2. We already know that:
● All living organisms require food.
● The energy from food is utilised by an organism
for carrying out its various life processes such as
digestion, respiration and excretion.
● Plants can make their food themselves but
animals including humans cannot.
● We get our food from plants or animals, or both.
3. CROP
● Plants of the same kind
that are grown and
cultivated as a source of
food in a large cultivable
land is called a crop
Agriculture
The applied branch of biology
which deals with cultivation of
plants and rearing of animals is
called agriculture. Generally,
the art or practice of
cultivating land is referred as
agriculture. The branch of
agriculture which deals with
food, health and management
of animals is known as animal
husbandry.
5. ● Kharif Crops
The crops which are grown during the monsoon
(rainy) season (June-September) are called kharif
crops. For example, maize, millet (bajra) and
cotton crops. Seeds of these crops are sown in the
beginning of the monsoon season. After
maturation, these crops are harvested at the end
of the monsoon season (Oct.-Nov.)
7. ● Rabi Crops
Crops which are grown during the winter season
(October-March) are called rabi crops. For
example, wheat, gram and mustard. Seeds of
these crops are sown in the beginning of the
winter season. After maturation of crops, they are
harvested at the end of the winter season
(April-May).
9. ● Zaid Crops (or Summer Crops)The crops grown in the
summer season are ( called zaid crops).
● Moong, muskmelon, watermelon, cucumber, gourd and
bitter gourd are examples of zaid crops.
10.
11. ● Preparation of soil
● Sowing
● Adding manure and fertilisers
● Irrigation
● Protecting from weeds
● Harvesting
● STORAGE
Basic Practices of Crop Production
12. Preparation of Soil
● Preparation of soil is the first step in
cultivating crop for food production.
● The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the
crop.
● This is carried out using various processes and
tools.
15. This is being used since ancient times for tilling the soil,
adding fertilisers to the crop, removing the weeds and
turning the soil. This is made of wood and is drawn by a
pair of bulls or other animals (horses and camels). It
contains a strong triangular iron strip called ploughshare.
The main part of the plough is a long log of wood which is
called a ploughshaft
16. Hoe
It is used for
removing weeds
and for loosening
the soil
29. What we learned in the
previous class:
● What is Agriculture and what are Crops.
● Different types of crops in india.
● Basic Practices of Crop Production
● And, Agricultural implements.
30.
31. DISCUSSION OF HOME TASK
● Why Kharif crops cannot be grown
in Rabi season?
● Story of Parthenium
32. Lantana has become one of the world’s
most invasive weeds because of its high
adaptability.
Lantana camara
34. ● The substances which are added to the soil in the form
of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are called
MANURE AND FERTILISERS.
● Continuous cultivation of crops makes the soil poor in
nutrients.
● Therefore, farmers have to add manure to the fields to
replenish the soil with nutrients. This process is called
MANURING.
● Improper or insufficient manuring results in weak
plants.
35. Adding Manure and Fertilisers
What is the need ?
● It is very important to enrich the soil with nutrients to
improve crop productivity. This is why manures &
fertilizers are applied.
36. ● Method of replenishing
the soil
● Addition of fertilizers and manure
● Crop rotation
37. IRRIGATION
● Irrigation is artificial application of water to soil to ensure
growth of agricultural crops.
○
● Water is very important for growth of plants as it helps in
germination of seeds, absorption of dissolved nutrients,
photosynthesis and temperature regulation.
○
● Irrigation is very much needed in India due to irregular
distribution of rainfall. If agriculture is left dependent on rains,
then it will suffer during the dry seasons of the year.
38.
39. Traditional methods of
Irrigation
moat (pulley-system)
chain pump
dhekli, and
rahat (Lever system
What are the Disadvantages
associated with traditional
methods of irrigation?
40. Modern methods of irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation being able to overcome the
limitations of traditional methods are encouraged these days
Modern methods are more efficient with no water wastage and
no human labor involved
44. Protection against weeds
Weeds can be controlled by applying weedicides. These are
chemicals which kill weeds without damaging the crops. These
chemicals are diluted with water and then sprayed with a sprayer
to the field. Since these chemicals are toxic, therefore farmers
should cover their mouth/ nose while applying weedicides like
2,4-D.
★ SATYAMEV JAYATE S1 | EPISODE 8 | TOXIC FOOD
45. Harvesting
Harvesting is cutting of crop
after it is matured. The season
of harvesting brings a lot of
happiness as this is time when
the hard work of farmers brings
results.
Harvesting can be done
manually using a sickle or with a
machine called Harvester.
Harvesting is not only about
cutting crops, but also
involves separation of grain
seeds from chaff (thin
covering of grain). This
process of separation of
grain seeds from chaff is
called ‘Threshing’.
47. Threshing methods
Winnowing
Combine Harvester
Leftovers on the field post
harvesting should not be
burned as it causes air pollution
and also can damage existing
crops in the field
Storage
Moisture favors the growth of
spoilage bacteria. Therefore,
food grains should be well dried
before storage. If attacked by
microbes/ insects, food grains
might lose their capacity to
germinate. They should be
stored in metallic containers or
jute bags. Neem leaves also
prevent growth of microbes and
insects as they contain
alkaloids which repel pathogens
48. ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.
Leguminous plants help in the
replenishment of the soil with
49. ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.
Which of the following types of soil needs
least frequent irrigation?
50. ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.
Which of the following is not a traditional
method of irrigation?
51. ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.
_____________ involves the removal of
stamens from bisexual flowers of the
female parents in order to avoid
self-pollination in these flowers. It is done
before the anthers are mature
52. For hybridisation, one plant is selected as male
and the other one as female. The anthers of
female plants are removed at the bud stage to
prevent self-pollination. This process is called
emasculation.
53. ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.
Which of the following statements is
incorrect?
54. ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.
Silo is used for
