This document discusses survey design and techniques for school-related use. It defines surveys as a means of gathering information about a specified set of data, ranging from counts and frequencies to attitudes and opinions. Surveys can be used to answer questions, solve problems, assess needs, and analyze trends over time. The document outlines characteristics of effective surveys, as well as limitations, and provides general guidelines for survey design. It then describes and compares different types of surveys, including surveys of records, mailed questionnaires, telephone surveys, group interviews, and individual interviews.

1. Survey design andSurvey design and
techniques for school relatedtechniques for school related
useuse

2. surveyssurveys
Are a means of gathering information thatAre a means of gathering information that
describes the nature and extent of a specifieddescribes the nature and extent of a specified
set of data ranging from physical counts andset of data ranging from physical counts and
frequencies to attitudes and opinionsfrequencies to attitudes and opinions..

3. purposepurpose
This information can be used to answerThis information can be used to answer
questions that have been raised, to solvequestions that have been raised, to solve
problems that have been observed ,to assessproblems that have been observed ,to assess
needs and set goals ,and to analyze trendsneeds and set goals ,and to analyze trends
across timeacross time..

4. characteristicscharacteristics
1- Systematic1- Systematic
2- representative2- representative
3- objective3- objective
4- quantifiable4- quantifiable

5. limitationslimitations
1-surveys only tap respondents who are1-surveys only tap respondents who are
accessible and cooperative.accessible and cooperative.
2-surveys make the respondent feel special or2-surveys make the respondent feel special or
unnatural and thus produce responses that areunnatural and thus produce responses that are
artificial.artificial.
3-surveys arouse3-surveys arouse ““response setresponse set ““such as asuch as a
proneness to agree with positive statements.proneness to agree with positive statements.

6. General guidelines for designingGeneral guidelines for designing
surveyssurveys::
1- Define the purpose and scope of the surveys.1- Define the purpose and scope of the surveys.
2-Avoid using an existing survey, if it was2-Avoid using an existing survey, if it was
designed for a different purpose.designed for a different purpose.
3-In designing questionnaires or interviews, you3-In designing questionnaires or interviews, you
should explore how best to phrase questions toshould explore how best to phrase questions to
reflect their attitudes or opinions.reflect their attitudes or opinions.
4- Examine the merits of using machine-scored4- Examine the merits of using machine-scored
answer sheets to facilitate analysis.answer sheets to facilitate analysis.

7. 5-As often as possible ,use structured5-As often as possible ,use structured
questions .questions .
6-Avoid ask questions that have obvious6-Avoid ask questions that have obvious
answers .answers .
7-Avoid biased questions.7-Avoid biased questions.
8- Keep the final product as brief , simple,8- Keep the final product as brief , simple,
clear ,and straightforward as possible .clear ,and straightforward as possible .

8. Types of surveysTypes of surveys::
1-survey of records:1-survey of records:
these sources of data are nonreactive.these sources of data are nonreactive.
AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages
They are inexpensiveThey are inexpensive.. Are often incomplete, andAre often incomplete, and
inaccurateinaccurate..
Records often allowRecords often allow
historical comparisons andhistorical comparisons and
trend analysistrend analysis..
Purpose of records usually isPurpose of records usually is
unrelated to purpose ofunrelated to purpose of
surveyssurveys..
Records are nonreactiveRecords are nonreactive.. Factual data only are presentFactual data only are present..

9. 2-Mailed questionnaires:2-Mailed questionnaires:
This appearance is the most commonly used surveyThis appearance is the most commonly used survey
methodmethod..
AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Are inexpensiveAre inexpensive.. Low response rate can occurLow response rate can occur..
Are selfAre self ––administeringadministering.. No assurance the questionsNo assurance the questions
were understoodwere understood..
Can be well designed,Can be well designed,
simple and clearsimple and clear..
No assurance addressee actuallyNo assurance addressee actually
was the one who answeredwas the one who answered..

10. 33--Telephone surveysTelephone surveys::
These are widely used in place of face to faceThese are widely used in place of face to face
interviews by professional pollstersinterviews by professional pollsters..
AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Is less costly than face toIs less costly than face to
face interviewsface interviews..
Unlisted telephonesUnlisted telephones
Can be conducted daytime orCan be conducted daytime or
eveningsevenings..
Not everyone has a phoneNot everyone has a phone..
Respondent is at ease in ownRespondent is at ease in own
home and tends to behome and tends to be
candidcandid..
Can be viewed as intrusiveCan be viewed as intrusive
into home privacyinto home privacy..

11. 44--Group interviewGroup interview::
the group interview will yield a better picture of thisthe group interview will yield a better picture of this
phenomenaphenomena..
AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Results reflect group behaviorResults reflect group behavior
and consensusand consensus..
May Suppress individualMay Suppress individual
differencesdifferences..
Reveals group interactionsReveals group interactions
patternspatterns..
Fosters conformityFosters conformity..
Is more efficient andIs more efficient and
economical than one-to-oneeconomical than one-to-one
interviewsinterviews..
Intensifies group loyalties andIntensifies group loyalties and
can rigidly polarize opinionscan rigidly polarize opinions..

12. 55--Individual interviewsIndividual interviews::
This approach is the conventional method of collectingThis approach is the conventional method of collecting
data face-to- facedata face-to- face..
AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Is personalized.Is personalized. Is expensive and timeIs expensive and time ––
consuming.consuming.
Permits in-depth ,freePermits in-depth ,free
responses.responses.
Requires skilled and trainedRequires skilled and trained
interviewers.interviewers.
Is flexible and adaptable.Is flexible and adaptable. May be difficult toMay be difficult to
summarize findings.summarize findings.