Control of heart rate BY PANDIAN M
•Download as PPT, PDF•
0 likes•279 views
1. The document discusses short-term control mechanisms that regulate the cardiac cycle and heart rate, including autonomic nerve impulses that alter the activities of the S-A and A-V nodes. 2. Several factors contribute to heart rate regulation, including the autonomic nervous system, chemicals, hormones, ions, age, gender, fitness, and body temperature. 3. The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and contractility through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, while the parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate through the release of acetylcholine.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
7) regulation of respiration
lecture 7: every system in our body should be controlled by nervous system, certain chemical in the blood also alter the respiratory cycle.
Cardiac output & factors affecting it.
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
Glomerular filtration
This document discusses glomerular filtration and its regulation. It begins with an introduction to the kidney and nephron. There are three main processes involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration is governed by the filtration coefficient and Starling forces, including hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. The glomerular filtration rate can be measured and is regulated by various intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, including the myogenic response, tubuloglomerular feedback, neural inputs, and hormones like angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide. Conditions like exercise, pregnancy, posture, and disease states can influence glomerular filtration rate.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
This document discusses glomerular filtration and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It defines glomerular filtration as the process where plasma filters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule, the first step in urine formation. The GFR is the rate at which plasma is filtered and is an important measurement of kidney function. Normal GFR is about 125 mL/min. The kidneys filter the plasma around 60 times per day. Renal blood flow to the kidneys is high at around 1200 mL/min and is regulated by the afferent and efferent arterioles. Glomerular filtration is governed by the filtration coefficient and Starling forces of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
Blood pressure & its regulation
1. Blood pressure is regulated through short, intermediate, and long-term control mechanisms. Short-term control is achieved through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes that sense changes in blood pressure and cardiac output.
2. Intermediate control is provided by the renin-angiotensin system, which causes vasoconstriction. Long-term control involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and hormones like vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide that regulate blood volume and vascular tone.
3. Local control of blood pressure is achieved through the actions of vasodilators like nitric oxide and vasoconstrictors like endothelin and angiotensin
Non respiratory functions of lung ( The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Besides primary function of gaseous exchange, the respiratory tract is involved in several non respiratory functions of the body
1. OLFACTION
Olfactory receptors present in the mucous membrane of nostril are responsible for olfactory sensation.
2. VOCALIZATION
Larynx alone plays major role in the process of vocalization. Therefore, it is called sound box.
3. PREVENTION OF DUST PARTICLES
Particles, which escape the protective mechanisms
in nose and alveoli are thrown out by cough reflex and sneezing reflex.
4. DEFENSE MECHANISM
Lungs play important role in the immunological defense system of the body.
Defense functions of the lungs are performed by their own defenses and
by the presence of various types of cells in mucous
membrane lining the alveoli of lungs.
These cells are
leukocytes,
macrophages,
mast cells,
natural killer
cells
dendritic cells.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
cardiac output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. The average cardiac output is 5000 ml/minute. Cardiac output can vary based on activity level and is regulated by factors like heart rate, contractility, blood volume, and venous return. An increase in any of these factors can increase cardiac output, while a decrease can lower cardiac output. Pathologically, cardiac output can be too high due to conditions like beriberi that reduce peripheral resistance, or too low due to issues that decrease venous return or heart pumping effectiveness.
Cardiac output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is determined by stroke volume, heart rate, preload, afterload, and peripheral resistance. Normal cardiac output is approximately 5 liters per minute. It can increase up to 600% in athletes due to enhanced cardiac reserve. Factors such as venous return, force of contraction, heart rate, and peripheral resistance maintain cardiac output within the body.
Recommended
7) regulation of respiration
lecture 7: every system in our body should be controlled by nervous system, certain chemical in the blood also alter the respiratory cycle.
Cardiac output & factors affecting it.
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
Glomerular filtration
This document discusses glomerular filtration and its regulation. It begins with an introduction to the kidney and nephron. There are three main processes involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration is governed by the filtration coefficient and Starling forces, including hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. The glomerular filtration rate can be measured and is regulated by various intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, including the myogenic response, tubuloglomerular feedback, neural inputs, and hormones like angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide. Conditions like exercise, pregnancy, posture, and disease states can influence glomerular filtration rate.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
This document discusses glomerular filtration and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It defines glomerular filtration as the process where plasma filters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule, the first step in urine formation. The GFR is the rate at which plasma is filtered and is an important measurement of kidney function. Normal GFR is about 125 mL/min. The kidneys filter the plasma around 60 times per day. Renal blood flow to the kidneys is high at around 1200 mL/min and is regulated by the afferent and efferent arterioles. Glomerular filtration is governed by the filtration coefficient and Starling forces of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
Blood pressure & its regulation
1. Blood pressure is regulated through short, intermediate, and long-term control mechanisms. Short-term control is achieved through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes that sense changes in blood pressure and cardiac output.
2. Intermediate control is provided by the renin-angiotensin system, which causes vasoconstriction. Long-term control involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and hormones like vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide that regulate blood volume and vascular tone.
3. Local control of blood pressure is achieved through the actions of vasodilators like nitric oxide and vasoconstrictors like endothelin and angiotensin
Non respiratory functions of lung ( The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Besides primary function of gaseous exchange, the respiratory tract is involved in several non respiratory functions of the body
1. OLFACTION
Olfactory receptors present in the mucous membrane of nostril are responsible for olfactory sensation.
2. VOCALIZATION
Larynx alone plays major role in the process of vocalization. Therefore, it is called sound box.
3. PREVENTION OF DUST PARTICLES
Particles, which escape the protective mechanisms
in nose and alveoli are thrown out by cough reflex and sneezing reflex.
4. DEFENSE MECHANISM
Lungs play important role in the immunological defense system of the body.
Defense functions of the lungs are performed by their own defenses and
by the presence of various types of cells in mucous
membrane lining the alveoli of lungs.
These cells are
leukocytes,
macrophages,
mast cells,
natural killer
cells
dendritic cells.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
cardiac output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. The average cardiac output is 5000 ml/minute. Cardiac output can vary based on activity level and is regulated by factors like heart rate, contractility, blood volume, and venous return. An increase in any of these factors can increase cardiac output, while a decrease can lower cardiac output. Pathologically, cardiac output can be too high due to conditions like beriberi that reduce peripheral resistance, or too low due to issues that decrease venous return or heart pumping effectiveness.
Cardiac output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is determined by stroke volume, heart rate, preload, afterload, and peripheral resistance. Normal cardiac output is approximately 5 liters per minute. It can increase up to 600% in athletes due to enhanced cardiac reserve. Factors such as venous return, force of contraction, heart rate, and peripheral resistance maintain cardiac output within the body.
Classification of nerve fibres
Nerve fibers can be classified in six different ways: by structure, distribution, origin, function, neurotransmitter secretion, and diameter/impulse conduction. By structure, they are myelinated or non-myelinated. By distribution, they are somatic or autonomic. By origin, they are cranial or spinal. By function, they are sensory or motor. By neurotransmitter, they are adrenergic or cholinergic. By diameter/impulse conduction, Erlanger and Gasser classified them as type A, B, or C fibers with different speeds and functions.
Cardiac Cycle.pptx
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart between two subsequent contractions. It consists of atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial diastole, and ventricular diastole. During atrial systole, the atria contract and pump blood into the ventricles. Ventricular systole follows, where the ventricles contract and eject blood from the heart. The electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart throughout the cardiac cycle, represented by the P, Q, R, S, and T waves.
Counter current mechanism
The countercurrent mechanism in the kidney produces a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium through three key processes: 1) the countercurrent multiplier effect of the thick ascending loop of Henle which repetitively reabsorbs sodium chloride, 2) active transport of ions from the collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium, and 3) facilitated diffusion of urea from the inner medullary collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium. This hyperosmotic interstitium is maintained by the countercurrent exchange function of the vasa recta blood vessels.
Vitalography: Physiology practical
1. Vital capacity is the largest volume of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible. It is measured using a device called a vitalograph or spirometer.
2. When measuring vital capacity, the subject inhales fully then exhales as much air as possible into the vitalograph, which measures the volume expelled. Readings are taken in standing, sitting, and lying down positions.
3. Vital capacity is highest when standing and lowest when lying down due to effects of posture on lung volume and respiratory muscle function. Physiological factors like age, gender, and fitness level also impact vital capacity.
Regulation of-arterial-blood-pressure
This document discusses the regulation of arterial blood pressure. It defines terms related to blood pressure and lists factors that can cause physiological variations. The determinants of arterial blood pressure are cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Blood pressure is regulated through short, intermediate, and long-term control mechanisms involving the nervous system, kidneys, hormones, and local factors. The baroreceptor and renin-angiotensin systems help maintain normal blood pressure levels.
SYNAPSE
The document discusses the structure and function of chemical synapses. It begins by defining a synapse as the junction between two nerve cells. It then describes the key anatomical components of a chemical synapse, including the presynaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It explains the process of neurotransmission, including the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, their binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, and the resulting postsynaptic potentials. The document also discusses inhibition at synapses, the properties of synaptic transmission, and examples of neurotransmitters.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Normal cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, as well as the vasomotor center in the medulla. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it.
Neurons
The document discusses the basic unit of nervous tissue, the neuron. Neurons consist of a cell body containing the nucleus, and processes called dendrites and an axon. Dendrites carry impulses toward the cell body, while the axon carries impulses away from the cell body. There are three main types of neurons: sensory neurons that transmit impulses from the body to the CNS, motor neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands, and interneurons that relay impulses within the CNS.
Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary bodily functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" through increased heart rate, breathing, and metabolism. The parasympathetic system acts to conserve energy and promote rest through decreased heart rate and increased digestion. The ANS regulates organ systems like the heart, lungs, and digestive system through both divisions to maintain homeostasis.
TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
Dr. Nilesh Kate's document discusses the transport of carbon dioxide in the body. It describes how CO2 moves from cells to blood through diffusion down a partial pressure gradient, and is transported in the blood in three forms: dissolved, bicarbonate, and carbamino compounds. The document outlines the roles of hemoglobin, oxygen levels, and temperature in facilitating CO2 transport from tissues to the lungs, where it diffuses into the alveolar air and is exhaled. Key factors like pH regulation and the respiratory quotient are also briefly covered.
JUXTA GLOMERULAR apparatus
The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
Arterial blood pressure regulation
This document discusses the concepts of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. It defines normal blood pressure ranges and factors that can influence blood pressure such as age, sex, body size, emotions, exercise, meals, sleep, and gravity. The relationship between cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure is explained. Mechanisms for short-term blood pressure regulation including baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, and central nervous system ischemic response are outlined. Long-term regulation involves the kidneys, renin-angiotensin system, and pressure natriuresis.
Cardiac output
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle with each beat. Factors that affect cardiac output include body metabolism, exercise level, age, and body size. Cardiac output increases with exercise and decreases with age. It is tightly regulated to meet the metabolic demands of the body's tissues.
Cardiac output, blood flow, and blood pressure
This document discusses cardiac output, blood flow, and blood pressure. It defines cardiac output as the volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle, which is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume depends on factors like preload, contractility, and afterload. The document also discusses regulation of heart rate and contractility by the autonomic nervous system as well as intrinsic properties like the Frank-Starling law. Additional topics covered include blood volume, factors influencing blood flow, vascular resistance, blood pressure regulation via baroreceptors, and measurement of blood pressure.
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
Aldosterone by M.Pandian
Introduction
HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Aldosterone
Life-saving Hormone
Actions of aldosterone
Aldosterone escape or escape phenomenon
Regulation of aldosterone secretion
Renin–angiotensin system
Applied
DETERMINANTS AND FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC OUTPUT
This document discusses the determinants and factors affecting cardiac output. It defines cardiac output as the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute, which is determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Ejection fraction is explained as the fraction of blood ejected from the ventricles with each heartbeat. Cardiac output can vary due to physiological factors like age, sex, exercise, and pathological factors like fever or shock. Cardiac output is maintained by four main factors - venous return, force of contraction, heart rate, and peripheral resistance. Venous return depends on respiratory pumping, muscle pumping, gravity, and venous pressure.
Heart rate by pandian m
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
Properties of nerve fiber by Pandian M, Dept Physiology DYPMCKOP, this ppt fo...
Describe the types, functions & properties of nerve fibres
3.2.1 Classify nerve fibres
3.2.2 Classify nerve fibres based on the diameter & conduction velocity
3.2.3 Describe the salient features of Erlanger & Gasser
classification of nerve fibres
3.2.4 State the functions of type A, B & C nerve fibres
3.2.5 Compare & contrast the numerical classification with the
Erlanger & Gasser classification in the sensory nerve fibres
Synapses
Synapses are junctions between neurons that allow for communication through either electrical or chemical transmission. Anatomically, synapses can be classified based on where the axon of one neuron connects to the other neuron, such as onto the cell body, dendrite, or axon. Functionally, synapses are either electrical, using gap junctions, or chemical, using neurotransmitters. Chemically, synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory based on the neurotransmitters released, with excitatory synapses transmitting impulses and inhibitory synapses inhibiting transmission. Key properties of synapses include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue due to depletion of neurotransmitters, summation effects from multiple stimulations, and the generation of
Maintaining homeostatic mean arterial blood pressure
This document discusses mechanisms that regulate mean arterial blood pressure in the body. It describes that blood pressure needs to be regulated to maintain homeostasis. Short term mechanisms include baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes which sense pressure changes and regulate heart rate and vessels. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a long term mechanism that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. Hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin also affect blood pressure. The cardiovascular regulatory center integrates input from sensors and coordinates the autonomic nervous system response.
BP_Control.ppt physology1.ppt
The document discusses the control of blood pressure through short-term and long-term mechanisms. Short-term control is mediated by baroreceptors located in the aorta and carotid arteries that detect changes in blood pressure and initiate reflex responses to maintain pressure. Long-term control involves renal regulation of fluid volume and sodium balance through hormones like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide. The document also describes the body's response to blood loss or shock, including compensatory mechanisms and progression to organ failure if blood volume is not restored.
More Related Content
What's hot
Classification of nerve fibres
Nerve fibers can be classified in six different ways: by structure, distribution, origin, function, neurotransmitter secretion, and diameter/impulse conduction. By structure, they are myelinated or non-myelinated. By distribution, they are somatic or autonomic. By origin, they are cranial or spinal. By function, they are sensory or motor. By neurotransmitter, they are adrenergic or cholinergic. By diameter/impulse conduction, Erlanger and Gasser classified them as type A, B, or C fibers with different speeds and functions.
Cardiac Cycle.pptx
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart between two subsequent contractions. It consists of atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial diastole, and ventricular diastole. During atrial systole, the atria contract and pump blood into the ventricles. Ventricular systole follows, where the ventricles contract and eject blood from the heart. The electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart throughout the cardiac cycle, represented by the P, Q, R, S, and T waves.
Counter current mechanism
The countercurrent mechanism in the kidney produces a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium through three key processes: 1) the countercurrent multiplier effect of the thick ascending loop of Henle which repetitively reabsorbs sodium chloride, 2) active transport of ions from the collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium, and 3) facilitated diffusion of urea from the inner medullary collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium. This hyperosmotic interstitium is maintained by the countercurrent exchange function of the vasa recta blood vessels.
Vitalography: Physiology practical
1. Vital capacity is the largest volume of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible. It is measured using a device called a vitalograph or spirometer.
2. When measuring vital capacity, the subject inhales fully then exhales as much air as possible into the vitalograph, which measures the volume expelled. Readings are taken in standing, sitting, and lying down positions.
3. Vital capacity is highest when standing and lowest when lying down due to effects of posture on lung volume and respiratory muscle function. Physiological factors like age, gender, and fitness level also impact vital capacity.
Regulation of-arterial-blood-pressure
This document discusses the regulation of arterial blood pressure. It defines terms related to blood pressure and lists factors that can cause physiological variations. The determinants of arterial blood pressure are cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Blood pressure is regulated through short, intermediate, and long-term control mechanisms involving the nervous system, kidneys, hormones, and local factors. The baroreceptor and renin-angiotensin systems help maintain normal blood pressure levels.
SYNAPSE
The document discusses the structure and function of chemical synapses. It begins by defining a synapse as the junction between two nerve cells. It then describes the key anatomical components of a chemical synapse, including the presynaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It explains the process of neurotransmission, including the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, their binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, and the resulting postsynaptic potentials. The document also discusses inhibition at synapses, the properties of synaptic transmission, and examples of neurotransmitters.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Normal cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, as well as the vasomotor center in the medulla. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it.
Neurons
The document discusses the basic unit of nervous tissue, the neuron. Neurons consist of a cell body containing the nucleus, and processes called dendrites and an axon. Dendrites carry impulses toward the cell body, while the axon carries impulses away from the cell body. There are three main types of neurons: sensory neurons that transmit impulses from the body to the CNS, motor neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands, and interneurons that relay impulses within the CNS.
Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary bodily functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" through increased heart rate, breathing, and metabolism. The parasympathetic system acts to conserve energy and promote rest through decreased heart rate and increased digestion. The ANS regulates organ systems like the heart, lungs, and digestive system through both divisions to maintain homeostasis.
TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
Dr. Nilesh Kate's document discusses the transport of carbon dioxide in the body. It describes how CO2 moves from cells to blood through diffusion down a partial pressure gradient, and is transported in the blood in three forms: dissolved, bicarbonate, and carbamino compounds. The document outlines the roles of hemoglobin, oxygen levels, and temperature in facilitating CO2 transport from tissues to the lungs, where it diffuses into the alveolar air and is exhaled. Key factors like pH regulation and the respiratory quotient are also briefly covered.
JUXTA GLOMERULAR apparatus
The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
Arterial blood pressure regulation
This document discusses the concepts of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. It defines normal blood pressure ranges and factors that can influence blood pressure such as age, sex, body size, emotions, exercise, meals, sleep, and gravity. The relationship between cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure is explained. Mechanisms for short-term blood pressure regulation including baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, and central nervous system ischemic response are outlined. Long-term regulation involves the kidneys, renin-angiotensin system, and pressure natriuresis.
Cardiac output
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle with each beat. Factors that affect cardiac output include body metabolism, exercise level, age, and body size. Cardiac output increases with exercise and decreases with age. It is tightly regulated to meet the metabolic demands of the body's tissues.
Cardiac output, blood flow, and blood pressure
This document discusses cardiac output, blood flow, and blood pressure. It defines cardiac output as the volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle, which is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume depends on factors like preload, contractility, and afterload. The document also discusses regulation of heart rate and contractility by the autonomic nervous system as well as intrinsic properties like the Frank-Starling law. Additional topics covered include blood volume, factors influencing blood flow, vascular resistance, blood pressure regulation via baroreceptors, and measurement of blood pressure.
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
Aldosterone by M.Pandian
Introduction
HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Aldosterone
Life-saving Hormone
Actions of aldosterone
Aldosterone escape or escape phenomenon
Regulation of aldosterone secretion
Renin–angiotensin system
Applied
DETERMINANTS AND FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC OUTPUT
This document discusses the determinants and factors affecting cardiac output. It defines cardiac output as the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute, which is determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Ejection fraction is explained as the fraction of blood ejected from the ventricles with each heartbeat. Cardiac output can vary due to physiological factors like age, sex, exercise, and pathological factors like fever or shock. Cardiac output is maintained by four main factors - venous return, force of contraction, heart rate, and peripheral resistance. Venous return depends on respiratory pumping, muscle pumping, gravity, and venous pressure.
Heart rate by pandian m
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
Properties of nerve fiber by Pandian M, Dept Physiology DYPMCKOP, this ppt fo...
Describe the types, functions & properties of nerve fibres
3.2.1 Classify nerve fibres
3.2.2 Classify nerve fibres based on the diameter & conduction velocity
3.2.3 Describe the salient features of Erlanger & Gasser
classification of nerve fibres
3.2.4 State the functions of type A, B & C nerve fibres
3.2.5 Compare & contrast the numerical classification with the
Erlanger & Gasser classification in the sensory nerve fibres
Synapses
Synapses are junctions between neurons that allow for communication through either electrical or chemical transmission. Anatomically, synapses can be classified based on where the axon of one neuron connects to the other neuron, such as onto the cell body, dendrite, or axon. Functionally, synapses are either electrical, using gap junctions, or chemical, using neurotransmitters. Chemically, synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory based on the neurotransmitters released, with excitatory synapses transmitting impulses and inhibitory synapses inhibiting transmission. Key properties of synapses include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue due to depletion of neurotransmitters, summation effects from multiple stimulations, and the generation of
What's hot (20)
Properties of nerve fiber by Pandian M, Dept Physiology DYPMCKOP, this ppt fo...
Properties of nerve fiber by Pandian M, Dept Physiology DYPMCKOP, this ppt fo...
Similar to Control of heart rate BY PANDIAN M
Maintaining homeostatic mean arterial blood pressure
This document discusses mechanisms that regulate mean arterial blood pressure in the body. It describes that blood pressure needs to be regulated to maintain homeostasis. Short term mechanisms include baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes which sense pressure changes and regulate heart rate and vessels. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a long term mechanism that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. Hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin also affect blood pressure. The cardiovascular regulatory center integrates input from sensors and coordinates the autonomic nervous system response.
BP_Control.ppt physology1.ppt
The document discusses the control of blood pressure through short-term and long-term mechanisms. Short-term control is mediated by baroreceptors located in the aorta and carotid arteries that detect changes in blood pressure and initiate reflex responses to maintain pressure. Long-term control involves renal regulation of fluid volume and sodium balance through hormones like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide. The document also describes the body's response to blood loss or shock, including compensatory mechanisms and progression to organ failure if blood volume is not restored.
BP_Control.ppt physology1.ppt
The document discusses the control of blood pressure through short-term and long-term mechanisms. Short-term control is mediated by baroreceptors located in the aorta and carotid arteries that detect changes in blood pressure and initiate reflex responses to maintain pressure. Long-term control involves renal regulation of fluid volume and sodium balance through hormones like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide. The document also describes the body's response to blood loss and the types of shock that can occur from inadequate tissue perfusion.
Heart rate
Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually per minute.
The heart rate is based on the number of contractions of the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart).
Regulation of blood pressure
There are four main mechanisms that regulate blood pressure: nervous, renal, hormonal, and local. The nervous mechanism acts the fastest via the vasomotor system to control heart rate and vasoconstriction/vasodilation in response to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. The renal mechanism regulates blood pressure long-term by controlling extracellular fluid volume and through the renin-angiotensin system. Hormonal and local factors also contribute to blood pressure regulation.
cardiac output,
This document discusses cardiac output and the factors that affect it. It defines key terms like stroke volume, minute volume, cardiac index and cardiac reserve. It describes physiological factors like age, gender, exercise and posture as well as pathological factors like fever, anemia and heart failure that can impact cardiac output. The document also covers methods of measuring cardiac output like Fick's principle, dye dilution and thermodilution techniques.
cardiac physiology
The document summarizes key aspects of cardiac physiology, including:
- The functions of the heart in generating blood pressure, routing blood flow, ensuring one-way flow, and regulating blood supply.
- The cardiac cycle and its phases of isovolumic contraction, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, and diastole.
- Factors that affect cardiac output including venous return, heart rate, contractility, and peripheral resistance.
- Key reflexes that regulate cardiac function such as the baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, and Bezold-Jarisch reflexes.
Cvs7
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and regulation of blood pressure. It describes how the brain monitors and controls blood flow and pressure on a beat-to-beat basis to meet metabolic demands. Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume. The document then discusses short term regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and local mechanisms, as well as long term regulation by the renal-body fluid system including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
Types of Heart Activity (Autoregulation of heart)
The document discusses types of heart activity self-regulation. It describes heterometric autoregulation, including the Frank-Starling law where stroke volume increases with end diastolic volume. It also describes homeometric autoregulation, including the Bowditch effect where contractility increases with heart rate, and the Anrep effect where contractility increases with afterload. Both heterometric and homeometric autoregulation allow the heart to adapt its function to changes in preload and afterload.
Physiology of Blood Pressure - Regulation
This presentation gives you a brief, understandable, captivating and presentable idea on the physiology of blood pressure regulation both on hypertension and hypotension cases.
Cardio Function 2015
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular assessment. It begins with lecture objectives which are to review cardiovascular anatomy and physiology, discuss relevant aspects of patient history, describe physical assessment of cardiovascular status, and review diagnostic tests and medications. The document then covers topics like cardiac cell properties, the coronary arteries, contraction of cardiac muscle, factors affecting excitability, conductivity, contractility, and rhythmicity. It also discusses monitoring the cardiac cycle, cardiac output, blood pressure regulation, cardiac loads, cardiac assessment techniques, and immediate nursing interventions for acute cardiac events.
Cardiac Cycle and Anaesthetic Implications
The cardiac cycle begins with an electrical impulse from the sinoatrial node that causes atrial contraction. This is followed by a delayed impulse from the atrioventricular node that causes ventricular contraction. The cycle involves electrical and mechanical events represented by the ECG. Cardiac function is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and hormones. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it. Important cardiac reflexes maintain homeostasis by regulating heart rate and contractility in response to pressure and chemical sensors.
bloodpressuremechanism-100423102316-phpapp01.pptx
Short-term control of blood pressure is mediated by the nervous system and chemicals that regulate peripheral resistance within seconds or minutes. The baroreceptor reflex detects changes in blood pressure and regulates heart rate, stroke volume, and vascular tone to maintain pressure. Chemoreceptors sense oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stimulate the vasomotor center. If blood flow to the brain decreases severely, the CNS ischemic response triggers powerful vasoconstriction to increase pressure.
B p control mechanism
Control of blood pressure involves both immediate and long-term mechanisms. Immediate control is mediated by autonomic reflexes like the baroreceptor reflex which senses changes in blood pressure and regulates sympathetic outflow. Intermediate control involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and arginine vasopressin. Long-term control is regulated by the kidneys which alter sodium and water balance. Most tissues also autoregulate blood flow by dilating or constricting arterioles in response to pressure and metabolic changes.
Nervous and hormonal regulation of heart beat.pptx
nervous and hormonal regulation of heartbeat
Heart rate refers to the number of times the heart beats per minute and is directly related to workload being placed on the heart
The normal heart rate of resting adult human- 60-100
Bradycardia- slow heart rate (below 60 bpm)
Tachycardia- fast heart rate (above 100 bpm)
Irregular pattern in heart beating is termed as Arrhythmia
circulation2
This document discusses veins, central venous pressure (CVP), microcirculation, lymphatics, local control of blood flow, arterial blood pressure control, cardiac output, and the relationship between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Key points include that 60% of blood is in veins, CVP is measured invasively or noninvasively, capillary filtration is determined by Starling forces, blood flow is regulated locally and through neural and hormonal mechanisms, and cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate.
Upload circulation2
This document discusses veins, venous pressure, microcirculation, lymphatics, local blood flow control, arterial blood pressure control, cardiac output regulation, and the coupling of cardiac and vascular function. Key points include that veins act as reservoirs and return 60% of blood to the heart, central venous pressure measures right atrial pressure, the Starling forces that govern capillary filtration, and mechanisms like autoregulation, reactive hyperemia, and baroreceptor reflexes that control local blood flow and arterial pressure.
7. BP 3.ppsx
This document discusses blood pressure, including its definition, normal values, measurement methods, short-term and long-term regulation, and related conditions like hypertension and hypotension. It defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure and other terms. It describes the nervous, hormonal, local, renal, and baroreceptor mechanisms that regulate blood pressure in the short-term and long-term. It provides details on hypertension types and treatment approaches, as well as causes of hypotension. The overall aim is to educate students on blood pressure, its determinants, regulation, and clinical implications.
Cardiac physiology
This document provides an overview of cardiac physiology, including:
1) It discusses the cardiac cycle, electrical activity of the heart, arterial waveforms, and factors that influence cardiac output and blood pressure regulation.
2) It covers topics like the pressure-volume loop, ECG, JVP, coronary circulation, oxygen demand and supply, and mechanisms that control blood pressure both short and long term.
3) It addresses cardiac contractility, factors that influence cardiac output, and the relationship between cardiac output, blood pressure, and systemic vascular resistance as dictated by the Frank-Starling Law.
Cardiovascular regulation
This document discusses cardiovascular regulation through humoral, neuronal, and local control systems. It provides details on various vasodilators and vasoconstrictors that regulate blood flow and pressure through humoral mechanisms. Key neuronal control centers in the medulla are described, including the vasomotor center, nucleus ambiguus, and nucleus tractus solitarius. The roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in regulating heart rate and blood vessel tone are also outlined.
Similar to Control of heart rate BY PANDIAN M (20)
Maintaining homeostatic mean arterial blood pressure
Maintaining homeostatic mean arterial blood pressure
Nervous and hormonal regulation of heart beat.pptx
Nervous and hormonal regulation of heart beat.pptx
More from Pandian M
Optics of Vision II - photochemistry dyp.pptx
1) The document discusses the structure and function of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina and the biochemical process of vision, including the roles of rhodopsin and retinal isomerization.
2) It also explains the visual cycle and how activation of rhodopsin causes hyperpolarization in the rod cell, leading to a receptor potential.
3) Finally, it covers common errors of refraction like myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia as well as visual field defects that can result from lesions along the visual pathway from the retina to the visual cortex.
Thalamus .ppt
The thalamus is located in the center of the cerebral hemispheres. It receives sensory input from various areas and projects to different cortical regions. The thalamus and cortex work as a single functional unit, with the thalamus integrating inputs and the cortex performing higher-level processing.
Anatomically, the thalamus is divided into anterior, lateral, and medial groups of nuclei. The lateral group contains sensory relay nuclei that project to sensory cortices. Association nuclei in the medial and dorsal groups integrate sensory and limbic inputs and project to association cortices. Nonspecific nuclei in the intralaminar and midline regions are involved in arousal, emotions, and alertness.
Damage to the
Pulmonary Surfactant for MBBS .pptx
Pulmonary surfactant is produced by type II alveolar cells and acts to reduce surface tension in the lungs. It is composed primarily of phospholipids including dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and surfactant proteins. Surfactant functions to prevent alveolar collapse during exhalation by reducing surface tension and to maintain uniform alveolar size. Disruption of surfactant production can lead to respiratory distress syndrome in newborns and adults with lung injury.
What does it mean by Patient.pptx
The document discusses key concepts related to patients and illness. It defines a patient as someone suffering from an illness and receiving medical treatment. It describes acute illnesses as short-term and severe, while chronic illnesses persist for over 6 months and may cause disability. The stages of illness behavior are discussed, from initially experiencing symptoms, to assuming the sick role and seeking medical care, becoming dependent on treatment, and recovering. Emotional responses like fear and anxiety are also reviewed.
WBC formation and regulation.pptx
This document discusses white blood cell formation and regulation. It begins by explaining that leukopoiesis (white blood cell formation) is mainly regulated by cytokines like colony stimulating factors, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factors which are produced by tissues like T lymphocytes, monocytes, fibroblasts and organs like the liver and kidneys. It then goes on to describe various conditions that can cause changes in different white blood cell counts, including physiological and pathological causes of neutrophilia, neutropenia, eosinophilia, basophilia, lymphocytosis, lymphocytopenia, monocytosis and monocytopenia. Examples of diseases or situations associated with increases or decreases in specific white blood cell types are provided. The document concludes by listing
Introduction to CVS ZMCh.pptx
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It describes the four chambers of the heart, including the two atria that receive blood and two thick-walled ventricles that pump blood. The left ventricle must work harder than the right ventricle due to higher systemic resistance. Valves including the tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary and aortic valves are described. Their roles in regulating blood flow and sounds produced from their closure are also summarized. The conducting system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and Purkinje fibers is briefly outlined. Finally, the document lists references for further reading on cardiac anatomy and physiology.
Properties of CM, Plateau Potential & Pacemaker.pptx
Cardiac muscle has unique properties that allow the heart to function as a syncytium.
1) Cardiac cells are branched and joined by intercalated discs containing desmosomes and gap junctions, allowing action potentials to spread between cells.
2) The heart has specialized pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node that generate action potentials spontaneously due to unstable membrane potentials and funny channels.
3) Cardiac action potentials have a plateau phase due to calcium influx through L-type calcium channels, allowing the heart to contract forcefully for over 200ms.
Urine formation 2 zydus.pptx
The document discusses renal tubular reabsorption and secretion. It covers:
1. The proximal tubule reabsorbs about 65% of filtered sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, and essentially all filtered glucose and amino acids. It also secretes organic acids, bases, and hydrogen ions.
2. In the loop of Henle, the descending limb reabsorbs water by passive diffusion. The thick ascending limb actively reabsorbs sodium, chloride, and potassium.
3. The distal tubules and collecting ducts reabsorb approximately 7% of filtered NaCl and 8-17% of water. They secrete potassium and hydrogen ions. The medullary collecting duct is perme
Urine formation -1 zydus.pptx
The document summarizes the three main processes involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. It describes glomerular filtration in detail, including the characteristics of the filtration membrane that allow it to be highly selective. The normal glomerular filtration rate is 125 mL/minute, with the kidneys producing a total of about 180 L of filtrate per day. Glomerular filtration rate is regulated by several factors that influence the net filtration pressure across the glomerular membrane.
Bladder, Micturition and Applied 2023.pptx
1. The document discusses the physiology of micturition and bladder dysfunctions.
2. It describes the anatomy and innervation of the urinary bladder, as well as the mechanism of micturition and how micturition is controlled.
3. Various bladder dysfunctions that can occur due to lesions at different levels of the neuraxis are also discussed.
THE COUNTERCURRENT.pptx
The countercurrent mechanism involves the loops of Henle and vasa recta working together to create and maintain an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. The loops of Henle function as countercurrent multipliers, actively transporting ions from the thick ascending limb to increase the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid. The vasa recta parallel the loops of Henle and function as countercurrent exchangers, rapidly exchanging fluids between ascending and descending limbs to minimize washing out solutes and preserve the osmotic gradient as blood flows through the medulla. This countercurrent system allows urine to be concentrated as water is reabsorbed along the nephron according to the osmotic gradient in the
ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY , DIALYSIS AND RENAL TRANSPLANT.ppt
This document discusses dialysis, artificial kidneys, and renal transplantation. It begins by outlining the objectives and providing definitions of dialysis and indications for when it is needed, both acutely and chronically. It then describes the two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which uses an artificial kidney machine, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneum. The principles, procedures, requirements, compositions and potential complications of each type of dialysis are explained in detail. Finally, the document covers renal transplantation as the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease, outlining the benefits, risks, types of donors, compatibility testing, immunosuppressant drugs used, and the transplantation procedure and potential
Applied aspects of Kidney and RFT by Dr. MP.pptx
This document provides an overview of common renal disorders, including their pathophysiology, symptoms, and diagnostic tests. It discusses common urinary symptoms like polyuria, nocturia, dysuria, incontinence, and enuresis. It also covers renal failure, differentiating between acute and chronic renal failure. Nephrotic syndrome and its associated features are explained. Classification and mechanisms of action of diuretic drugs are outlined. Various renal function tests are described, including analysis of urine and blood, clearance tests using substances like inulin to measure glomerular filtration rate, and renal imaging techniques.
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ).pptx
The document discusses the neuromuscular junction and muscle contraction physiology. It defines the neuromuscular junction as the connection between motor neurons and muscle fibers that initiates muscle contraction. The structure and function of the neuromuscular junction is described, including the roles of acetylcholine, receptors, and acetylcholinesterase. The sliding filament model of muscle contraction is introduced. Different muscle fiber types, properties of muscle tissue, and the sarcomere as the contractile unit are defined.
Degeneration & regeneration of nerve fiber.ppt by Dr. PANDIAN M.
This document discusses the degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers following injury. It describes the various types of nerve injuries classified based on severity from first to fifth degree. When an axon is injured, degenerative changes occur in the distal segment, proximal segment, and nerve cell body. The distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration where the axon breaks down. Regeneration is possible if the nerve cell body and nucleus remain intact and the cut ends are within 3mm and aligned. Peripheral nerves can regenerate guided by Schwann cells, while regeneration is more limited in the central nervous system.
Haemoglobin.pptx
Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of globin and heme, with the heme portion containing iron that binds to oxygen. Hemoglobin allows for the efficient transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
composition of blood - BPTH 2022.pptx
COMPOSITION
BLOOD CELLS
PLASMA
SERUM
FUNCTIONS
NUTRITIVE FUNCTION
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
EXCRETORY FUNCTION
TRANSPORT OF HORMONES AND ENZYMES
REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE
REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
STORAGE FUNCTION
DEFENSIVE FUNCTION
composition of blood.pptx
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and cellular elements. Plasma is 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, nutrients, gases, and electrolytes. Cellular elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help with blood clotting. Blood has many functions including nutrient transport, waste removal, temperature regulation, hormone transport, and immune defense. Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin and can be caused by blood loss, increased cell destruction, or decreased cell production.
Determination of WBC count by Dr. Pandian M..pptx
The document describes the calculation method for determining white blood cell (WBC) count per cubic millimeter of blood. It involves dividing a central square under the microscope into 25 smaller squares and counting the WBCs in 5 of those squares. This number is then used to calculate the number of WBCs in 1/50 cubic millimeter, and through multiplication, the number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of undiluted blood is determined based on the dilution used during sample preparation.
PLATELET COUNT by Dr. Pandian M .pptx
Dr. Pandian M describes the procedure for performing a platelet count. Platelets serve important hemostatic functions and their normal range is 1.5-4 lakhs/cumm. The procedure involves mixing blood with a diluting fluid in a Neubauer chamber, then counting platelets in grid squares under a microscope. For the sample, 40 platelets were counted in 1/50 mm3, indicating a platelet count of 2 lakhs/mm3 of blood, within the normal range. Abnormally high or low platelet counts can occur due to various bone marrow and other disorders.
More from Pandian M (20)
Properties of CM, Plateau Potential & Pacemaker.pptx
Properties of CM, Plateau Potential & Pacemaker.pptx
ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY , DIALYSIS AND RENAL TRANSPLANT.ppt
ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY , DIALYSIS AND RENAL TRANSPLANT.ppt
Degeneration & regeneration of nerve fiber.ppt by Dr. PANDIAN M.
Degeneration & regeneration of nerve fiber.ppt by Dr. PANDIAN M.
Recently uploaded
2nd-generation Antihistaminic Part I.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology as applied to Public Health
Nutritional deficiency disorder in Child
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Call Girls Electronic City 🥰 Bangalore Call Girl No Advance Book Now
Call Girls Electronic City 🥰 Bangalore Call Girl No Advance Book Now
Wabsite For Rant : babesbookhot@gmail.com
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptx
There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
One piece compressive Dental implant : data from Google Scholar
This is a primary review about one piece dental Implant
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
RESPIRATORY DISEASES by bhavya kelavadiya
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
mortality & morbidity indicators of health .pptx
Indicators for measurement of health including mortality, morbidity an d disability
biomechanics of running. Dr.dhwani.pptx
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Digital Smile Design-An innovative tool in aesthetic dentistry.pptx
Digital Smile Design-An innovative tool in aesthetic dentistry.pptxDigital Smile Design-An innovative tool in aesthetic dentistry.pptxDigital Smile Design-An innovative tool in aesthetic dentistry.pptxDigital Smile Design-An innovative tool in aesthetic dentistry.pptxDigital Smile Design-An innovative tool in aesthetic dentistry.pptxDigital Smile Design-An innovative tool in aesthetic dentistry.pptxDigital Smile Design-An innovative tool in aesthetic dentistry.pptxv
All about shoulder Joint ..
All about shoulder joint , Anatomy ,Examination, Special tests and radiology.
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptx
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
Microbiology & Parasitology Exercises Parts of the Microscope
Exercise 1 of Microbiology and Parasitology which is the parts of the microscope and their uses
2nd generation Antihistaminic-Part II.pptx
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
Recently uploaded (20)
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Call Girls Electronic City 🥰 Bangalore Call Girl No Advance Book Now
Call Girls Electronic City 🥰 Bangalore Call Girl No Advance Book Now
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptx
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptx
One piece compressive Dental implant : data from Google Scholar
One piece compressive Dental implant : data from Google Scholar
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
Digital Smile Design-An innovative tool in aesthetic dentistry.pptx
Digital Smile Design-An innovative tool in aesthetic dentistry.pptx
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptx
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptx
Microbiology & Parasitology Exercises Parts of the Microscope
Microbiology & Parasitology Exercises Parts of the Microscope
Control of heart rate BY PANDIAN M
- 1. General Schemaatic of HR Control
- 2. Regulation of Cardiac Cycle Autonomic nerve impulses alter the activities of the S-A and A-V nodes
- 3. Overview of short-term control mechanisms From: Introduction to Cardiovascular physiology. J.R. Levick. Arnold 4th edition (2003)
- 4. Heart rate Autonomic regulation (medullary CV center): Receives input from higher brain centers and variety of sensory receptors – Proprioceptors – Chemoreceptors – Baroreceptors • Sympathetic output ↑HR and contractility • Parasympathetic impulses ↓ HR – Little effect on contractility (does not innervate ventricular myocardium)
- 5. Heart rate • Several factors contribute to regulation of heart rate: – Chemical regulation • Cardiac activity depressed by – Hypoxia – Acidosis – Alkalosis • Hormones – Catecholamines and thyroid hormones increase HR and contractility • Cations – Alterations in balance of K+, Na+ and Ca2+ alter HR and contractility
- 6. Heart rate • Several other factors contribute to regulation of heart rate: • Age • Gender – Female HR higher • Physical fitness – Resting bradycardia • Body temperature – Increase causes SA node to discharge more rapidly
- 7. PNS • Vagus nerve (via ACh) ↓ HR by ↓ slow inflow of Na+ and Ca++ and by ↑ the subsequent outflow of potassium (K+). • Acts at SA and AV nodes. • May treat SNS-driven heart attack by gagging or massage of carotid arteries activate vagal reflexes PNS counteracts SNS.
- 8. The Cardiovascular Stress Response • Get the heart to beat faster: ↑ SNS tone, ↓ PNS tone • Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) ↑ slow inflow of Na+ and Ca++ increase rate of re-excitation in SA node. • This ↑ Ca++ also increases contractility. • SNS terminals also excite AV node and whole myocardium: enhances contractility everywhere.
- 9. Summary of long term BP control • Cardiac output and BP depend on renal control of extra-cellular fluid volume via: – Pressure natriuresis, (increased renal filtration) – Changes in: • Vasopressin • Aldosterone • Atrial natiuretic peptide All under the control of altered cardiovascular receptor signaling
- 10. Vasopressin • Enhances water retention • Causes vasoconstriction • Secretion increased by aortic baroreceptors and atrial sensors http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP016.htm
- 11. Baroreceptor reflex Blood pressure falls Aortic arch Carotid sinus Constriction of veins & arterioles Increased stroke volume Increased heart rate Vasoconstriction Cardiac stimulation Cardiac inhibition Nucleus tractus solitarius Increased peripheral resistance Increased cardiac output Increased blood pressure Neural integration Sensors Effectors