculated that the return on investment of 3 years that would save approximately 4,850
kg of CO2 annually compared to a typical electrical grid installation. An addition 649.25kg CO2 annually could
be saved by eliminating the diesel generators[1].
Goel S. (2014) studied the feasibility of using different hybrid systems for the same load demand in two
remote locations in southern India. An optimization model of a hybrid renewable system was prepared which
simplified the task of evaluating the design of an off-grid/standalone system. After simulating all possible
system equipment with their sizes, a list of many possible configurations was suggested on the basis of net
present cost [9].
II. Method
LEAP is chosen as a research tool for this study. It is an integrated modeling tool based on bottom up
approach, used to track energy consumption, production and resource extraction in all sectors of economy [12].
To this particular study, it takes energy intensity values with activity data of telecom towers in its current
account and demonstrate base year (2012) energy consumption and also forecast future energy demand of
telecom towers of Nepal up to 2025 (End Year) with strategic scenario development (Figure 1).
(LEAP)
Long Range Energy Alternative
Planning System
Final Year (2025)
Energy Demand
Demand Analysis via BAU Scenario
Activity Level/Energy Intensity
(Data Input to Current Account)
Base Year (2012)
Energy Consumption
Key
Assumptions
Bottom Up
Approach
Policy Analysis via CET Scenario
Comparative Scenario Analysis
Figure 1: Strategic Framework Design
2.1 Developing Energy Demand Model in LEAP
It is necessary to know, how big is the energy demand of telecom tower before going through any other
alternative measures [3][5]. Hence, a strategic measure of energy need oftelecom towers and the growing energy
demand are primarily analyzed through LEAP. With reference to the available data corresponding to the base
year and other official sources of information [18][19], some sort of assumptions are made to calculate an
average energy intensities for different power categories (Table: 1).
3. Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Development
and Potential Energy cum Cost Saving with Renewable Energy Technology Options
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Table 1: Average Final Energy Consumption Pattern
Grid Electricity 1.2kW*12hrs/day*330days
Diesel Generator 3liter/hr*6hrs/day*350days
Solar Energy 4kW*5hrs/day*315days
Wind Energy 1kW*6hrs/day*315days
Since, no actual growth rate of telecom towers for each telecom service providers is available, assumption
are made in accordance with the annual reports and some contemporary articles [19][22](Table: 2).
Table 2: Growth Scenario of Telecom Towers of Nepal
Growth Scenario of Telecom Towers in Nepal[19]
Nepal Telecom Growth(3%)/Year
NCELL Growth(2%)/Year
UTL Constant
Others Growth(0.3%)/Year
Key Assumptions
National Population Growth(1.35%)/Year [CBS, 2011]
Telecom Users Growth(14%)/Year[19]
Telecom Towers Growth(2.6%)/Year [19]
National GDP Growth(4.3%)/Year[ES, 2012]
2.2 Energy Demand Analysis with BAU Scenario
With the BAU scenario, base year energy consumption is found to be 341.82 thousand GJ while the end
year energy demand is expected to be 630.27 thousand GJ, which is almost double than that of base year energy
consumption. This shows that there should have enough energy in order to track the growing energy demand of
telecom towers in future years. It seems that NT and NCELL are the major telecom service provider with
aggression in market penetration with greater energy demand for future years (Figure: 2).
Figure 2: Final Energy Demand (Sectorwise) of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Business As Usual
Scenario
Even NT has large number of telecom towers, its final energy demand is lesser than that of NCELL.
NCELL has 2051 telecom towers of which 43% are running on DGs whose energy intensity is very large when
compared to others energy sources (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Final Energy Demand (Fuelwise) of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Business As Usual Scenario
2012 2018 2025
NCELL 224.86 348.68 400.52
NT 110.01 176.52 217.09
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
000GJ
2012 2018 2025
Wind 0.09 0.22 0.27
Solar 12.52 21.85 26.78
Electricity 59.59 85.00 102.33
Diesel 269.62 428.38 500.90
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
000GJ
4. Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Development
and Potential Energy cum Cost Saving with Renewable Energy Technology Options
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NT has some policy initiative regarding the RETs adoption for telecom towers. Most of all, rural CDMA
towers are powered with solar PV technology and somewhere in conjunction with wind power technology [18].
NCELL is also moving ahead with “Going Green” scheme and proposed 50% green site in the next two years
with solar PV technology [19][22]. Still, the extensive use of DGs by telecom operators in current scenario
results in 19.56 thousand metric tons of CO2 emission at base year which is expected to be 35.54 thousand
metric tons to the end year (Figure 4).
It is clear that the future energy demand of telecom towers goes higher with growing subscriber trend. Due
to the unreliable power supply and energy deficit of our country these energy demand does not seem to
befulfilled accordingly. This definitely necessitates the current energy production systems to add up with RETs
for sustainable power supply to telecom service providers. CET scenario deals with all sort of above challenges
and provide a strategic policy intervention to power such telecom towers with possible RET options.
Figure 4: Environmental Effect: CO2 Emission
2.3 Energy Demand Analysis with CETScenario
The expansion of telecom towers is supposed to be as same as in BAU Scenario (Table 2). Here, some of
the additional strategies[8][6][23] are formulated as:
- Reducing 500 liters of diesel per year per telecom tower up to 2020.
- Maintaining an average running of DGs not more than 3 hours a day (i.e. 3150 liters of diesel per year per
telecom tower) from 2021 to the end year 2025.
- No additional investment on DGs henceforth.
- Increasing the Solar PV share up to 20% by the end of 2020 and 30% in 2025 for NT and about 12% at the
end year for NCELL.
- Increasing the wind power share up to 5% by the end of 2025 for NT and NCELL.
As per the market share of telecom operators and their expansion strategy, UTL has no interest in further
expansion of its telecom towers. While Smart Cell and STM totally rely on national grid electricity and NSAT is
furthering its telecom towers with 100% solar PV technology[19][22].
Figure 5: BAU Vs CET in Final Energy Demand
With CET scenario as a policy measure, the final year energy demand is found to be less than a half way to
that of BAU scenario in the following years (Figure 5). This is because, diesel is being reduced and RET share
is increasing.
While comparing BAU and CET scenarios in terms of 100 years Global Warming Potential (GWP), CET
scenario (14.42 thousand Mtons of CO2eq) seems to be very best in reducing carbon emission and maintaining a
sustainable environment when compared with BAU scenario (36.45 thousand Mtons of CO2eq) (Figure 6).
2012 2016 2020 2024
NT 4.75 7.43 8.37 9.42
NCELL 14.81 22.29 24.13 26.12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
000MTonsofCO2
2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2025
BAU 341 487 511 535 560 586 616 630
CET 341 322 291 256 250 263 278 285
0
200
400
600
800
000GJ
5. Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Development
and Potential Energy cum Cost Saving with Renewable Energy Technology Options
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Figure 6: BAU Vs CET in 100 Years GWP
III. A Case Study Review
In the thesis study of author himself [15], the cost economics of RET implementation wasassessed via case
study of NT CDMA tower powered by solar-wind-hybrid system located at Dadakharka of Solukhumbu
District(Latitude 27o
23‟50‟‟N & Longitude 86o
44‟23‟‟E) of Nepal. The model has been optimized using
HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables). From the load demand, the net present cost,
operating cost/year and the energy cost/kWh were determined [11]. While a comparative analysis has been done
between RET powered system and DG powered system through sensitivity analysis in terms of their cost of
energy production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The study has been done for various telecom loads for scaled annual average solar insolation, wind speed
and temperature profile of 5.75 kWh/m2
/day, 5.01 m/s and 11.4O
C respectively with diesel price $1.1/liter
(Table 3).
Table 3: Comparative Analysis of Different System
Model Parameters
Load (kWh/day)
12 14 16
Solar-Wind-
Battery System
COE ($/kWh) 0.349 0.326 0.285
Total NPC ($) 11,403 12,433 12,433
Op.Cost ($/yr.) 423 423 423
Excess Electry
(kWh/yr.) 2,556 3,902 3,086
Solar-Battery
System
COE ($/kWh) 0.314 0.27 0.259
Total NPC ($) 10,285 10,285 11,315
Op.Cost ($/yr.) 343 343 343
Excess Electry
(kWh/yr.) 3,689 2,865 4,199
DG-Battery
System
COE ($/kWh) 3.812 3.282 2.893
Total NPC ($) 142,142 142,795 143,815
Op.Cost ($/yr.) 15,052 15,128 15,248
Excess Electry
(kWh/yr.) 1480 809 295
From the result, RET powered system could be the best option with total NPC: $12,433/year even it has
large investment cost when compared to DG powered system with total NPC: $142,795/year. For an optimal run
of atypical tower with 670W peak load powered by DG system, it is found that the system consume 7,120 liters
of diesel/year. This revealed the fact that annually about 8 million liters of diesel is being consumed to run such
telecom towers in Nepal producing 18,750 kg of CO2 per year per telecom towers.
IV. Power Outage, Traffic Loss & Revenue Statistics
Out of 5,222 telecom towers of Nepal about 67% towers do operate on grid electricity followed by 22%
with DGs (Figure 7). With thousands of BTS installed all over the country, average energy consumption of these
towers is moving from huge to humongous. But, the power outage from 4 to 14 hours or even about 18 hours a
day as in the worst case of 2009AD (NEA, 2012) is a big problem translating a huge revenue loss/year for
telecom operators.
Figure 7: Power Source of Telecom Towers in Nepal
0
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
000MTonsof
CO2eq
BAU CET
21.8%
DG
11.3%
Solar
Power
0.3%
Wind
66.7%
Grid
Electricity
6. Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Development
and Potential Energy cum Cost Saving with Renewable Energy Technology Options
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As per (NT, 2013) report [18], in source wise revenue composition of NT, international trunk and local call
contribute about 32% and 25% respectively (Figure 8).
On particular concern, according to (MIS Report, 2014) of the company [18][19], NT has 12.87% growth in
outgoing calls to foreign destination in January 2014 compared to the same month last year. A total of 15.25
million calls (42.03 million minutes) were made during January 2014 compared to 13.51 million calls (35.81
million minutes) in January 2013. With an average charging of NRs 3.75/minute, NT generates a revenue of 158
million NPR assuming 100% network availability.
Figure8: Source wise Revenue Composition of NT
If we considered an average power outage of 8 hours/day with no backup power regulation, NT alone incur
a loss of its revenue about ca. 53 million NPR/month. Whichtranslates a total traffic loss of ca. 5 million
calls/month (if a calling subscriber has an average hold time of 3 minutes). This revealed that about 7000
subscribers are directly affected/hour due to such power outage problem.
On the other hand, an attempted to analyze a revenue statistics with CDMA system described in Table 4. If
the charge/minute is NPR 1.8, NT generates a revenue of 60.44 million NPR/year per telecom tower (neglecting
all other handover of call to adjacent channels). Since, NT has 586 CDMA base station towers currently in
operation [22] hence, the total revenue is about 35420 million NPR/year. Again, if we consider an average
power outage of 8 hours a day, NT will have a loss of revenue about 32 million NPR/year that means, about
11.2 million users will be affected directly with 370 thousand hours of traffic loss per annum if a subscriber has
average holding period of 2 minute.
Table 4: Local Call Statistics with CDMA System
System Type CDMA BTS
Model ZTE EVDO1X 2C10
Carrier Support 2
Number of User/Carrier 35 (Full Load)
Total User/Minute (33+31) = 64
So, it is indeed, a necessity to recover such a huge loss of revenue for telecom operators. Maximizing the
utilization of RETs, the telecom sector could provide a better network availability and thus could make a good
revenue collection. On the other hand, this revenue could contribute to national GDP increment and of course
for the economic growth of our country [20].
V. Potential Energy cum Cost Savings
As per the LEAP result, CET scenario is found to be strategically good enough to reduce energy
consumption with RET implementationin contrast with BAU scenario. Table 5 shows a summary of potential
energy saving and corresponding save in cost of energy after CET scenario implementation. To generalize the
cost estimation, the cost per unit of electricity consumption is assumed to be NRs. 9/kWh. It is found that,
9.6x107
kWh of electricity at the end year could be saved which corresponds a cost saving of 861 million NPR.
In the case of Pakistan [10], where Telenor telecom operator is the one, which has more than 7000 sites
operational all over the country. Pakistan is also facing an average 6-8 hours of load shedding each day. Each of
the BTS station takes an average of 3-4kWh of total load hence, 21MW of electricity if being consumed per
telecom operator/hour. This means 378MW of electricity is being consumed each day by one telecom operator.
On the other side, DG used as a backup for BTS towers runs an average of around 4-6 hours each day. If only
30% of this grid electricity consumption can be saved by installing RETs like solar or wind, Pakistan can save
around 110MW/day of electricity just from one telecom operator which will translates a total saving of 500MW
of electricity per day.
Local
26%
Others
6%National
Trunk, [P
ERCENT
AGE]
CDMA
1%
Mobile
18%
Internatio
nal
Trunk, [P
ERCENT
7. Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Development
and Potential Energy cum Cost Saving with Renewable Energy Technology Options
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Table 5: Potential Energy cum Cost Savings
Energy Demand Potential
Energy/Cost
Saving
Scena
rio
BAU CET
Year
x107
kWh
x107
NPR
x107
kW
h
x107
NPR
x107
kW
h
x107
NPR
2012 9.5 85.5 9.50 85.46 0.0 0.0
2014 13.53 121.8 8.94 80.46 4.6 41.3
2016 14.21 127.9 8.10 72.90 6.1 55.0
2018 14.87 133.8 7.12 64.08 7.8 69.8
2020 15.56 140.0 6.97 62.73 8.6 77.3
2022 16.28 146.5 7.31 65.79 9.0 80.7
2024 17.11 153.9 7.73 69.57 9.4 84.4
2025 17.5 157.5 7.93 71.37 9.6 86.1
In Nepal, if we can contribute current energy demand of telecom towers with 40% renewable energy share
(as proposed in CET scenario) like solar and/or wind, 96000 MWh of electricity could be saved per year. So
why not to proceed through clean energy implementation in powering such telecom towers.
VI. Conclusion
In this work LEAP is used as one of the research tool to analyze the base year (2012) energy consumption
of telecom towers of Nepal from the best available data. The model is also developed to analyze the energy
demand up to 2025 (end year) with „Business As Usual‟ scenario. The base year energy consumption is found to
be 341.82 thousand GJ which is expected to grow up to 630.27 thousand GJ at the end year. Out of 5,222
telecom towers of Nepal about 22% towers do operates on DGs with corresponding energy consumption of
269.62 thousand GJ in 2012. Whereas, for the same year, 19.56 thousand metric tons of CO2 emission is
calculated and if this continued it is expected to be 35.34 thousand of metric tons of CO2 emission at the end
year.
The methodology has been also developed for carrying out a policy mechanicsthrough Clean Energy
Technology (CET) scenario. The assumption are made with existing market expansion in response to growing
subscriber trend. With RET adoption in powering telecom towers, the energy consumption is found to be
minimum in scenario years when compared with BAU scenario. The end year energy demand is found to be
285.48 thousand GJ. The corresponding carbon emission in CET scenario is also decreasing and found
minimum with growing energy demand exactly half a way than in BAU scenario. Moreover, CET scenario has
shown a clear significance with less GWP with value 13,110 Mtons of CO2eq when compared to BAU scenario
with 36,459 Mtons of CO2eq emission during the end year.
With a case study, the cost economics of different system is analyzed by defining the cost function in terms
of reliability and cost of energy (COE). From the analysis, DG system requires huge operating cost
($15,128/year) with COE $3.282/kWh, while solar-wind hybrid system has an operating cost: $430/year with
COE $0.321/kWh. Hence, increasing renewable energy share against convention fuel could be a great deal to
power such telecom towers both economically and environmentally.It is found that, up to 2025, 9.6x107
kWh of
electricity could be saved which corresponds a cost saving of 861million NPR withrenewable energy
implementation. Similarly, 20.02 thousand Mtons of CO2eq emission could be reduced up to the end year with
CET scenario. Hence, RETis therefore, a clean, energy efficient and a sustainable way of powering such
telecom towers.
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