The document discusses cybercrime and cybersecurity. It defines cybercrime and provides examples like hacking, virus attacks, and online fraud. It then outlines the history of cybercrime from the first recorded attack in 1820 to modern crimes. The document categorizes different types of cybercrimes and describes common methods used by cybercriminals. It emphasizes the importance of cyber forensics and security measures individuals and organizations can take to prevent attacks.

1. Avinash Rajput
Criminology 2nd Semester
Lok Nayak Jayprakesh Narayana National Institute of
Criminology and Forensic Science
Ministry of Home Affairs

2.  Harmful acts committed from or against a
computer or network
 Illegal computer-mediated activities that can be
conducted through global electronic networks
 unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a
tool or target or both
 Online or Internet-based illegal acts

3.  The first recorded cyber crime took place in the
year 1820
 In 1820, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a textile
manufacturer in France, produced the loom
 This device allowed the repetition of a series of
steps in the weaving of special fabrics
 This resulted in a fear amongst Jacquard's
employees that their traditional employment and
livelihood were being threatened

4.  The employees committed acts of sabotage to
discourage Jacquard from further use of the new
technology.This is the first recorded cyber crime!
 The first spam email took place in 1978 when it
was sent over the Arpanet
 The first VIRUS was installed on an Apple
computer in 1982

5.  HACKING
 INTERNET FRAUD
 VIRUS DISSEMINATION
 CYBER TERRORISM
 CYBER THEFT
 PASSWORD
TRAFFICKING
 SOFTWARE PIRACY
 E-MAIL BOMBS
 LOGIC BOMBS
 IDENTITY THEFT
 CRADIT CARD FRAUD

6.  Activity is commonly referred as unauthorized
access to computer systems or network without
the permission of the computer owner/user
 Hackers write or use ready-made computer
programs to attack the target computer
 Computer hacking includes breaking into a
computer with the intent to steal, damage, modify
or monitor data or settings within the system

7.  Malicious software that attaches itself to other
software
 Circulate themselves to other files and to other
computers on a network
 Affect the data on a computer, either by altering
or deleting it

8.  In such crime criminal makes insignificant
changes in such a manner that such changes
would go unnoticed

Criminals makes such program thatdeducts
small amount like Rs. 2.50 per month from the
account of all the customer of the bank and
deposit the same in his account. In this case no
account holder will approach the bank for such
small amount but criminal gains huge amount

9.  Theft of software through the illegal copying of
genuine programs or the counterfeiting and
distribution of products intended to pass for the
original
 Copying and using computer programs
violation of copyrights and trade secret laws
 Retail revenue losses worldwide
increasing due to this crime
are
in
ever

10.  It refers to sending large numbers of mail to the
victim, which may be an individual or a company
by ultimately resulting into crashing.
 E-mail "bombing" is characterized by abusers
repeatedly sending an identical email message to
a particular address

11.  Programs are created to do something only when
a certain event (known as a trigger event) occurs
 Secretly attaches another
company‟s computer system
program
to
a
 Even some viruses may be termed logic bombs
because they lie dormant all through the year and
become active only on a particular date

12.  Any type of fraud scheme that uses one or more
components of the internet such as chat
rooms, e-mail, message boards, or Web sites - to
present fraudulent solicitations to prospective
victims, to conduct fraudulent transactions, or to
transmit the proceeds of fraud to financial
institutions or to other connected with the scheme

13.  It is the actual use of computers and Internet
technology to cause intimidation and destruction
 uses the Internet or network to destroy or
damage computers for political reasons
 Cyber terrorist could hack into a pharmaceutical
company‟s computers, changing the formula of
some essential medication and causing
thousands to die

14.  Misuse and illegal selling of other people‟s
passwords
 Break a company‟s password and misuse the
password or sale that password to another
company or an individual

15.  Identity theft occurs when somebody steals a
personal name and other personal information for
fraudulent purposes
 Identity theft is a form of identity crime where
somebody uses a false identity to commit a crime
 It involves stealing victims‟ personal information
and credentials, often to make purchases

16.  You simply have to type cradit card number into
www page of the vendor for online transaction
 If electronic transaction are not secured the
cradit card numbers can be stolen by the hackers
who can misuse this card by impersonating the
cradit card owner

17.  Silent in Nature
 Global in character
 Non existence of Physical Evidence
 Creates high Impact
 Gain Benefit

18.  Computer crime could be committed in privacy
without reaching to scene of crime physically i.e.
no eye witnesses. There is no signs of physical
violence or struggle

19.  No national borders. By sitting comfortably far
away from the country the entire economy of the
country could be destroyed. As digital evidences
are fragile in nature one has to respond quickly

20.  No physical evidence to indicate that crime has
been committed. Only on a closer look the trained
person could find out the evidences which are not
in the traditional format but are in digital format

21.  Impact is severe and may be long term. It can
damage the victim system permanently. Loss of
good will

22.  A software developer who did not get enough
money or good job would turn to criminal world
for their survival. Therefore, the computer crimes
have a potential to increase. Hence organized
mafia may enter into this sector

23.  Computer as Target
 Computer as Tool
 Computer as incidental to Offence

24.  Crimes which compromise the confidentiality of a
system, resulting in theft of services or the
release of viruses
 A computer virus is a self-replicating computer
program written to alter the way a computer
operates, without the permission or knowledge of
the user
 Example: Hacking/cracking, computer trespass

25.  Crimes migrated from the physical world into
cyberspace
such
as
child
pornography, fraud, illegal online sales
 This category include such crimes were either
computers or their contents bare used in
furtherance of crime or those offences which are
committed by manipulating contents of computer
systems
 Example: sending e-mails, credit card frauds
telecommunication frauds, identity theft

26.  Computer used to facilitate or execute a crime
such as the storing of child pornography or illicit
drug records
 This category includes conventional crimes, and
with the advent of computer the criminal have
started using the technology as an aid for its
perpetuation
 Example: Aid for drug trafficking, money
laundering, child pornography etc

27.  “Hackers” is a term that is currently used to
identify individuals who break into computers
 Hackers can be any age, creed or nationality
 Hackers have gained a negative image due to
their exploits in the past few years
 Hackers may commit their criminal activity for
excitement, the challenge or monetary reasons

28.  Hackers tend to be young males who have
extremely high intelligence and curiosity
 There has been an increase in the number of
females that have acquired the skills to break into
computer systems

29.  The process is based on their experience
acquired through attempting to break into, and
subsequently breaking into computer systems
 What this provides law enforcement is a Modus
Operandi (MO) with patterns that prosecutors and
police can use to build their case
 Law enforcement officials should establish
databases on the MO of cyber criminals in their
sectors

30.  Cyber criminals will typically need to use a
computer network that is difficult if not impossible
to identify
 This is done to make it difficult for law
enforcement to identify the perpetrator of the
cyber crime
 Cyber criminals will “hack” into a victim computer
or will use cyber café‟s to commit their illegal
activity

31.  Hackers will initially conduct intelligence
gathering during the first phase of their illegal
activity
 They want to learn network range, extranet
connections, etc
 Hackers next conduct network discovery to
identify the number and operating systems of the
target victim‟s computer network

32.  Hackers will also conduct host enumeration in
order to identify vulnerabilities that exist of the
system
 The computer‟s vulnerabilities will then be
exploited by the criminal
 Cyber criminals will also install password
crackers on the network. These “crackers” will
allow them to “break” the passwords of the
authorized users

33.  Once the network has been compromised, cyber
criminals will usually install “sniffers” that allow
them to capture user id/passwords and other
sensitive information
 Hackers may use stegonagraphy in order to hide
important data from law enforcement personnel
 Stegonagraphy is very
automated software
easy
to
use
with

34.  Computer forensic is evidence produced by a
computer
which
is
supported,conclusive
(convincing), and sufficient to be accepted by the
court
 Computer forensics is the discipline of acquiring,
preserving, identifying and examining digital
media

35.  It involves retrieving computer data in order to
meet standards for admissibility as evidence in
legal proceedings
 Computer forensic data recovery is the basis for
seizure of evidence in all computer-based
investigations

36.  Imagine the following
 You didn‟t
information
recognize
critical
evidence
or
 You could not locate vital data
 You could not use any documents or records
 You accidentally destroyed evidence
 You now needed to resolve an allegation or an
issue

37.  Removable Media: Floppy Disk; Zip Disk
 Hard Drive: IDE; SCSI
 CDROM
 Magnetic Tape
 Electronic Organizers

38.  Reliability of evidence
 Adherence to accepted protocols and practices
 Use of proven / accepted software
 Ability to testify as to methods and results of
analysis
 Trained and
examiners
certified
computer
forensics
 Proper training is crucial for testimonial purposes

39.  Separating pertinent evidence from non-pertinent
 There then must be an evaluation of the evidence
for criticality and usability in judicial environment
 There must always be a documentation of actions
taken by the examiner

40.  Governments have passed a variety of laws to
address the increase of computer crimes
 The first computer crime statutes were passed in
1986
 Local and regional areas have also passed laws
to address cyber crime at their level
 Local and regional laws generally mirror the
national laws

41.  One nation created a Computer Crime &
Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS) to formulate
policy on computer crime
 CCIPS is responsible for issuing country-wide
guidelines on the search and seizure of digital
data
 Each individual Attorney General‟s Office has a
specially trained prosecutor that is responsible for
the prosecution of crimes where a computer is
utilized

42.  The Computer Misuse Act (1990)
 The Data Protection Act (1998)
 Information Technology Act, 2000

43.  Use the latest version of anti-virus
 Use the latest version of the operating system
 Don‟t open e-mail attachments unless you know
the source
 Confirm the site you are doing business with
 Create passwords containing atleast 8 digits

44.  Use different passwords for different websites
 Send credit card information only to secure sites
 Use a security program that gives you control
over "Cookies" that send information back to
websites

45.  Use antivirus software‟s
 insert firewalls
 uninstall unnecessary software
 maintain backup
 check security settings
 Stay anonymous - choose a genderless screen name
 Never give your full name or address to strangers

46.  Learn „inetiquette' - follow it and expect it from
others
 Don't respond to harassing or negative messages
(flames)
 Get out of uncomfortable or hostile situations
quickly
 Save offending messages
 Learn more about Internet privacy

47.  Spam Blocker
 Anti-Virus Software
 Firewall Protection
 Caution in providing personal information
 Secure shoping
 Avoidence of Scam

48.  Avast Free Antivirus
 AVG Free Antivirus
 Avira AntiVir Personal
 Kaspersky Antivirus
 Mcafee Antivirus
 Symantec Norton Antivirus
 Quick Heal Antivirus