This document discusses the anatomy and classification of the 12 cranial nerves. It describes the nuclei, course, and distribution of each nerve. The cranial nerves are classified as sensory, motor, or mixed. Their nuclei are located in various areas of the brainstem. The nerves exit the skull at specific foramina and supply structures of the head and neck.
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
Cranial nerve assessment..Simple and Easy to perform for medics and Physiothe...pawan1physiotherapy
Cranial Nerve Assessment is a crucial step in neurological assessment. By following the simple theoretical aspects it can be made on your fingertips....here is an try to make the stuff easier for you....
Anatomy of Cranial Nerve for BPT class.
Require 10 classes. Require help of brain specimen during the class. Testing of the nerves can also be taken together.
this presentation consist of introduction to types of nerves, structure of nerve and cranial nerves. there is a detail description about, origin , course of the trigeminal nerve and its branches and the structures supplying the nerve. it also contains applied anatomy of the nerve and its importance of the nerve in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. a detail description about the examination of the trigeminal nerve is also mentioned in the presentation. hoping that it would be useful to the students and people seeking for knowledge about the trigeminal nerve.
This presentation was developed by me and another classmate to present some of the major features and characteristics of the nervous system as relating to orofacial structures. We also focused on learning how to make adjustments and adaptations for individuals with nervous system disorders.
Here is anatomy and physiology of brain stem. Where we will discuss all three parts of brain stem. Starting from medulla, second is pons and third is mid brain. In this video I am presenting anatomy and physiology of medulla. Anatomy of medulla: Medulla Oblongata or more simply medulla is part of brain stem which forms base of the brain stem. Location of medulla oblongata is superior to spinal cord and inferior to Pons. It contains pyramid, olive and above pyramidal structure, there is decussation of pyramids which explains why each part of brain controls opposite part of body. Adding to that medulla also has several nuclei which controls activity of cardiovascular system and respiratory system. Medulla also has nuclei for controlling reflexes of vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, coughing and sneezing. It has also nuclei for test, hearing and balance. Medulla also contains nuclei of cranial nerve number VIII, IX, X, XI and XII. Functions of medulla or what dose medulla do? So medulla controls blood pressure, diameter of wall of arteries, heart rate, basal respiration rate and also vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, coughing and sneezing.
In this video, we explain you about anatomy and physiology of Pons. The reference material used to make video is: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson. Pons is part of brain stem, present superior to medulla, inferior to mid brain and anterior to cerebellum. Pons means a bridge. As the name denotes, it connects other areas of brain. Neurons extending from cerebral cortex to pons makes corticopontine tract. Pons is connected to cerebellum by middle cerebral peduncle. Pons has vestibular nuclei, which is part of equilibrium pathways from inner ear to brain. Pons has also respiratory nuclei. Along with rhythmicity area of medulla, pons controls basal respiratory rhythm. Pons also contains nuclei for cranial nerve number V, VI,VII, and VIII.
Hydrocephalous is a serious disease of the central nervous system which has both congenital and aquired subtypes. the congenital variety affects the children and is a considerable burden especially is the developing countries. I tleads to long term morbidity and high rates of mortality
Spinal stenosis is a degenrative spine disorder in which the AP and transverse diameter are decreased causing neural compression and symptoms of chronic & acute nerve compression
a comprehensive presentation on the subject of spinal dysraphism and spina bifida and its neurosurgical management as well as the management of its various other types
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Anatomy of the cranial nerves
1. Anatomy of the Cranial
Nerves
Dr Mukhtar
Neurosurgery
HMC
2. Classification
Pure Sensory Function: CN I, II
and VIII
Pure Motor Function: CN III, IV,
VI, XII
Mixed (Sensorimotor): CN V,
VII, IX, X, XI
3. Cranial nerves nuclei
Somatic Motor and Branchiomotor
nuclei:
Axons of nerve cells situated within
the brain
Nuclei which innervate striated
muscles
Nerve cell with its fibres is called
Lower Motor Neuron
Receive impulses from cortex
through corticonuclear fibres
Bilateral connections except for part
of facial nucleus and a part of
4. Cranial nerves nuclei
General Visceral Motor nuclei:
Cranial outflow of the parasympathetic
portion of the autonomic nervous
system
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus of CN III
Superior salivatory and lacrimal nuclei of
CN VII
Inferior salivatory nucleus of CN IX
Dorsal motor nucleus of CN X
These nuclei receive numerous afferent
fibres, including descending pathways
from the hypothalamus
5. Cranial nerves nuclei
Sensory Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves
Include visceral and somatic
sensory nuclei
afferent parts of a cranial nerve
are the axons of nerve cells
outside the brain and are situated
in ganglia on the nerve trunks or
the sensory organs.
First, second and third order
neurons
9. Optic Nerve
Origin: The fibres of the optic nerve are the axons
of the cells in the ganglionic layer of the retina.
Optic Chiasma: situated at the junction of the
anterior wall and floor of the third ventricle
Optic tract: The optic tract emerges from the optic
chiasma and passes posterolaterally around the
cerebral peduncle. fibres terminate by synapsing
with nerve cells in the lateral geniculate body, while
some fibres pretectal nucleus and superior
colliculus
10. Optic nerve
Lateral Geniculate Body: small, oval swelling
projecting from the pulvinar of the thalamus. Six
layers of cells.
Optic Radiation: Fibres of the optic radiation are
the axons of the nerve cells of the lateral geniculate
body. The tract passes posteriorly through the
retrolenticular part of the internal capsule .
The visual association cortex (areas 18 and 19) is
responsible for recognition of objects and
perception of colour and terminates in the visual
cortex (area 17).
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12. Oculomotor Nerve
The Oculomotor Nuclei:
Two nuclei: i) main motor nucleus:
situated in the anterior part of the gray matter
that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct of the
midbrain
Oculomotor nucleus receives
corticonuclear fibres from both
cerebral hemispheres
receives tectobulbar fibres from the
superior colliculus
ii) Edinger-Westphal nucleus:
situated posterior to the main
oculomotor nucleus
axons of the nerve cells, which are
preganglionic, accompany the other
oculomotor fibres to the orbit
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14. Oculomotor Nerve
Course:
emerges at the anterior surface of midbrain
passes between posterior cerebral and sup.
Cerebellar arteries
Lateral wall of cavernous sinus
Divides into superior and inferior rami
Enters the orbit
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16. Trochlear nerve
Trochlear nucleus:
It lies inferior to the oculomotor nucleus at the
level of the inferior colliculus
The nerve fibres, pass posteriorly around the
central gray matter to reach the posterior
surface of the midbrain
Course:
emerges from the midbrain and immediately
decussates with the nerve of the opposite side
lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and enters
the orbit through the superior orbital fissure
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27. Facial nerve
Nuclei:
Main motor nucleus:
lies deep in the reticular formation of the lower
part of the pons
The part of the nucleus that supplies the
muscles of the upper part of the face receives
corticonuclear fibres from both cerebral
hemispheres
The part of the nucleus that supplies the
muscles of the lower part of the face receives
only corticonuclear fibres from the opposite
cerebral hemisphere.
28. Facial nerve
Nuclei:
Parasympathetic nuclei:
Parasympathetic nuclei lie posterolateral to the
main motor nucleus
Superior salivatory and lacrimal nuclei
Sensory nucleus
upper part of the nucleus of the tractus
solitarius and lies close to the motor nucleus
Sensations of taste travel through the
peripheral axons of nerve cells situated in the
geniculate ganglion on the seventh cranial
nerve
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31. Facial nerve
Course:
Sesory and motor components
fibers of the motor root first travel
posteriorly around the medial side of the
abducent nucleus
They then pass around the nucleus
beneath the colliculus facialis in the floor
of the fourth ventricle and, finally, pass
anteriorly to emerge from the brainstem
The sensory root (nervus intermedius) is
formed of the central processes of the
unipolar cells of the geniculate ganglion
32. Facial nerve
Course:
It also contains the efferent preganglionic
parasympathetic fibers from the parasympathetic nuclei
They pass laterally in the posterior cranial fossa with
the vestibulocochlear nerve and enter the internal
acoustic meatus in the petrous part of the temporal
bone
At the bottom of the meatus, the nerve enters the facial
canal and runs laterally through the inner ear
On reaching the medial wall of the tympanic cavity, the
nerve expands to form the sensory geniculate ganglion
and turns sharply backwards.
At the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity, the facial
nerve turns downward on the medial side of the aditus
of the mastoid antrum, descends behind the pyramid,
and emerges from the stylomastoid foramen
33. Facial nerve
Distribution:
The motor nucleus supplies the muscles of facial
expression, the auricular muscles, the
stapedius, the posterior belly of the digastric,
and the stylohyoid muscles
The superior salivatory nucleus supplies the
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
and the nasal and palatine glands. The lacrimal
nucleus supplies the lacrimal gland
The sensory nucleus receives taste fibers from
the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of
the mouth, and the palate
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36. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Consists of two distinct parts, the vestibular nerve and
the cochlear nerve
Vestibular Nerve
conducts nerve impulses from the utricle and saccule
that provide information concerning the position of
the head
central processes of nerve cells located in the
vestibular ganglion, which is situated in the internal
acoustic meatus
They enter the anterior surface of the brainstem in a
groove between the lower border of the pons and the
upper part of the medulla oblongata
When they enter the vestibular nuclear complex, the
fibres divide into short ascending and long
descending fibres; some fibres pass directly to the
cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncle,
37. Vestibulocochlear nerve
The Vestibular Nuclear Complex
Four nuclei may be recognized:
the lateral vestibular nucleus,
the medial vestibular nucleus
the superior vestibular nucleus,
the inferior vestibular nucleus
Efferent fibers from the nuclei pass to the
cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar
peduncle
38. Vestibulocochlear nerve
Efferent fibers also descend uncrossed to
the spinal cord from the lateral vestibular
nucleus and form the vestibulospinal tract
In addition, efferent fibers pass to the nuclei
of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent
nerves through the medial longitudinal
fasciculus
Ascending fibers also pass upward from the
vestibular nuclei to the cerebral cortex, to
the vestibular area in the postcentral gyrus
just above the lateral fissure
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43. Vestibulocochlear nerve
Cochlear Nerve
The cochlear nerve conducts nerve impulses
concerned with sound from the organ of Corti in
the cochlea
The fibres of the cochlear nerve are the central
processes of nerve cells located in the spiral
ganglion of the cochlea
Entering pons at the level of the facial nerve
Nerve fibres are distributed to anterior and
posterior cochlear nuclei
Efferent fibers are relayed through various nuclei
to the auditory cortex
44. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Nuclei:
The glossopharyngeal nerve has three nuclei:
the main motor nucleus,
the parasympathetic nucleus, and
the sensory nucleus
Course:
The glossopharyngeal nerve leaves the anterolateral
surface of the upper part of the medulla oblongata as
a series of rootlets in a groove between the olive and
the inferior cerebellar peduncle
leaves the skull through the jugular foramen
Descends along internal jugular vein and artery and
supplies the stylopharyngeus, the upper two
constrictor oesophageal muscles, posterior 3rd of the
tongue and pharynx.
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47. Vagus nerve
Nuclei:
Main motor
Sensory
Parasympathetic
Course:
Leaves anterolateral surface of
medulla
Leaves the skull through jugular
foramen
Superior and Inferior sensory
48. Vagus Nerve
Descends down in the neck inside
the carotid sheath
In the thorax, it contribute to the
pulmonary plexus, cardiac plexus
and nerves of the larynx.
In the upper abdomen it forms
anterior and posterior gastric
nerves
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52. Accesory nerve
The accessory nerve is a motor nerve
that is formed by the union of a cranial
and a spinal root.
Cranial Root
formed from the axons of nerve cells of
the nucleus ambiguus
The nucleus receives corticonuclear
fibers from both cerebral hemispheres
The efferent fibers of the nucleus
emerge from the anterior surface of the
medulla oblongata between the olive
and the inferior cerebellar peduncle
53. Accessory nerve
Course of the cranial part:
The nerve runs laterally in the
posterior cranial fossa and joins
the spinal root
Exits through the jugular foramen
The roots then separate, and the
cranial root joins the vagus nerve
and is distributed in its pharyngeal
and recurrent laryngeal branches
54. Accessory nerve
Course of the spinal part:
Formed by the spinal nucleus in the
upper part of the spinal cord
Receives corticospinal fibres from
cerebral cortex
The spinal root emerges from the
cervical spinal cord and ascends into
the skull to join the cranial part.
Descending down it supplies the
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
muscles
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56. Hypoglossal nerve
The hypoglossal nerve is a motor nerve that
supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
as well as the styloglossus, the hyoglossus,
and the genioglossus muscles
The hypoglossal nucleus is situated close to the
midline immediately beneath the floor of the lower part
of the fourth ventricle
Exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal
Passes between the internal carotid artery and internal
jugular vein
Posterior belly of the digastric is supplied
Passes deep to the mylohyoid muscle lying on the
lateral aspect of hypoglossus muscle
Joined by fibers of the C1 spinal nerve
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