CSAMT
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CSAMT is a geophysical prospecting technique that uses controlled artificial electromagnetic signal sources instead of natural signals to increase signal-to-noise ratio. A grounded dipole transmitter operating between 0.1 Hz to 10 kHz is powered by a high power generator up to 10 km away. This allows CSAMT to overcome limitations of magnetotellurics like dependence on natural fields and noise, investigating shallow to intermediate depths for mineral and geothermal exploration with effects like near-field effects and source overprinting.
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The document discusses the magnetotelluric (MT) method, which uses natural electromagnetic fields generated by solar winds and lightning to infer the conductivity and resistivity distribution of the subsurface. The MT method involves passive surface measurements of the earth's natural EM fields across a wide frequency range to investigate structures at intermediate to deep depths. Key aspects covered include skin effect, which causes exponential attenuation of EM waves with depth; MT data processing in the frequency domain; and 1D and 2D inversion modeling to estimate subsurface resistivity structures from measured impedance data.
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Ground Penetrating Radar, also known as GPR, is a tool that is used to find Underground Utilities, Underground Storage Tanks (USTs), and in some cases, Graves. The depth and accuracy are dependent on a number of variables, such as soil density, moisture content, and antenna frequency. We use a 350 MHz antenna, which has the potential to reach depths of up to 35 ft (in perfect situations).
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2. 2D inversion of MT data revealed an up-dome shaped resistive layer below an alteration cap, indicating the potential geothermal reservoir.
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3. Earth has layers of increasing density, from less dense continental crust to denser mantle and core. The outer core generates convection currents that power the magnetic field, and the inner solid core rotates to produce it.
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1) 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were conducted along six radial profiles at the Bosumtwi impact crater in Ghana using a modified multi-electrode gradient array.
2) The cable take-outs of the resistivity imaging system were modified from 2m to 5m spacing, allowing investigation of the subsurface to depths of around 75m.
3) The ERT models identified three subsurface formations - low resistivity lake sediments, moderately resistive impact breccias, and highly resistive basement metamorphic rocks.
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Metoda magnetik mengukur variasi intensitas medan magnetik bumi akibat adanya variasi distribusi bahan magnetik di bawah permukaan. Pengukuran dilakukan di lapangan dan base menggunakan alat magnetometer dan SCINTREX. Data diolah untuk menafsirkan distribusi bahan magnetik dan geologi di bawah permukaan."
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Geolistrik 5
Metoda Mise-Ã -la-Masse (MAM) digunakan untuk mendeteksi anomali konduktif dengan mengukur distribusi potensial akibat injeksi arus melalui selubung sumur logamik. Distribusi potensial akan mengikuti pola anomali konduktif. Metoda ini awalnya dikembangkan untuk delineasi daerah mineralisasi dan reservoir geotermal, kemudian reservoir hidrokarbon.
Tem
The document discusses using transient electromagnetic (TEM) data to correct for static shifts in magnetotelluric (MT) data. TEM data is less sensitive to near-surface heterogeneities and topography, which can cause vertical shifts in MT apparent resistivity curves. The document proposes converting TEM time-domain data to the frequency domain using modeling or time shifting, and shifting the MT data to match the TEM-derived data to correct for static effects. This allows 1D MT modeling techniques to be applied to TEM data as well.
Applied Potential (AP)
Metode Mise-à-la-Masse (MAM) digunakan untuk mengukur distribusi potensial akibat injeksi arus langsung ke benda konduktif di bawah tanah untuk mendelineasi daerah mineralisasi atau reservoir. Distribusi potensial akan mengikuti pola konduktivitas bawah tanah dan memunculkan nilai maksimum di daerah dengan konduktivitas tinggi. Metode ini kemudian dikembangkan untuk mendelineasi reservoir hidrokarbon.
Mt 2
The document discusses several geophysical surveys conducted in various locations, including:
1) A gravity survey in Central Java and MT/AMT surveys along the Rhine-Bresse Transform Zone.
2) An AMT survey at Mount Patuha volcano in Indonesia and 2D resistivity modeling of hot springs.
3) The subsurface structure and thermal zone of Guntur volcano in Indonesia based on seismic and resistivity data.
Metodologi 1
This document outlines the key components and processes of research methodology, including defining research and distinguishing it from merely gathering information. It discusses the motivation, components, and processes of research, including topic selection, literature review, data acquisition and analysis, and reporting. It emphasizes that research should address an important question and advance knowledge through a systematic process of increasing understanding of a phenomenon.
Geolistrik 4
Resistivity-tomography adalah teknik pengukuran variasi resistivitas bawah tanah secara 2D/3D untuk memperoleh informasi struktur bawah tanah. Teknik ini memanfaatkan konfigurasi elektroda, instrumentasi otomatis, dan perangkat lunak pemodelan untuk menghasilkan peta resistivitas 2D atau 3D.
Gpr
GPR, or ground penetrating radar, is a non-destructive geophysical technique that uses high frequency electromagnetic waves to image the shallow subsurface. It works by transmitting waves into the ground from an antenna and detecting the reflected signals, with the reflection times corresponding to layer depths. GPR can create 2D or 3D images of underground structures based on contrasts in electrical properties like conductivity and dielectric permittivity, which are affected by material and moisture. Common applications include utility detection, archaeology, and mapping stratigraphy, but performance depends on ground conditions.
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It can detect objects, changes in material, and voids or cavities underground. GPR works by transmitting electromagnetic pulses into the ground and measuring the time it takes for the pulses to reflect back to a receiver antenna. Different materials and objects underground cause different reflections that appear as hyperbolic patterns in GPR images. GPR systems consist of a transmitter antenna, receiver antenna, control unit and display. The frequency used depends on the desired depth of penetration and resolution needed. GPR has advantages of being non-invasive, fast, and able to provide 3D images of underground structures, but its effectiveness is limited by certain soil or terrain conditions.
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Wireless transmission
ECE 618 covers topics related to mobile and wireless communications including frequencies, signals, antennas, and multiplexing techniques. The course discusses frequency ranges used for mobile communication and how signals are represented. It also examines antenna types including isotropic radiators, dipoles, directed, and sectorized antennas. The document outlines multiplexing methods such as FDM, TDM, CDM and modulation schemes including ASK, FSK, PSK and their advantages.
Bandwidth optimization
Satellite communications systems allow communication between two points on Earth via satellites. A signal is transmitted from an earth station to a satellite, which then relays the signal to another earth station. Satellites provide large area coverage and can bypass terrestrial networks. They are used for voice calls, television, radio, internet access, and more. Higher frequency bands like Ku-band provide more flexibility than C-band but are more susceptible to rain fade. Modern systems use modulation techniques like QPSK and 8-PSK along with error correction coding to optimize bandwidth use on satellites.
Updated! Debugging EMI Problems Using a Digital Oscilloscope
Access the video from this presentation for free from
http://www.rohde-schwarz-usa.com/DebuggingEMISS_On-Demand.html
Overview:
Electromagnetic interference is increasingly becoming a problem in complex systems that must interoperate in both digital and RF domains. When failures due to EMI occur it is often difficult to track down the sources of such failures using standard test receivers and spectrum analyzers. The unique ability of real-time spectrum analysis and synchronous time domain signal acquisition to capture transient events can quickly reveals details about the sources of EMI.
What You Will Learn:
How to isolate and analyze sources of EMI using an oscilloscope
Measurement considerations for correlating time and frequency domains
Near field probing basics
Presented By:
Dave Rishavy, Product Manager Oscilloscopes, Rohde & Schwarz
Dave Rishavy has a BS in Electrical Engineering from Florida State University and an MBA from the University of Colorado. Prior to joining Rohde and Schwarz, Mr. Rishavy gained over 15 years of experience in the test and measurement field at Agilent Technologies. This included positions in a wide range of technical marketing areas such as application engineering, product marketing, marketing management and strategic product planning. While at Agilent, Dave led the marketing and industry segment teams for the Infiniium line of oscilloscopes as well as high end logic analysis.
548 mw intro
1. Microwave technologies transmit high frequency radio signals for long-distance communication, originally used for telephone networks but now also for television distribution and private business networks.
2. Microwaves transmit through line-of-sight and require directional antennas aligned between transmitter and receiver, or satellites can relay signals over long distances.
3. Key characteristics of microwave systems include high volume data transmission over long distances through point-to-point or satellite-relayed signals operating at frequencies between 1-40 GHz.
Introduction & Wireless Transmission
The document discusses key aspects of wireless communication reference models including:
1. It describes the layers of the reference model from the physical layer up to the application layer and their main functions.
2. It covers topics like frequency ranges used for wireless transmission, common modulation techniques, and effects of signal propagation like multipath propagation.
3. It discusses technologies and standards used for wireless networks and regulations set by organizations like ITU.
wave-propagation
Radio waves can propagate between two points through four main ways: directly, following the curvature of the Earth, becoming trapped in the atmosphere, or refracting off the ionosphere. Propagation modes include ground-wave, sky-wave, and space-wave propagation. Mobile radio propagation is influenced by factors like reflections, scattering, diffraction, and the electromagnetic properties of materials. Proper propagation modeling is important for wireless system design and performance.
piezoelectric_transmitter_receiver_60.pptx
This document describes how to model a piezoelectric device that can act as both an ultrasound transmitter and receiver using COMSOL Multiphysics. It involves setting up a 2D axisymmetric model of a PZT transducer radiating sound into a water domain. The transducer is excited by an electrical circuit and receives echo signals. The model couples the piezoelectric, acoustic, and electrical effects to simulate transmitting an ultrasound pulse and receiving the echoes.
ashkkadjhasjdhkae2312433521433.pdf
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in wireless communication systems. It outlines the main elements of a wireless system including the transmitter, frequency spectrum, modulation, antenna, propagation medium, and receiver. It also discusses wireless history, services, frequency bands, antenna characteristics, signal attenuation and noise. Common modulation techniques like AM, FM, ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM are introduced. The document also covers concepts of multipath propagation, signal-to-noise ratio, and multiplexing methods including TDM, FDM and CDMA.
Components of a Pulse Radar System
Radar was invented in the early 1900s and applied during World War II to detect aircraft. The basic principles of radar involve transmitting electromagnetic signals that are reflected off targets and detected. A typical radar system includes a transmitter, antenna, receiver, and display. The radar range equation relates key variables such as transmitted power, wavelength, target radar cross-section, and system losses to the maximum detectable range. Integration of multiple radar returns can improve the signal-to-noise ratio and increase detection range.
Radarsurvbw 1232267772428796-3
Radar was invented in the early 1900s and applied during World War II to detect aircraft. The basic principles of radar involve transmitting electromagnetic signals that are reflected off targets and detected. A typical radar system includes a transmitter, antenna, receiver, and display. The radar range equation relates key variables such as transmitted power, antenna gain, target radar cross-section, and noise power to determine maximum detection range.
Presentation
An earth station is a type of radio equipment used to communicate with satellites from Earth's surface. It transmits and receives radio waves in extremely high frequency bands to communicate with geosynchronous satellites. Larger antenna apertures are needed for earth stations to achieve higher gains and narrower beam widths for better reception and transmission of signals. The key components of an earth station include a feed, reflector, transmission lines, control system, and power supply. The control system uses an antenna control unit and drive unit to precisely orient the antenna based on signals from a satellite beacon.
Trunk microwave equipment
The document discusses different types of microwave equipment, including trunk microwave equipment, all outdoor microwave equipment, and split-mount microwave equipment. Split-mount microwave equipment has the RF unit located outdoors in an outdoor unit connected via an IF cable to an indoor unit containing the IF, signal processing, and multiplexing/demultiplexing units. This equipment type is widely used due to its easy installation and maintenance capabilities. The document also describes microwave antenna types and adjustment, as well as specifications for outdoor and indoor units.
Chapter#5
This document discusses various topics related to antennas and propagation, including:
- The basic functions of antennas for transmission and reception of signals
- Types of radiation and reception patterns that characterize antenna performance
- Common types of antennas like dipole, vertical, and parabolic reflective antennas
- Factors that influence signal propagation over distance like free space loss, noise, multipath interference, and atmospheric effects
- Techniques to improve reliability like diversity combining, adaptive equalization, and forward error correction coding.
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Updated! Debugging EMI Problems Using a Digital Oscilloscope
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对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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CSAMT
- 2. CSAMT, background Drawbacks of MT method → dependence on fluctuating natural EM fields → low signal to noise ratio (S/N) for certain frequency bands and high noise level in industrialized or populated areas CSAMT (controlled-source audio-frequency MT) employs artificial signal source to increase S/N Transmitter is usually a grounded dipole (or ungrounded loop) that operates in the frequency from 0.1 Hz to 10 kHz High power electrical generator is needed to supply the transmitter (4 - 10 km from the sounding sites), complicating the logistics