Students should be able to:
Explain and evaluate the potential costs and benefits of monopoly to both firms and consumers, including the conditions necessary for price discrimination to take place
Diagrams should also be used to support the understanding of price discrimination
Students should be able to:
Explain and evaluate the potential costs and benefits of monopoly to both firms and consumers, including the conditions necessary for price discrimination to take place
Diagrams should also be used to support the understanding of price discrimination
-Introduction
-Cost Concepts
-Opportunity Cost and Actual Cost
-Business Cost and Full Cost
-Explicit Cost and Implicit Cost
-Out-of-pocket Cost and Book Cost
-Fixed Cost and Variable Cost
-Total Cost
-Average Cost
-Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue
-Sunk Cost
Monopoly - Profit-Maximization in Monopoly - EconomicsFaHaD .H. NooR
Monopoly Economics
A monopoly (from Greek μόνος mónos ["alone" or "single"] and πωλεῖν pōleîn ["to sell"]) exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity. This contrasts with a monopsony which relates to a single entity's control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly which consists of a few sellers dominating a market).[2] Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service, a lack of viable substitute goods, and the possibility of a high monopoly price well above the seller's marginal cost that leads to a high monopoly profit.[3] The verb monopolise or monopolize refers to the process by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors. In economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is a business entity that has significant market power, that is, the power to charge overly high prices.[4] Although monopolies may be big businesses, size is not a characteristic of a monopoly. A small business may still have the power to raise prices in a small industry (or market).[4]
A monopoly is distinguished from a monopsony, in which there is only one buyer of a product or service; a monopoly may also have monopsony control of a sector of a market. Likewise, a monopoly should be distinguished from a cartel (a form of oligopoly), in which several providers act together to coordinate services, prices or sale of goods. Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations in which one or a few entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers (monopoly or oligopoly), or suppliers (monopsony) in ways that distort the market.[citation needed]
Monopolies can be established by a government, form naturally, or form by integration.
In many jurisdictions, competition laws restrict monopolies. Holding a dominant position or a monopoly in a market is often not illegal in itself, however certain categories of behavior can be considered abusive and therefore incur legal sanctions when business is dominant. A government-granted monopoly or legal monopoly, by contrast, is sanctioned by the state, often to provide an incentive to invest in a risky venture or enrich a domestic interest group. Patents, copyrights, and trademarks are sometimes used as examples of government-granted monopolies. The government may also reserve the venture for itself, thus forming a government monopoly
Isoquants, MRTS, Concept of Total Product, Average & Marginal Product, Short Run and Long Run analysis of production, The Law of Variable proportion, Returns to scale,
Production Cost – Concept of Cost, Classification of Short run cost – Long run cost,
-Introduction
-Cost Concepts
-Opportunity Cost and Actual Cost
-Business Cost and Full Cost
-Explicit Cost and Implicit Cost
-Out-of-pocket Cost and Book Cost
-Fixed Cost and Variable Cost
-Total Cost
-Average Cost
-Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue
-Sunk Cost
Monopoly - Profit-Maximization in Monopoly - EconomicsFaHaD .H. NooR
Monopoly Economics
A monopoly (from Greek μόνος mónos ["alone" or "single"] and πωλεῖν pōleîn ["to sell"]) exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity. This contrasts with a monopsony which relates to a single entity's control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly which consists of a few sellers dominating a market).[2] Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service, a lack of viable substitute goods, and the possibility of a high monopoly price well above the seller's marginal cost that leads to a high monopoly profit.[3] The verb monopolise or monopolize refers to the process by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors. In economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is a business entity that has significant market power, that is, the power to charge overly high prices.[4] Although monopolies may be big businesses, size is not a characteristic of a monopoly. A small business may still have the power to raise prices in a small industry (or market).[4]
A monopoly is distinguished from a monopsony, in which there is only one buyer of a product or service; a monopoly may also have monopsony control of a sector of a market. Likewise, a monopoly should be distinguished from a cartel (a form of oligopoly), in which several providers act together to coordinate services, prices or sale of goods. Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations in which one or a few entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers (monopoly or oligopoly), or suppliers (monopsony) in ways that distort the market.[citation needed]
Monopolies can be established by a government, form naturally, or form by integration.
In many jurisdictions, competition laws restrict monopolies. Holding a dominant position or a monopoly in a market is often not illegal in itself, however certain categories of behavior can be considered abusive and therefore incur legal sanctions when business is dominant. A government-granted monopoly or legal monopoly, by contrast, is sanctioned by the state, often to provide an incentive to invest in a risky venture or enrich a domestic interest group. Patents, copyrights, and trademarks are sometimes used as examples of government-granted monopolies. The government may also reserve the venture for itself, thus forming a government monopoly
Isoquants, MRTS, Concept of Total Product, Average & Marginal Product, Short Run and Long Run analysis of production, The Law of Variable proportion, Returns to scale,
Production Cost – Concept of Cost, Classification of Short run cost – Long run cost,
The Cost Of Production - Dealing with Cost - Explicit and Implicit Cost - Eco...FaHaD .H. NooR
Economics #UCP
What is 'Production Cost'
Production cost refers to the cost incurred by a business when manufacturing a good or providing a service. Production costs include a variety of expenses including, but not limited to, labor, raw materials, consumable manufacturing supplies and general overhead. Additionally, any taxes levied by the government or royalties owed by natural resource extracting companies are also considered production costs.
BREAKING DOWN 'Production Cost'
Also referred to as the cost of production, production costs include expenditures relating to the manufacturing or creation of goods or services. For a cost to qualify as a production cost it must be directly tied to the generation of revenue for the company. Manufacturers experience product costs relating to both the materials required to create an item as well as the labor need to create it. Service industries experience production costs in regards to the labor required to provide the service as well as any materials costs involved in providing the aforementioned service.
In production, there are direct costs and indirect costs. For example, direct costs for manufacturing an automobile are materials such as the plastic and metal materials used as well as the labor required to produce the finished product. Indirect costs include overhead such as rent, administrative salaries or utility expenses.
Deriving Unit Costs for Product Pricing
To figure out the cost of production per unit, the cost of production is divided by the number of units produced. Once the cost per unit is determined, the information can be used to help develop an appropriate sales price for the completed item. In order to break even, the sales price must cover the cost per unit. Amounts above the cost per unit are often seen as profit while amounts below the cost per unit result in losses.
1Break-Even AnalysisMarketers need to understand break.docxaulasnilda
1
Break-Even Analysis
Marketers need to understand break-even
analysis because it helps them choose the
best pricing strategy and make smart
decisions about the short- and long-term
profitability of the product.
This is an analysis that tells you how many
products you need to sell to cover your costs.
Profitability
Profitability Definitions
Revenue the money we take in from sales
Cost the money it costs us to make and sell our product
Profit the money we have left over from our revenue
after we pay all of our costs
Revenue - Costs = Profit
Price the money a consumer pays for one unit of product
the money we take in from one unit of product
Price x Units = Revenue
Revenue/Units = Price
2
Exercise 1
Product
Units Sold in
August
Price per
Unit
Cost per Unit
Bulletin Board 400 $3.00 $1.00
Magnetic White Board 600 $4.00 $3.00
Combination Board 250 $5.00 $3.50
Exercise 1
1. What was Stick-It-Up’s total sales revenue in August?
2. What was Stick-It-Up’s total profit in August?
3. What product contributed the most to sales revenue in August?
What percentage of the sales revenue did it contribute?
4. What product contributed the most to profit in August? What
percentage of the profit did it contribute?
5. If sales of magnetic white boards went up by 20%, how much
more would it contribute to sales revenue? To profits?
6. Suppose that increasing sales of magnetic white boards by 20%
would cost the company $500 per month in advertising expenses.
Should they spend the $500 per month on additional advertising?
Exercise 1
What was Stick-It-Up’s total revenue in August?
Revenue from:
Bulletin Boards 400 x $3.00 $1,200.00
Magnetic White Boards 600 x $4.00 $2,400.00
Combination Boards 250 x $5.00 $1,250.00
Total Revenue $4,850.00
Product
Units Sold in
August
Price per
Unit
Cost per Unit
Bulletin Board 400 $3.00 $1.00
Magnetic White Board 600 $4.00 $3.00
Combination Board 250 $5.00 $3.50
3
Exercise 1
What was Stick-It-Up’s total profit in August?
Cost of:
Bulletin Boards 400 x $1.00 $400.00
Magnetic White Boards 600 x $3.00 $1,800.00
Combination Boards 250 x $3.50 $875.00
Total Cost $3,075.00
Profit = Total Revenue - Total Cost = $4,850 - $3,075 = $1,775
Product
Units Sold in
August
Price per
Unit
Cost per Unit
Bulletin Board 400 $3.00 $1.00
Magnetic White Board 600 $4.00 $3.00
Combination Board 250 $5.00 $3.50
Exercise 1
What was Stick-It-Up’s total profit in August?
Profit on:
Bulletin Boards 400 x ($3.00-$1.00) $800.00
Magnetic White Boards 600 x ($4.00-$3.00) $600.00
Combination Boards 250 x ($5.00-$3.50) $375.00
Total Profit $1,775.00
Product
Units Sold in
August
Price per
Unit
Cost per Unit
Bulletin Board 400 $3.00 $1.00
Magnetic White Board 600 $4.00 $3.00
Combination Board 250 $5.00 $3.50
Exercise 1
What product contributed the most to revenue in August? What
percentage did it contribute?
Bulletin Boards $1,200.00
Magnetic White Boards $2,400 ...
cost and management accounting chapter 2
in this document I will try to explain the cost volume profit analysis and their interdependence on each other.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
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We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
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Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
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While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
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• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
Cost of production Managerial Economics
1. The cost of production is an important factor in
almost all business analysis and decision, etc..cost
reffers to the expenses incurred in production
2.
Cost analysis refers to the study of behavior
of cost in relation to one or more production
criteria like size of output, scale of operation,
price of factors of production
3. Break-Even Analysis
There are two basic types of costs a company incurs.
• Variable Costs
• Fixed Costs
Variable costs are costs that change with changes in production levels or
sales. Examples include: Costs of materials used in the production of the
goods.
Fixed costs remain roughly the same regardless of sales/output levels.
Examples include: Rent, Insurance and Wages
4. Break-Even AnAlysis
TOTAL COSTS
◦ Total Costs is simply Fixed Costs and Variable Costs
added together.
TC = FC + VC
◦ As Total Costs include some of the Variable Costs then
Total Costs will also change with any changes in
output/sales.
7. The Break-even point occurs when Total Costs equals Revenue
(Sales Income)
Revenues (Sales Income) = Total
Costs
At this point the business is not making a Profit nor incurring a
Loss – it is merely covering its Total Costs
Let us have a look at a simple example.
Bannerman Trading Company
opens a flower shop.
8. Fixed Costs:
•
•
Rent: £400
Helper (Wages): £200
Variable Costs:
•
Flowers: £0.50 per bunch
Selling Price:
• Flowers: £2 per bunch
So we know that:
Total Fixed Costs = £600
Variable Cost per Unit = £0.50
Selling Price per Unit = £2.00
9. Break-Even Analysis
SP = £2.00
VC = £0.50
FC = £600
We must firstly calculate how much income from each
bunch of flowers can go towards covering the Fixed
Costs.
This is called the Unit Contribution.
Selling Price – Variable Costs = Unit Contribution
£2.00 - £0.50 = £1.50
For every bunch of flowers sold £1.50 can go towards
covering Fixed Costs
10. Break-Even Analysis
Now to calculate how many units must
be sold to cover Total Costs (FC + VC)
SP = £2.00
VC = £0.50
Unit cont =
£1.50
FC = £600
This is called the Break Even Point
Break Even Point =
Fixed Costs Unit Contribution
£600 £1.50 = 400 Units
Therefore 400 bunches of flowers must be sold to
Break Even – at this the point the business is not
making a Profit nor incurring a Loss – it is merely
covering its Total Costs
