The document discusses the control of blood pressure through short-term and long-term mechanisms. Short-term control is mediated by baroreceptors located in the aorta and carotid arteries that detect changes in blood pressure and initiate reflex responses to maintain pressure. Long-term control involves renal regulation of fluid volume and sodium balance through hormones like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide. The document also describes the body's response to blood loss or shock, including compensatory mechanisms and progression to organ failure if blood volume is not restored.
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels and is one of the principal vital signs. When used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation, usually measured at a person's upper arm. A person’s blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure over diastolic pressure and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Normal resting blood pressure for an adult is approximately 120/80 mm Hg.
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels and is one of the principal vital signs. When used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation, usually measured at a person's upper arm. A person’s blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure over diastolic pressure and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Normal resting blood pressure for an adult is approximately 120/80 mm Hg.
This presentation gives you a brief, understandable, captivating and presentable idea on the physiology of blood pressure regulation both on hypertension and hypotension cases.
Cardiovascular physiology. Cardiac enzymes and their effects in the body system. Cardiac output and effects increasing and decreasing it. Calculations if Ejected fraction and other cardiac parameters.
Cardiovascular system (blood pressure, hypertension) Pharmacy Universe
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
The circulatory system includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph.[1] The passage of lymph for example takes much longer than that of blood.[2] Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues. Lymph is essentially recycled excess blood plasma after it has been filtered from the interstitial fluid (between cells) and returned to the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular (from Latin words meaning "heart" and "vessel") system comprises the blood, heart, and blood vessels.[3] The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels form the lymphatic system, which returns filtered blood plasma from the interstitial fluid (between cells) as lymph.
This presentation gives you a brief, understandable, captivating and presentable idea on the physiology of blood pressure regulation both on hypertension and hypotension cases.
Cardiovascular physiology. Cardiac enzymes and their effects in the body system. Cardiac output and effects increasing and decreasing it. Calculations if Ejected fraction and other cardiac parameters.
Cardiovascular system (blood pressure, hypertension) Pharmacy Universe
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
The circulatory system includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph.[1] The passage of lymph for example takes much longer than that of blood.[2] Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues. Lymph is essentially recycled excess blood plasma after it has been filtered from the interstitial fluid (between cells) and returned to the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular (from Latin words meaning "heart" and "vessel") system comprises the blood, heart, and blood vessels.[3] The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels form the lymphatic system, which returns filtered blood plasma from the interstitial fluid (between cells) as lymph.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
BP_Control.ppt physology1.ppt
1. Control of blood pressure
Outline
• Short term control (baroreceptors)
– Location
– Types of baroreceptor
– Baroreceptor reflex
• Other stretch receptors
• Long-term control
– Renin/ angiotensin/ aldosterone system
– Vasopressin
– Atrial natiuretic peptide
• Response to blood loss (shock)
2. Control of blood pressure
• Mean blood pressure is controlled by changing
total peripheral resistance and or cardiac output.
P = CO x TPR (compare Ohm’s law)
– Cardiac output is controlled by sympathetic and para
sympathetic nerves which effect:
• heart rate
• force of contraction
– TPR controlled by nervous and chemical means to
effect constriction/dilatation of
• arterioles and venules
3. Regulation of blood pressure
How is pressure “measured”?
• Short term
– Baroreceptors
• Long term
– Kidney via renin angiotensin system
4. http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood Pressure/bp012 baroreceptor anat.gif
Location of
baroreceptors
• Baroreceptors sense stretch and
rate of stretch by generating
action potentials (voltage spikes)
• Located in highly distensible
regions of the circulation to
maximise sensitivity
5. Baroreceptor output
(from single fibres)
Rapid decrease in mean pressure
From: Introduction to Cardiovascular physiology. J.R. Levick. Arnold 4th edition (2003)
Rapid increase in mean pressure
Response to pulse pressure
6. Two types of baroreceptor
• Type A
– High sensitivity
– High firing rate
• Type C
– Lower sensitivity
– Lower firing rate
– Higher threshold (before firing starts)
• Therefore can deal with higher pressures than
type A which become “saturated”
From “An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology”
J.R. Levick
7. Response of single baroreceptor
fibre to change in pressure
From “An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology” J.R. Levick
9. Baroreceptor reflex is a
feedback loop
Read
temperature
Is temperature
too high?
No
Yes
Boiler on
Negative feedback
Example: central heating system
Set temperature
10. Baroreceptor reflex is a
feedback loop
“Read”
pressure
Is pressure
too high?
Two way negative feedback
Yes
Increase CO
Increase TPR
No
Reduce CO
Reduce TPR
12. Other stretch receptors
• Coronary artery baroreceptors
– Respond to arterial pressure but more sensitive than
carotid and aortic ones
• Veno-atrial mechanoreceptors
– Respond to changes in central blood volume
• Lie down, lift your legs and cause peripheral vasodilatation
• Unmyelinated mechanoreceptors
– Respond to distension of heart
• Ventricular ones during systole; atrial ones during inspiration
13. Location of receptors in and near the heart
From “An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology” J.R. Levick
Spinal cord
Baroreceptors in
coronary arteries and
aortic arch
Sympathetic afferents &
unmyelinated nociceptors
Cardiac pain
Nucleus tractus solitarius
Cardiac vagal afferents
unmyelinated
myelinated
14. Other receptors
• Heart chemosensors
– Cause pain in response to ischaemia
• K+, lactic acid, bradykinin, prostaglandins
• Arterial chemosensors
– Stimulated in response to
• Hypoxaemia, hypercapnia*, acidosis,
hyperkalaemia**
• Regulate breathing
• Lung stretch receptors
– Cause tachycardia during inspiration
*too much CO2
**too much K+
15. Overview of short-term control mechanisms
From: Introduction to Cardiovascular physiology. J.R. Levick. Arnold 4th edition (2003)
16. Long term control of blood pressure
• Involves control of blood volume/sodium
balance by the kidneys
– Hormonal control
• Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
• Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
• Atrial natiuretic peptide
– Pressure natriuresis
18. Vasopressin
• Enhances water retention
• Causes vasoconstriction
• Secretion increased by unloading of
aortic Baroreceptors and atrial sensors
http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP016.htm
19. Atrial natiuretic peptide
• Increases salt excretion via kidneys
– By reducing water reabsorption in the
collecting ducts
– relaxes renal arterioles
– inhibits sodium reabsorption in the
distal tubule
• Released in response to stimulation of
atrial receptors
20. Summary of long term BP control
• Cardiac output and BP depend on renal control of
extra-cellular fluid volume via:
– Pressure natriuresis, (increased renal filtration)
– Changes in:
• Vasopressin
• Aldosterone
• Atrial natiuretic peptide
All under the control of altered cardiovascular
receptor signaling
21. Shock
Definition:
A pathophysiological disorder characterised by acute
failure of the cardiovascular system to perfuse the
tissues of the body adequately.
Levick J.R. “An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology”
Symptoms
– Cold, clammy skin
– Muscular weakness
– Rapid and shallow breathing
– Rapid and weak pulse
– Low pulse pressure (and sometimes mean pressure)
– Reduced urine output
– Confusion
22. Types of shock
– Hypovolaemia
• Caused by drop in blood (plasma) volume
– e.g. haemorrhage, diarrhoea, vomiting, injury
– Septic
• Caused by bacterial endotoxins
– e.g. salmonella
– Cardiogenic
• An acute interruption of of cardiac function
– e.g. myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) or
myocardial infarction
– Anaphylactic
• Caused by allergic reaction
23. Effect of blood loss
• less than 10%, no serious symptoms
– e.g. blood transfusion
• 20 - 30% blood loss not usually life
threatening
• greater than 30%, severe drop in BP
and, often, death due to impaired
cerebral and coronary perfusion
24. Response to moderate blood loss
(compensated haemorrhage)
• Blood volume falls therefore pulse pressure
and stroke volume fall. (Frank-Starling
mechanism: reduced LV contractile force)
• Cardiopulmonary stretch receptor and
baroreceptor activity falls
• Arterial chemoreceptor activity increases, due
to hypoxia and acidosis
rapid breathing
release of vasoconstrictors
Vasopressin, angiotensin etc.
25. Response to moderate blood loss
More serious blood loss
can be treated by
transfusion to lessen the
effects shown here
