- Protected cultivation involves growing crops in a controlled environment for optimal growth conditions. It protects crops from adverse weather. - Key objectives of protected cultivation include controlling the temperature, light, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, excess moisture/runoff, water loss, weed growth, and leaching of fertilizers to protect from pests and diseases. - Common technologies for protected cultivation are greenhouses, shade nets, low tunnels, mulching, soil solarization, drip/sprinkler irrigation, and fertigation. This allows for higher productivity, better quality produce, and year-round cultivation.

1. BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Protected Cultivation and Secondary
Agriculture
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION
BY
DR. PRAMOD RAI
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

2. Protected Cultivation
Protected cultivation is a process of growing
crops in a controlled environment.
or
Protected cultivation is the technique of
providing favorable environmental or growth
conditions to the plants.
or
A technique wherein the microclimate around
the plant is controlled fully, partially or
modified to protect the crop from adverse
weather.

3. Objectives of Protected Cultivation
Fully controlled/partially/modified microclimate
around the plant
Temperature: Air & soil temperature (minimum &
maximum)
Light: Intensity, quality & duration
Relative humidity
Carbon dioxide
Excess moisture, runoff & percolation loss
Water loss & weed growth
Leaching of fertilizer
Insect & pest

4. Technologies for Protected Cultivation
Greenhouse
Other protected structure: Shade net structure,
Insect net proof structure
Plastic low tunnel
Mulching especially plastic mulching
Soil solarization
Drip & sprinkler irrigation
Fertigation
Plastic Pro-tray

5. Advantages of Protected Cultivation
Higher productivity
Better quality of produce
Early & off season cultivation
Round the year healthy nursery raising &
hardening plant
Better insect & disease control
Reduced uses of pesticides
Reduced uses of weedicide
Efficient uses of resources (Water/fertilizer)

6. Limitations of Protected Cultivation
High cost of initial infrastructure (capital cost).
Non-availability of skilled human power and their
replacement locally.
Lack of technical knowledge of growing crops under
protected structures.
All the operations are very intensive and require
constant effort.
Requires close supervision and monitoring.
A few pests and soil-borne pathogens are difficult to
manage.
Repair and maintenance are major hurdles.
Requires assured marketing, since the investment of
resources like time, effort and finances, is expected to
be very high.

7. Secondary Agriculture
Value addition to primary agriculture
production systems
Alternative enterprises
Enterprises that use crop residues and wastes of
primary agriculture

8. Value addition to Primary Agriculture Production
Systems
Inputs – Centric
Nursery for horticulture crops/flowers etc.
Vermicompost, Bio-fertilisers production, Bio-
pesticides, Water, Soil Testing / Analysis, Animal feed
/ fodder production
Harvest / Post Harvest - Centric
Pre-conditioning produce for markets: Fruits,
vegetables, flowers, spices, etc. Assaying, packaging,
pre-cooling and dispatch hubs
Micro and Small Enterprises that can process the
primary agriculture produce: garlic extracts/paste,
turmeric powder, pickles, jams, etc.

9. Alternative Enterprises
Enterprises that can generate income without
competing for the resources (land and manpower)
employed in primary agriculture
Mushroom Production
Bee Keeping
Hydroponics
Mahua Products
Lac Cultivation
Bamboo Products
Many more

10. Enterprises that use crop residues and wastes of
Primary Agriculture
Dung logs, bio-gas, leather extracts, etc.
Fibre Boards etc., from rice straw
Urea enriched fodder block from rice straws
Banana fibre extraction & products
Cutlery plates from wheat husk, arecanut leaves, Siali
leaves, etc.

11. Fresh produce supply chain management (farm to
fork/ farm to plate/farm to health)
Pre harvest management
Genetic material (seed/ planting material)
Agronomical management
Environment management
Post harvest management of fresh produce
Pre cooling
Sanitizing
Grading/ sorting
Packaging
Storage
retailing

12. Process food supply chain management (farm to
fork/ farm to plate/farm to health)
Pre harvest management
Genetic material (seed/ planting material)
Agronomical management
Environment management
Process food development
Selection of right food product
Selection of right raw materials
Selection of product technology
Selection of machinery
Product development
Marketing

13. Successful examples supply chain (fresh/process food)
Fresh Produce
The Global Green Company (gherkins)
INI Farms (Pomgranate)
Mahindra Greenyard (fresh fruits & vegetables)
Process Food
Pespsico India (Lays chips etc.)
Hindustan Unilever Limited (kissan Katchups)
ITC Limited (Aashirvaad atta)
Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.
(Amul)

14. Missing link
Pre harvest Post Harvest (fresh produce/process food)
Soil Science & Agricultural
Chemistry
Agricultural Engineering (Processing and
Food Engineering Farm Machinery and
Power Engineering, Renewable Energy
Engineering)
Agronomy Horticulture (Post Harvest Engineering)
Plant Breeding & Genetics Food Technology (product development,
Chemistry, Microbiology etc.)
Horticulture (Fruit, vegetable &
floor)
Animal husbandry (Diary, Fishery, meat
product etc.)
Plant Pathology Forestry (NTFP)
Entomology Home Science (Nutrition)
Plant Physiology Mechanical Engineer
Agriculture Physics Chemical Engineer
Agricultural Engineering (Soil and
Water Conservaton Engineering,
Irrigation and Drainage
Engineering, Farm Machinery and
Power Engineering, Renewable
Energy Engineering)
Electrical & electronics Engineer

15. Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture (Theory classes)
S.N. Contents Class Professor
1. Green house technology: Introduction 1 Dr. Pramod
Rai
2. Types of Green Houses 1
3. Plant response to Green house environment 1
4. Planning and design of greenhouses 1
5. Design criteria of green house for cooling and heating purposes 1
6. Green house equipments, materials of construction for traditional
and low cost green houses
1
7. Irrigation systems used in greenhouses 1
8. Typical applications, passive solar green house, hot air green house
heating systems, green house drying.
1
9. Cost estimation and economic analysis 1
10. Important Engineering properties such as physical, thermal of
cereals, pulses and oilseed,
2 Dr. Md. I. A.
Ansari
11. Aero & hydrodynamic properties of cereals, pulses and oilseed, 1
12. Their application in PHT equipment design and operation. 1
13. Drying and dehydration; moisture measurement, EMC 1 Dr. Chhaya
14. Drying theory, various drying method, commercial grain dryer
(deep bed dryer)
1
15. Flat bed dryer, tray dryer, fluidized bed dryer, recirculatory dryer
and solar dryer
1
16. Material handling equipment; conveyer and elevators, their
principle, working and selection.
2
Total theory classes 18

16. Practical classes
S.N. Contents Class Professor
1. Study of different type of green houses based on
shape
3 Dr.
Pramod
Rai
2. Determine the rate of air exchange in an active
summer winter cooling system
2
3. Study of green house equipments 2
4. Determination of drying rate of agricultural
products inside green house
2
5. Determination of engineering properties (shape
and size, bulk density and porosity of
biomaterials)
2 Dr. Md.
I. A.
Ansari
6. Determination of Moisture content of various
grains by moisture meter
2
7. Visit to various Post Harvest Laboratories 2 Dr.
Chhaya
8. Determination of Moisture content of various
grains by oven drying & infrared moisture
methods
2
9. Field visit to seed processing plant 1
Total practical classes 18

17. Protected Cultivation[B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture, elective: 2+1]
Protected cultivation- importance and scope
Status of protected cultivation in India and World types of protected
structure based on site and climate.
Cladding material involved in greenhouse/ poly house.
Greenhouse design, environment control, artificial lights,
Automation.
Soil preparation and management, Substrate management.
Types of benches and containers.
Irrigation and fertigation management.
Propagation and production of quality planting material of
horticultural crops.
Greenhouse cultivation of important horticultural crops – rose,
carnation, chrysanthemum, gerbera, orchid, anthurium, lilium, tulip,
tomato, bell pepper, cucumber, strawberry, pot plants, etc.
Cultivation of economically important medicinal and aromatic plants.
Off-season production of flowers and vegetables.
Insect pest and disease management.

18. Hi-tech. Horticulture[B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture, elective: 2+1]
Introduction & importance
Nursery management and mechanization
Micro propagation of Horticultural crops
Modern field preparation and planting methods
Protected cultivation: advantages, controlled conditions, method and
techniques
Micro irrigation systems and its components
EC, pH based fertilizer scheduling
Canopy management
High density orcharding
Components of precision farming: Remote sensing, Geographical
Information System (GIS), Differential Geo-positioning System
(DGPS), Variable Rate applicator (VRA)
Application of precision farming in horticultural crops (fruits,
vegetables and ornamental crops)
Mechanized harvesting of produce

19. Precision Farming & Protected Cultivation [B.Sc.
(Hons) Horticulture, regular: 2+1]
Precision farming – laser leveling, mechanized direct seed sowing
Seedling and sapling transplanting, mapping of soils and plant attributes, site
specific input application, weed management
Insect pests and disease management, yield mapping in horticultural crops
Green house technology, Introduction, Types of Green Houses; Plant
response to Greenhouse environment
Planning and design of greenhouses, Design criteria of greenhouse for
cooling and heating purposes
Green house equipment, materials of construction for traditional and low cost
green houses
Irrigation systems used in greenhouses, Typical applications, passive solar
green house, hot air greenhouse heating systems, green house drying
Cost estimation and economic analysis
Choice of crops for cultivation under greenhouses, problems / constraints of
greenhouse cultivation and future strategies
Growing media, soil culture, type of soil required, drainage, flooding and
leaching, soil pasteurization in peat moss and mixtures, rock wool and other
inert media
Nutrient film technique (NFT) / hydroponics

20. Plastic Applications in Agriculture [B.Tech (Agril.
Engg.),elective: 2+1]
Introduction of plasticulture - types and quality of plastics used in soil and water
conservation, production agriculture and post harvest management. Quality control
measures. Present status and future prospective of plasticulture in India.
Water management - use of plastics in in-situ moisture conservation and rain water
harvesting. Plastic film lining in canal, pond and reservoir. Plastic pipes for irrigation
water management, bore-well casing and subsurface drainage.
Drip and sprinkler irrigation systems. Use of polymers in control of percolation losses
in fields.
Soil conditioning - soil solarisation, effects of different colour plastic mulching in
surface covered ultivation.
Nursery management - Use of plastics in nursery raising, nursery bags, trays etc.
Controlled environmental cultivation - plastics as cladding material, green / poly /
shade net houses, wind breaks, poly tunnels and crop covers. Plastic nets for crop
protection - anti insect nets, bird protection nets. Plastic fencing.
Plastics in drying, preservation, handling and storage of agricultural produce,
innovative plastic packaging solutions for processed food products.
Plastic cap covers for storage of food grains in open.
Use of plastics as alternate material for manufacturing farm equipment and
machinery. Plastics for aquacultural engineering and animal husbandry - animal
shelters, vermi-beds and inland fisheries.
Silage film technique for fodder preservation.
Agencies involved in the promotion of plasticulture in agriculture at national and state
level. Human resource development in plasticutlure applications.

21. Precision Farming Techniques for Protected Cultivation
[B.Tech (Agril. Engg.),elective: 2+1]
Protected cultivation: Introduction, History, origin, development, National and International
Scenario, components of green house, perspective
Types of green houses, polyhouses /shed nets, Cladding materials
Plant environment interactions – principles of limiting factors, solar radiation and transpiration,
greenhouse effect, light, temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide enrichment
Design and construction of green houses – site selection, orientation, design, construction,
design for ventilation requirement using exhaust fan system, selection of equipment
Greenhouse cooling system – necessity, methods – ventilation with roof and side ventilators,
evaporative cooling, different shading material fogging, combined fogging and fanpad cooling
system, design of cooling system, maintenance of cooling and ventilation systems, pad care etc.
Greenhouse heating – necessity, components, methods, design of heating system
Root media – types – soil and soil less media, composition, estimation, preparation and
disinfection, bed preparation
Planting techniques in green house cultivation. Irrigation in greenhouse and net house – Water
quality, types of irrigation system, components, design, installation and material requirement
Fogging system for greenhouses and net houses – introduction, benefits, design, installation and
material requirement. Maintenance of irrigation and fogging systems.
Fertilization – nutrient deficiency symptoms and functions of essential nutrient elements,
principles of selection of proper application of fertilizers, fertilizer scheduling, rate of
application of fertilizers, methods, automated fertilizer application
Greenhouse climate measurement, control and management
Insect and disease management in greenhouse and net houses, Selection of crops for greenhouse
cultivation, major crops in greenhouse – irrigation requirement, fertilizer management,
cultivation, harvesting and post harvest techniques
Economic analysis

22. Precision Agriculture and System Management
[B.Tech (Agril. Engg.), elective: 2+1]
Precision Agriculture – need and functional requirements.
Familiarization with issues relating to natural resources.
Familiarization with equipment for precision agriculture including
sowing and planting machines, power sprayers, land clearing
machines, laser guided land levellers, strawchopper, straw-balers,
grain combines, etc.
Introduction to GIS based precision agriculture and its applications.
Introduction to sensors and application of sensors for data
generation. Database management.
System concept. System approach in farm machinery management,
problems on machinery selection, maintenance and scheduling of
operations. Application to PERT and CPM for machinery system
management

23. Course Coverage
Teaching (Class room): PPT, lecture notes,
Basic books etc.
Practical (Lab experiments, field experiments,
farmer’s field visit etc.)
Assignments (Reading, Individual Assignment,
Group Assignment)
Numerical problems

24. Assignments (Group Assignment, Batch: 2016-17)
Effect of drip irrigation on quality of fruits and
vegetables
Effect of fertigation on the quality of fruits and
vegetables
Effect of plastic mulching on the quality of fruits
and vegetables
Effects of Plastic Mulching on Disease and Pest
Management

25. Student READY (Rural and Entrepreneurship Awareness
Development Yojana)
Experiential Learning (EL)
Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE)
Plant Training/Industrial Attachment
Hands-on Training (HOT)/ Skill Development
Training
Students Projects

26. Government Initiative
Startup India
Central Government initiative for startup
States’ startup policies
Connect with incubators
Connect with corporates/accelerators
Connect with mentors
Connect with investors
Skill India
Agriculture Skill Council of India
Food Industry Capacity & Skill Initiative

27. Educational Institute Initiative
Entrepreneurship Cell (EC)
It invites various eminent entrepreneurs to deliver lectures to
educate students about the joys and hardships of entrepreneurship.
Guest Lectures, Business Plan workshops, Case study workshops,
patent workshops are conducted throughout the year to involve
students in activities that are essential to an entrepreneur.
Incubation Cell (IC)
The IC aims to build and share resources including space and
infrastructure, access to business support services, mentoring,
training programmes to enhance the skills of entrepreneurs and
seed funds.
The scope of support is broad-based, and covers technologies/IP
developed wholly at the Institute or partly through collaborations
elsewhere, as well as external start-ups with which Institute
members are associated as consultants or mentors.

28. Books
Basic Coverage
Hand Book of Agricultural Engineering
Hand Book of Horticulture
Hand Book of Agriculture
Text Book
Green House Technology for a Controlled Environment (Indian)
Greenhouse Operation and Management (Foreign)
Greenhouse Technology and Management (Foreign)
Advanced Book
Greenhouse Technology: Fundamentals, Design, Modelling and
Applications (Indian)
Plant Nutrition of Greenhouse Crops (Foreign)
Greenhouse climate control: an integrated approach (Foreign)
Greenhouse Design and Control (Foreign)
Advances in Protected Cultivation (Foreign)
Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture (Foreign)

29. E-learning
www. ecoursesonline.iari.rec.in
e-krishishikha
e-agriculture
NAPTEL
Swayam
Sodh Gangotri
Materials developed by individual
Professor
Materials developed by institution
(Public/Private)

30. Government Policies
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture
(MIDH) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme for the
holistic growth of the horticulture sector covering
fruits, vegetables, root & tuber crops, mushrooms,
spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, cocoa
and bamboo.
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (Pmksy),
Centrally Sponsored Schemewith the motto of ‘Har Khet
Ko Paani’. There is a need for seriously considering all
options including linking of rivers, where feasible; for
ensuring optimal use of our water resources to prevent the
recurrence of flood and drought.
By harnessing rain water through ‘Jal Sanchay’ and ‘Jal
Sinchan’, nurture water conservation and ground water
recharge. Micro irrigation will be popularized to
ensure ‘Per drop-More crop.

31. Academic Institutes
India
IIT, Kharagpur (MHRD)
CIAE, Bhopal, ICAR
CFTRI, CSIR
AICRP on PET (Plasticulture Engineering & Technology)
PFDC (Minister of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare)
World
Center for Controlled Environment Agriculture, Cook
College, Rutgers University, US
Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, The
University of Arizona, US
Centre for Horticulture and Landscape, School of Plant
Science, University of Reading, UK
Agriculture Research Organization, Isreal
Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands

32. Private Sectors
Netafim Irrigation India Pvt. Ltd., Isreal
Jain Irrigation Systems, Jalgaon, India
Mahindra EPC Irrigation Ltd., M & M
Captain Polyplast Limited, Rajkot, Gujrat
Dinesh Irrigation Pvt. Ltd.
Premier Irrigation Adritec Pvt Ltd, Kolkata
Essen Multipack Limited, Rajkot
Agriplast Tech India Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru,
Karnataka

33. Business News Paper & Magazine
News Paper
Economics times
Business Standard
Business Line
Financial Express
Mint
Magazine
Business Today (Fortnightly, Living Media India
Limited)
Business India (Fortnightly, Business India Publications
Ltd
Outlook Business (Outlook Publishing (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Business World
Forbes India

34. Business News Channel
Hindi
CNBC Awaaz (TV18 NBC Universal)
Zee Business (Zee Media Corporation Ltd.)
English
ET Now (The Times Group)
CNBC TV18 (TV18 NBC Universal)
NDTV profit (NDTV group India)
BTVi (Business Broadcast News Pvt. Ltd)

35. National Journal
S. N. Journal Society Publisher
1. Journal of
Agricultural
Engineering
Indian Society of
Agricultural Engineers
Indian Society of
Agricultural Engineers
2. Agricultural
Engineering Today
Indian Society of
Agricultural Engineers
Indian Society of
Agricultural Engineers
3. Indian Journal of
Horticulture
The Horticultural Societ
y of India
ICAR-Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research
Bengaluru
4. Vegetable Science Indian Society of
Vegetable Science
Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research,
Post Bag No-1,
Po-Jakhini
(Shahanshpur)
Varanasi-UP
5. Journal of Food
Science and
Technology (JFST)
Association of Food
Scientists and
Technologists of India
(AFSTI)
Springer

36. International Journal
S. N. Journal Society Publisher
1. Scientia Horticulturae - Elsevier
2. Applied Engineering in
Agriculture
American Society of
Agricultural and Biological
Engineers
-
3. Journal of Agricultural Safety
and Health
American Society of
Agricultural and Biological
Engineers
-
4. Transactions of the ASABE American Society of
Agricultural and Biological
Engineers
-
5. Agricultural Water
Management
- Elsevier
6. Hort Technology American Society for
Horticultural Science
-
7. Hort Science American Society for
Horticultural Science
-
8. Journal of American Society
for Horticultural Science
American Society for
Horticultural Science
-
9. Biosystems engineering - Elsevier
10. Journal of Biosystems
Engineering
The Korean Society for
Agricultural Machinery
Springer

37. Professional Society
Indian
Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers
The Horticultural Society of India
Indian Society of Vegetable Science, Varanasi
Association of Food Scientists and Technologists of
India (AFSTI)
International
American Society of Agricultural and Biological
Engineers
American Society for Horticultural Science

38. Video materials (Developed by educational institute/private
company, Individual, youtubes etc.)
Benefits of Plasticulture farmers experience in field
(https://youtu.be/X0tUNARpKN0)
Okra cultivation during rainy season (https://youtu.be/8d33VToqHU0)
Poly tunnel for growing of vegetables nursery at farmer’s field
(https://youtu.be/EZFpfdYaC2c)
Implementation of Plasticulture Technology in Jharkhand
(https://youtu.be/abhV_-zQ_Wg)
Protected cultivation (https://youtu.be/BTWGBrHJD4o)
Low cost temporary shade net structure (https://youtu.be/PhZmEyKXEY4)
Low cost detachable roof green house (GH) (https://youtu.be/fy1U3Y759l8)
Low cost multipurpose greenhouse (MGH) (https://youtu.be/Xbyq8U9TUaE)
Low Cost Plastic Low Tunnel- प्ऱास्टिक का गुफा नुमा घर
(https://youtu.be/XCJrqvmFqrk)
Selection of Plastic mulch for vegetable Cultivation
(https://youtu.be/qIxUO1hWHD4)
फऱों को पकायें सिफ
फ 2 पैिे प्रति ककऱो | Low Cost Ripening Chamber
(https://youtu.be/9cc9vqlk-p0)

39. Other ways for learning
Industrial exposure: visit to industries, industrial
training etc.
Learning platform: Byju’s, Unacademy, vedantu
& may more
Online classes & conferencing: Google meet,
Microsoft team, Webex, Jio, airtel & many more
Patents: Source of knowledge
Case studies
Others

40. Ways to enhance farmers income
Increasing the yield
Enhancing the quality
Early Production
Off season cultivation
Proper marketing (local/ within India/ outside
India)
Storage of fresh produce for off season
consumption (apple/ potato etc.)
Growing the fresh produce for processed food

41. Increasing the yield
The yield can be increased by selecting right variety,
better agronomical management and proper
management of environment.
There is need to study the variation of yield of any
crop (e.g. tomato) in Jharkhand, India and outside
India.
The yield of tomato in Jharkhand under conventional
method of cultivation is reported is up to 20 t/ha.
The reported yield of tomato in Jharkhand (around 40
t/ha), India (around 40-60 t/ha) and outside India
(around 130 t/ha) under drip irrigation with fertigation
under plastic mulch
The reported yield of tomato in India (around 140-180
t/ha) and outside India (around 500 t/ha & up to 1000
t/ha) under hi-tech greenhouse condition.

42. Increasing the quality
The quality can be increased by selecting right
variety, better agronomical management and
proper management of environment.
Till date in India, we have mainly focused on
only enhancing the yield and not given proper
emphasis on quality of produce.
It is well documented that the quality of
produce can be enhanced by selecting right
variety, proper drip irrigation with fertigation,
plastic mulching, protected cultivation etc.
It is well known that quality of any produce
cannot be improved after harvesting, at best it
can only be maintained.

43. Early Production
Normally the selection of crop is done based
on environment conditions in open field
conditions.
Due to above reason the growers do not realize
the better price for their produce due play of
supply & demand of produce.
The early production of perishable crops
(vegetables) can be done using plasticulture
technologies (protray nursery growing under
plastic low tunnel, drip irrigation with
fertigation, plastic mulching and plastic low
tunnel).

44. Off season cultivation
It is well known that we can grow any crop
anywhere in any season by providing the
environmental conditions according to crop
requirement.
The off season cultivation can be done using
plasticulture technologies (protray nursery
growing under plastic low tunnel, drip
irrigation with fertigation, plastic mulching,
plastic low tunnel, protected structure).
But there is need to ascertain the demand of
crop those need to be cultivated and economics
of crop cultivation.

45. Proper marketing (local/ within India/ outside India)
The marketing of perishable produce is one of the
major bottlenecks in realizing the better price of
fresh produce.
There is need to reduce the middle man in supply
chain of fresh produce i.e. removing the middle man
between seller and consumer.
There is need to grow the crops according to
requirements of end consumer (i.e. local, within
India and outside India), because package of
practice will vary according to need of end
consumer.
There is need to focus on e-marketing, such as e-
NAM.

46. Storage of fresh produce for off season
consumption (apple/ potato etc.)
There are different type of storage structure and
cost of storage varies based on control system
used.
Sometime produce are stored for transient period
after harvesting the fresh produce, which can be
temperature controlled or based on evaporative
cooling.
There are very few fresh produce which are stored
during production season for future requirement
and consumption.
Normally fresh produce stored for future
consumption are apple, potato, carrot, tamarind,
mahua etc.

47. Growing the fresh produce for processed food
There is need to clearly define the purpose of fresh
produce i.e. it is grown for fresh purpose or
processed food.
Based on requirement (fresh or processed food),
the seed variety will vary.
The agronomical management practices will be
different for fresh or processed food.
Normally the cultivation for processed food is
done in consultation with food processing
company.
Normally all the big food processing companies go
for contact farming to secure the quantity and
quality of raw materials required for processing
purpose.

48. If you have any question/suggestion
Mail me: pramod_kgp@yahoo.co.uk
Contact me on WhatsApp: 8986644713