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Cooperative learning

Cooperative learning involves students working in small groups to help one another learn. It has several key elements: 1) Students work in diverse groups on tasks and problems to improve their understanding of a subject. Group members help each other learn. 2) It promotes higher achievement, develops social skills like cooperation, and creates a more positive learning environment compared to competitive settings. 3) Effective cooperative learning relies on positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, developing social skills, and group processing of what was learned.

Education◦
What is meant by cooperative learning?
Cooperative learning is defined as “ small groups of learners working together as a team to solve a problem ,complete a task, or accomplish a common goal” (Artz&Newman 1990) . Cooperative learning is a successful teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability ,use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject ,each member of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught but also for helping teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere of achievement .students work through the assignment until all group members successfully understand and complete it.
1. It promotes self-esteem and makes Ss feel better about themselves, school and others. 2- It promotes higher achievement, develops social skills including listening, taking turns, conflict resolution skills,leadership skills and team work skills 3-It teaches Ss to cooperate with others and do their best. 4-It welcomes Ss to benefit from their classmates’ knowledge and thoughts. 5-It protects less capable Ss from impossible challenges. 6-It facilitates problem solving skills and creativity. 7-It leads to more relaxed atmosphere, greater motivation and increased student talk.
8- It makes student appreciate differences & diversity. It removes damaging competition between and among students and creates competition among groups. 9- It builds empathy i.e. understanding and appreciating the point of view and feeling of others, being considerate of others . 10- It leads to equal and increased participation . 11- It creates the feeling that “ Alone we are struck; in interaction we grow “ 12- It prepares students for the interdependent team- (Dr.Spencer Kagan).based workplace of the 21st Century
1- Positive interdependence (We instead of Me) a sense of working together for a common goal. Each member is affected by the actions of other group members. You cannot succeed unless they do. Their work benefits you and your work benefits them. 2- Individual accountability whereby every team member feels in charge of their own and their teammates’ learning and makes an active contribution to the group. Everyone's effort counts. 3- Face-to-face interaction where learners explain, argue, elaborate and link current material with that they have learned previously.
4- Collaborative skills: Sufficient interpersonal social skills , involving an explicit teaching of appropriate leadership , communication , trust and conflict resolution skills so that the team can function effectively. 5- Group processing : team reflection , whereby the teams periodically assess what they have learned, how well they are working together and how they might do better as a learning team.
• The needs of a relatively low-preforming student are ignored. • Some gifted students carry along the others. • A group’s product earns a grade awarded to all students without regard to individual growth or participation. • The reward structure penalizes groups whose members include low achievers by failing to recognize improvement as an important contributor to team success. • A group activity does not involve members in promotion of each other’s achievement. • There is no instruction on how to work together effectively and how to evaluate effectiveness.
1- Before the lesson: • Make sure the learning objectives are clear. • Decide on group size and membership. • Determine the materials necessary for the group . 2- developing students’ social skills: • Set rules for cooperating and ensure that they are implemented such as : • Work quietly together on team assignment • Ask for explanation not answers . • Listen carefully to teammate ‘ questions. • Ask teammates for help if you need it. • Help each other stay on task . • Ask the teacher for help only if you have asked everyone on your team and discovered they cannot help.
3- Establish Good Teamwork in which: • Team members are facing each other ,desks or chairs are close to each other. • Team members have all material ready. • Team members are taking turns. • Every team member is working hard. • Team members are listening to each other. • Team members are using twelve-inch voices. • Team members are asking “ will you please explain?”. • Team members are saying “it is your own”. • Team members are saying “ let’s see if each of us knows this.”
Teamwork skills 1 Forming skills 2 Functioning skills 3 Formulating skills 4 Fermenting skills
Cooperative learning strategies: 1- Jigsaw (often used with narrative materials) Each team member is responsible for learning specific part of a topic. After meeting members of other groups, who are the “expert” in the same part, the experts return to their own groups and present their findings and teach them to other group members. Team members then are quizzed on all topic. 2- Think-Pair-Share : Students spend a few minutes thinking individually about a solution to a problem posed by the teacher, then discuss their ideas with a peer before sharing their ideas with the whole group.
3- Numbered Heads Together: A team of four is established. Each member is given a number of 1,2,3,4 . Questions are asked and groups work together. Teacher calls out a number (two) and each two is asked to give the answer. 4- Round Robin Brainstorming: Groups appoint one member as the recorder. A question is posed with many answers and students are given time to think about answers .After the “think time” ,members of the team share responses with one another round robin style. The recorder writes down the answers of the group members. The person next to the recorder starts and each person in the group in order gives an answer until time is called.
5- Group Investigations: Are structured to emphasize higher-order thinking skills such as analysis and evaluation. Students work to produce a group project, which they may have a hand in selecting. 6- Circle The Sage: The teacher may ask who in the class was able to solve a difficult question. Those students (the sages) stand and spread out in the classroom. The teacher then has the rest of the classmates each surround a sage, with no two members of the same team going to the same sage. The sage explains what they know while classmates listen ,ask questions, and take notes. All students then return to their teams. Each in turn ,explains what they learned.
Cooperative learning