1) Four peer-reviewed articles on racism and health were critically appraised using an evaluation table. 2) Based on the appraisal, the best practice that emerged was reducing racism in healthcare settings to improve health outcomes and promote equal access to quality care. 3) Stronger measures are needed to eliminate racism through improving cultural competency and ensuring all patients receive equitable treatment.

1. Critical Appraisal Of Research Essay Example Paper
Critical Appraisal Of Research Essay Example PaperNURS - 6052N – RUE-WK 71.9.21Part
3A: Critical Appraisal of ResearchConduct a critical appraisal of the four peer-reviewed
articles you selected by completing the Evaluation Table within the Critical Appraisal Tool
Worksheet Template (see attached blank form that you will use to complete this
assignment).Choose a total of four peer- reviewed articles that you selected related to your
clinical topic of interest in Module 3 (See attached document that shows the previously
completed version) Critical Appraisal Of Research Essay Example Paper.Part 3B: Critical
Appraisal of ResearchBased on your appraisal, in a 1-2-page critical appraisal, suggest a
best practice that emerges from the research you reviewed. Briefly explain the best practice,
justifying your proposal with APA citations of the research.ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE
PAPER HEREEvaluation Table Use this document to complete the evaluation table
requirement of the Module 4 Assessment, Evidence-Based Project, Part 3A: Critical
Appraisal of ResearchFull APA formatted citation of selected article. Article #1 Article
#2 Article #3 Article #4 Williams DR, Lawrence JA, Davis BA. Racism and Health:
Evidence and Needed Research. Annu Rev Public Health. 2019;40:105-
125.doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750. Stanley, J., Harris, R., Cormack,
D., Waa, A., & Edwards, R. (2019). The impact of racism on the future health of adults:
protocol for a prospective cohort study. BMC public health, 19(1), 346. Ben, J.,
Cormack, D., Harris, R., & Paradies, Y. (2017). Racism and health service utilisation: A
systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 12(12), e0189900. Benjamins, M. R., &
Middleton, M. (2019). Perceived discrimination in medical settings and perceived quality of
care: A population-based study in Chicago. PloS one, 14(4), e0215976.Evidence Level *(I, II,
or III) Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3Conceptual Framework Describe the theoretical basis
for the study (If there is not one mentioned in the article, say that here).** This research
has reinforced perceptions of the different ways in which mental and physical health can be
affected by inequality, race, tension, class, social, and religious engagement. In this peer-
reviewed article, the researchers suggest that substantial advancement has been made in
clinical studies investigating the different dimensions wherein racism can have a negative
impact on health Critical Appraisal Of Research Essay Example Paper. The study is
based on analyzing ways in which social determinants cause health inequalities. It expands
on the negative impacts of racial discrimination on physical and mental health outcomes.
The study is based on the difference and inequality of healthcare access. Some
patient experience also shows that ethnic or racial inequities would be happened to

2. different levels of satisfaction. The research is based on how Perceived discrimination in
medical settings remains prevalent within the U.S. health care
systemDesign/Method Describe the design and how the study was carried out (In detail,
including inclusion/exclusion criteria). Qualitative research design was used
whereby the relationship between cultural, structural and individual level racism was
analyzed. A prospective cohort study design was used. A questionnaire was developed
to cover the mental and physical health measures and the utilization of recent health
service. It involves the comparison of analysis outcomes between exposed and unexposed
to racial discrimination. The paper describes and prove systematic review and “meta-
analysis of quantitative empirical literature Logistic regression was used estimate
relationships between perceived discrimination in the medical settingSample/Setting The
number and characteristics ofpatients, attrition rate, etc. Black Americans, Hispanics
and Native Americans. Participants include adults of more than 15 years sampled
from New Zealand survey of 2016/17 based on their exposure to racism. 59 papers
reporting 52 studies, which were analyzed using random effects models and mean weighted
effect sizes Data from the Sinai Community Health SurveyMajor Variables Studied List
and define dependent and independent variables The dependent variables are
structural racism, institutional racism, and individual-level discrimination while the
independent variables are mental and physical health outcomesORDER A PLAGIARISM-
FREE PAPER HERE The dependent variables are the racial health inequalities while the
independent variables are the social determinants. The RCTs met all criteria for random
allocation, allocation concealment, blinding and use of intention-to-treat analysis. Two
additional trials reported random allocation but not allocation concealment, blinding or
intention-to-treat analysis. One trial did not report meeting any criteria. The dependent
variable is Health Care utilization while the independent variable is discrimination medical
settingsMeasurement Identify primary statistics used to answer clinical questions (You
need to list the actual tests done). The study was randomized The study was
controlled The study was controlled The study was randomizedData Analysis
Statistical orQualitative findings (You need to enter the actual numbers determined by the
statistical tests or qualitative data). The whites have the highest degree of racial
stereotypes compared to non-whites. Negative health effects of racism are overally evident
by the perception of unfair treatment and bias. Social determinants of health leads to
health inequalities brought about by racism The exact data and details of patients’
reported racism and related healthcare measures to prove the appearance of racism how to
happen and appear in the health service. These data make reader believe the writer more
about what they say; furthermore, it makes the essay be more credible. The study in
Chicago assessed multiple measures of perceived racial/ethnic and economic
discrimination in medical settings and investigated the locations based on a population
sample of 1,543 Black, White, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other adultsFindings and
Recommendations General findings and recommendations of the research This study
explores proof for interventions of racism reduction approaches and outlines research
needed to advance expertise in this area. Research have shown that racism tend to
lower one’s self-esteem, bring in anxiety, suicide ideation, depression, contribute to the rise

3. of behavioral problems, and so much more. Furthermore, any form of racial-based
discriminatory act can trigger an inflammatory response The result indicates that
racism affects the health service and it might be a “particularly detrimental experience” for
those people who most in need of the health service or healthcare system. So, I think we
need more efforts to reduce racism in the healthcare system, and make sure all people can
obtain same equality that improve “cultural competency” of health services or healthcare
systems. Racial and ethnic disparities in regards to access and quality of healthcare
continue to contribute to health outcomes in communities of color. Discrimination is not
limited to just hospitals or ambulatory clinics. Patients who use community clinics rather
than doctor’s offices as their source of primary care reported higher rates of
discriminationAppraisal and Study Quality Describe the general worth of this research to
practice. What are the strengths and limitations of study? What are the risks associated with
implementation of the suggested practices or processes detailed in the research? What is
the feasibility of use in your practice? The purpose of this research was to clarify the impact
of racism on health outcome. The study showed that people are more tolerant to
interventions that promote collaboration between patients and families than of strategies
that invoked conflict. Encouraging empowerment and constructive involvement of patients
in healthy health care practices as co-producers of healthcare professionals in IPC
action.Limitation of the study:Ø The research is limited to only a few ethnic groups. Ø The
analysis focused largely on future interventions only. Ø The largest number of participants
had more than one history of involvement in practice.Criteria have been explicitly
established. Several related outlets have been searched. Search dates have not been
recorded but studies have been conducted in 2010. Limitation of papers in English implied
that some of the trials may have been skipped. There was no proof of bias in publication by
systematic analysis, but this analysis is erroneous in a limited number of studies. The
analysis contained effective ways to avoid the error and prejudice of the author. The
findings of the quality assessment have been published. The investigators have opted to
provide a secondary review of the experiments which were initially omitted on the basis of
consistency parameters which have not substantially altered the findings.ORDER A
PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE The time limitation is among the limitations of the
research. There were some benefits and weaknesses due to all the various individuals
performing different areas of the research as well as the harmful effects involved with the
existing activities. Key findings The study of current racism and its influence on
health is intricate, as indicators of structural, cultural, and interpersonal racism adjust to
changes in cultural norms, technology, and political events Critical Appraisal Of Research
Essay Example Paper Racial discriminative acts among ethnic-racial minorities tend to
lower their self-esteem, bring in anxiety, suicide ideation, depression, behavioral problems,
and so much more Racism affects the health service and it might be a “particularly
detrimental experience” for those people who most in need of the health service or
healthcare system. Discrimination may cause disparities in healthcare and health
outcomes. This can also reduce the value care added incentives that are now coming from
the government for healthcare providers and facilities. More studies need to be done on
discrimination in healthcare and in medical settings, however the studies that have been

4. done seem to be limited by measurement issues and single question
assessments. Outcomes Places with low reported racism cases experienced excellent
mental and physical outcome Racial experiences tend to have a negative impact on the
health statuses of the people. Data and details of patients’ reported racism and related
healthcare measures to prove the appearance of racism how to happen and appear in the
health service In this study it was found that 40% of all subjects reported some type of
discrimination in a medical setting.General Notes/Comments The researchers propose that
there has been tremendous progress in scientific studies examining the various ways in
which racism can harmfully affect health. The researchers found that any racial-based
discriminatory act can trigger an inflammatory response subsequently with the rise of
chronic illness and other risk-related health issues such as heart attacks, metastatic cancer,
neurodegenerative diseases, and so forth The article to talk about how different people
access health services and the quality of services that they get following their skin color
The majority of studies in this area focus on African American populations, with
limited investigation into discrimination among other groups of color and between
racial/ethnic populations typically combined into one groupThese levels are from the Johns
Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice: Evidence Level and Quality GuideLevel
IExperimental, randomized controlled trial (RCT), systematic review RTCs with or without
meta-analysis Level IIQuasi-experimental studies, systematic review of a combination of
RCTs and quasi-experimental studies, or quasi-experimental studies only, with or without
meta-analysis Level IIINonexperimental, systematic review of RCTs, quasi-experimental
with/without meta-analysis, qualitative, qualitative systematic review with/without meta-
synthesisLevel IVRespected authorities’ opinions, nationally recognized expert
committee/consensus panel reports based on scientific evidenceLevel VLiterature reviews,
quality improvement, program evaluation, financial evaluation, case reports, nationally
recognized expert(s) opinion based on experiential evidence**Note on Conceptual
FrameworkThe following information is from Walden academic guides which helps explain
conceptual frameworks and the reasons they are used in research. Here is the link
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/conceptualframeworkResearchers create
theoretical and conceptual frameworks that include a philosophical and methodological
model to help design their work. A formal theory provides context for the outcome of the
events conducted in the research. The data collection and analysis are also based on the
theoretical and conceptual framework Critical Appraisal Of Research Essay Example
Paper.As stated by Grant and Osanloo (2014), “Without a theoretical framework, the
structure and vision for a study is unclear, much like a house that cannot be constructed
without a blueprint. By contrast, a research plan that contains a theoretical framework
allows the dissertation study to be strong and structured with an organized flow from one
chapter to the next.”Theoretical and conceptual frameworks provide evidence of academic
standards and procedure. They also offer an explanation of why the study is pertinent and
how the researcher expects to fill the gap in the literature.Literature does not always clearly
delineate between a theoretical or conceptual framework. With that being said, there are
slight differences between the two.ReferencesThe Johns Hopkins Hospital/Johns Hopkins
University (n.d.). Johns Hopkins nursing dvidence-based practice: appendix C: evidence

5. level and quality guide. Retrieved October 23, 2019 from
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/evidence-based-
practice/_docs/appendix_c_evidence_level_quality_guide.pdfGrant, C., & Osanloo, A. (2014).
Understanding, Selecting, and Integrating a Theoretical Framework in Dissertation
Research: Creating the Blueprint for Your" House". Administrative Issues Journal:
Education, Practice, and Research, 4(2), 12-26.Walden University Academic Guides (n.d.).
Conceptual & theoretical frameworks overview. Retrieved October 23, 2019 from
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/conceptualframeworkPart 3B: Critical
Appraisal of ResearchAt the forefront of the study was the need to consider the best
practice correlated with the elimination of racism in healthcare. After a critical study of the
chosen research materials, the best practices that arise from the research examined deal
with racism and its detrimental health consequences. Racial inequality among ethnic
minority groups continues to decrease their self-esteem, give rise to anxiety, suicidal
ideation, depression, mental disorders, and more. It indicates that the best practice targeted
at regulating these actions would understand what can be achieved by the end of healthcare
professionals (Williams et al., 2019). Nurses perform a vital role in protecting patient safety
and are also responsible for guaranteeing that patients are safe from the likelihood of racial
prejudice. Nevertheless, this cannot be done if the hospital is biased and also needs a high
degree of quality care provided to patients Critical Appraisal Of Research Essay Example
Paper.It is important to make sure that the hospital is properly staffed with human
resources to address the demands of patients and providing quality treatment to deter
racial discrimination. Benjamins & Middleton (2019) claimed that prejudice could lead to
inequalities in employment and clinical outcomes. It will also reduce the value-added
benefits for healthcare services and hospitals that are already coming from the government
(Stanley et al., 2019). More analysis need to be carried out on inequality in healthcare and in
medical settings, but the research that have been carried out appear to be constrained by
measurement problems and single-question tests. The results of this report are consistent
with the recommendations of Ben et al. (2017), highlighting the need for stronger measures
to eliminate racism in the healthcare sector, and ensuring that all people will receive the
same equity that increases the cultural competence of health facilities or healthcare
programs Critical Appraisal Of Research Essay Example Paper.ReferenceBen, J., Cormack, D.,
Harris, R., & Paradies, Y. (2017). Racism and health service utilisation: A systematic review
and meta-analysis. PloS one, 12(12), e0189900.Benjamins, M. R., & Middleton, M. (2019).
Perceived discrimination in medical settings and perceived quality of care: A population-
based study in Chicago. PloS one, 14(4), e0215976.Stanley, J., Harris, R., Cormack, D., Waa,
A., & Edwards, R. (2019). The impact of racism onthe future health of adults: protocol for a
prospective cohort study. BMC publichealth, 19(1), 346.Williams DR, Lawrence JA, Davis BA.
Racism and Health: Evidence and Needed Research. Annu Rev Public Health. 2019;40:105-
125. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750 Critical Appraisal Of Research Essay
Example Paper