This document provides a summary of key concepts in aviation frequency bands, electromagnetic spectrum, navigation aids, and communication systems. It defines the low, medium, high, ultra high, and super high frequency bands. It also discusses amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, transmitters, receivers, static electricity, VHF omni-directional range, automatic direction finder, non-directional beacons, antennas, magnetic bearings, advanced navigation systems like VOR and LORAN, GPS, horizontal situation indicators, nautical miles, carrier waves, communication radios frequencies, emergency locator transmitters, ADF receivers, atmospheric noise, crosswinds, and instrument landing systems.

1. Ben’s final study guide:Frequency: I cycle per second, 1 kilo, 1 hertFrequency bands: -Low frequency: below 300 hz – lf/mf communications-medium frequency: 300-3000 khz – commercial AM 535-1605 khz-high frequency: 3-30 mhz – HF communications 2-25 mhz-ultra high frequency: 300-3000 mhz – transponder and dme 960-1215 mhz-super high frequency: 3000 mhz and up – radar 220-5200 mhz-Very high frequency: 30-3000 mhz*higher the frequency, the farther away it can be detectedBe familiar with electromagnetic spectrumAM: Amplitude modulated FM: Frequency modulationTransmitter receiver: send out message as electromagnetic pulse with modulation to distinguish from a hum steady noiseStatic electricity: interferes with magnetic flight controls and navigation/radio equipment. Faster the aircraft travels, the more static buildup it acquires. Static wicks allow static charge to drain off.VHF: omni directional rangeCDI should centerADF: automatic direction finderNBD: non directional beacon, low to medium frequencyANT: antenna functionsDirection of needle: direction of stationTail of needle: direction from stationMagnetic bearing + relative bearing= magnetic bearingAdvanced navigation: VORTACLORAN: Long Range Navigation-Low frequency range-follow contours of the earth, long range chain-weather can affect signal-foilage, season, terrain can affect signalGPS: Global Positioning System, uses triangulation of distance, 3 position satellites to workHSI: Horizontal Situation Indicator, heading and VOR indicating comboFeet/mile: 6000 ft. per nautical mileAC wave: 60 cycles/ secondCommunication radios: 118 mhz to 133 mhz121.5 = emergency signalCarrier wave does not have to take any voice data with itCommunication radios: controlled by FCC2 way radio: transceiver can receive and transmit signals ELT: emergency locater transmitter, transmitted on 121.5 mhz, changed in march 2009.ADF receives signals from 199 to 1799 khzUnits can directly receive from sense antennaLF/MF band is full of atmospheric and manmade noiseCrosswind can cause navigation difficultyILS: instrument landing system, precision approach, most accurate, lowest visibilityI apologize for the terrible organization skills I have. So other than what’s on here and look over the corresponding avionics chapter in your airframe study book. Sorry again (fuck, fuck, shit fuck).