This document discusses various types of cybercrime and network threats such as hacking, malware, phishing, and website defacing. It defines key terms like hackers, crackers, cyber terrorists, and botnets. It also examines the motivations of different cybercriminals such as hackers, malware writers, and describes common types of malware like viruses, worms, and trojan horses. The document uses examples to illustrate threats from defaced websites, domain hacking, and encourages basic cybersecurity practices like strong passwords.

1. CYBERCRIME & NETWORK SECURITY Steve Wheeler Faculty of Education

3. Cyber Warfare Sides have been taken: By June 2006, 180,292 unique computer viruses had been identified. ** There are approximately 150-250 new viruses identified every month * * Source: Cybercrime by Steven Furnell (2002) p 154 ** Source: (2006) www.sophos.com

4. Threats: Illicit Activities Hackers : enjoy intellectual challenges of overcoming software limitations and how to increase capabilities of systems Crackers : illegally break into other people’s secure systems and networks Cyber Terrorists : threaten and attack other people’s computers to further a social or political agenda

6. 21 January 2003 Two years jail for UK virus writer who infected 27,000 PCs Simon Vallor , the twenty-two year old web designer from North Wales who, in December 2002, pleaded guilty to writing and distributing three computer viruses, was today sentenced at Southwark Crown Court, London to a two year custodial sentence. His viruses - Gokar , Redesi and Admirer – were proven to have infected 27,000 PCs in 42 countries. "Vallor's actions were comparable to those of a vandal gaining illegal entry to businesses across the world and then interfering with thousands of their PCs. His sentence reflects the severity of his crime and it's reassuring to computer users that the UK courts are treating cybercriminals on a par with more traditional offenders," said Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant, Sophos Anti-Virus. "Around 800 new viruses are cropping up each month - this level of activity requires a lot of virus writers. Perhaps Vallor's sentence will focus some minds and make virus writers think twice before unleashing their malicious code." Source: www.sophos.com

7. Threats: Illicit Activities Malware Writers : responsible for the creation of malicious software Samurai : hackers hired to legally enter secure computer/network environments ‘ Phreakers’ : Focus on defeating telephone systems and associated communication technologies

8. Threats: Illicit Activities ‘ Phishing’ : sending out ‘scam’ e-mails with the criminal intent of deceit and extortion Spam : unsolicited and/or undesired bulk e-mail messages, often ‘selling’ a product (See also SPIM – targeting of instant messaging services) Zombie Computers: Yours?

9. Real Time Analysis Spam

10. Zombie BotNets Botnet is a jargon term for a collection of software robots, or ‘bots , which run autonomously. This can also refer to the network of computers using distributed computing software. While the term "botnet" can be used to refer to any group of bots, the word is generally used to refer to a collection of compromised machines ( zombies ) running programs, usually referred to as worms, Trojan horses, or backdoors, under a common command and control infrastructure. A botnet's originator (aka "bot herder") can control the group remotely, and usually for nefarious purposes such as the sending of mass spam. Source: www.wikipedia.org

11. Phishing Phishing is a technique used by strangers to "fish" for information about you, information that you would not normally disclose to a stranger, such as your bank account number , PIN , and other personal identifiers such as your National Insurance number. These messages often contain company/bank logos that look legitimate and use flowery or legalistic language about improving security by confirming your identity details.

12. Phishing example

23. Threats: DEFACING WEBSITES Spice Girls Website Hacked and Defaced 1999

24. Threats: DEFACING WEBSITES Conservative Party Website Hacked and Defaced 1997

25. Threats: DOMAIN HACKING Aljazeera TV Website Hacked and Defaced 2003