The slides contain a short account of the relationship between discourse analysis and interactional sociolinguistics linguistics. They also provide a short account of different approaches to politeness. The influence of Gumperz and Goffman on politeness and facework is highlighted.
This slide contains about a linguistic branch which is soicolinguistics. It discusses about
*perspectives of sociolinguistics
*speech community
*varieties of sociolinguistics
*Pidgin and Creole
After examining the different expressions of context, this paper proposes that context is the interaction between all the elements about language communication activities, including the intra textual co-text, the environment in which communication occurs and the mutual interaction of the shared information, culture, background and world knowledge of the participants. Therefore, context is dynamic. Then, this paper illustrates theories of pragmatics, including the speech act theory, the indirect speech act theory, the cooperative theory and the relevance theory. Finally, it discusses about the significance of context to pragmatics from the perspectives of narrow context and narrow pragmatics, and dynamic context and generalized pragmatics
A short overview on Ethnography of communication. The slides briefly shed light on EOC as an approach to discourse analysis. There are few photos along with the material to help reads glean some insight into the subject.
The slides contain a short account of the relationship between discourse analysis and interactional sociolinguistics linguistics. They also provide a short account of different approaches to politeness. The influence of Gumperz and Goffman on politeness and facework is highlighted.
This slide contains about a linguistic branch which is soicolinguistics. It discusses about
*perspectives of sociolinguistics
*speech community
*varieties of sociolinguistics
*Pidgin and Creole
After examining the different expressions of context, this paper proposes that context is the interaction between all the elements about language communication activities, including the intra textual co-text, the environment in which communication occurs and the mutual interaction of the shared information, culture, background and world knowledge of the participants. Therefore, context is dynamic. Then, this paper illustrates theories of pragmatics, including the speech act theory, the indirect speech act theory, the cooperative theory and the relevance theory. Finally, it discusses about the significance of context to pragmatics from the perspectives of narrow context and narrow pragmatics, and dynamic context and generalized pragmatics
A short overview on Ethnography of communication. The slides briefly shed light on EOC as an approach to discourse analysis. There are few photos along with the material to help reads glean some insight into the subject.
my report for Com 311: Seminar in Cross-Cultural Research at the College of Mass Communication, University of the Philippines Diliman - PhD Media Studies program
1Introduction The Multicultural PersonBoth the nature of what.docxdrennanmicah
1
Introduction: The Multicultural Person
Both the nature of what we take to be a self and its expression are inherently cultural (Bhatia & Stam, 2005, p. 419).
Each individual’s many aspects are not fragmented and distanced from one another or hierarchically ordered on behalf of a ruling center but remain in full interconnectedness and communication (Sampson, 1985, p. 1209).
There are a great variety of categories to which we simultaneously belong … Belonging to each one of the membership groups can be quite important, depending on the particular context … the importance of one identity need not obliterate the importance of others (Sen, 2006, p. 19).
Each of us is a multicultural human being. This simple and basic proposition, most descriptive of those of us who live in contemporary heterogeneous societies, constitutes the basic (though complex) theme of this book. Within its pages the reader will find attempts to explain, illustrate and argue for the value of this assertion. A major stimulus for pursuit of this is the belief that the study and understanding of behavior, when guided by the premise of individual multiculturalism, will increase the authenticity of our knowledge and the reliability of our predictions. This, in turn, should enhance the relevance and efficacy of the applications of our work to significant life situations – in the interest of advancing human welfare.
Multicultural Psychology and Cross-Cultural Psychology
This book needs to be distinguished from those that are in the tradition of cross-cultural psychology or mainstream multicultural psychology. The latter, as defined by Mio, Barker-Hackett, and Tumambing (2006, p. 32) “is the systematic study of all aspects of human behavior as it occurs in settings where people of different backgrounds encounter one another.” Multicultural psychologists prefer a salad bowl rather than a melting pot as metaphorical image, viewing the United States, for example, as a society in which groups maintain their distinctiveness (Moodley & Curling, 2006). They stress and argue for the necessary development of multicultural competence by psychologists and others. Such competence includes understanding of your own culture, respect for other cultures, and acquiring appropriate culturally sensitive interpersonal skills. To this end, professional guidelines have been proposed (and adopted) for education, training, and practice. Such guidelines are approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) for practice with persons of color (APA, 2003), practice with sexual minorities (APA, 2000), and practice with girls and women (APA, 2007).
The emphases in cross-cultural psychology are two-fold: first, to understand and appreciate the relationships among cultural factors and human functioning (Wallace, 2006); and second, to compare world cultures as well as subcultures within a single society. Cultures are compared on values, world-views, dominant practices, beliefs, and structures in order to re.
Organizing a critical communicology ofgender and workKAR.docxalfred4lewis58146
Organizing a critical communicology of
gender and work
KAREN LEE ASHCRAFT AND DENNIS K. MUMBY
Abstract
This article engages in two broad tasks. First, it articulates the basic prem-
ises of a ‘‘critical communicology of gender and work,’’ suggesting a com-
munication-oriented model for examining the relationships among gender,
discourse, organizing, and power. The four basic elements of this model
are (1) a postmodern feminist conception of subjectivity, (2) a dialectical
conception of the relationship between power and resistance, (3) a dia-
chronic perspective on gender and work, emphasizing the importance of
historical context for gender analyses of organizing, and (4) a dialectical
view of the relationship between discursive and material worlds. Second, the
article demonstrates the heuristic value of this model through an empirical
analysis of professional airline pilot identities. Drawing on both archival
and interview data, the analysis shows how these identities are far from
fixed and unitary, but are actually complex discursive constructions pro-
duced by myriad historical, cultural, political, and economic forces. The
analysis positions gender, not as a marginal feature of organizational life,
but as a constitutive feature of the relations among power, discourse, iden-
tity, and organizing.
1. Introduction
Although scholars have studied gender in organizations for over three
decades, comparatively little research has examined the ways in which
organizations are fundamentally gendered. In recent years, however, crit-
ical and feminist scholars have begun to theorize gender as a fundamental
organizing principle. For example, Acker (1990) proposed a sociology
of gendered organization, arguing that ‘‘advantage and disadvantage,
exploitation and control, action and emotion, meaning and identity, are
0165–2516/04/0166–0019
6 Walter de Gruyter
Int’l. J. Soc. Lang. 166 (2004), pp. 19–43
patterned through and in terms of a distinction between male and female,
masculine and feminine’’ (Acker 1990: 146). A number of scholars have
extended Acker’s framework, exploring the complex relations among
gender, power, discourse and organizing (e.g., Alvesson 1998; Britton
1997; Ehlers 1998; Gregg 1993; Martin 1990). Indeed, much of the re-
search conducted in the last ten years or so has married theoretical so-
phistication with ‘‘thick description’’ to provide insight into the gendered
character of everyday organizational life (e.g., Holmer Nadesan 1996;
Martin et al. 1998; Scheibel 1996; Trethewey 1997).
While we position our e¤orts firmly within this body of literature, the
present study stems from two observations about the growing research
on gendered organization. First, we see much of it as reflecting a general
proclivity toward the physical site of work. This focus downplays par-
allel (and intersecting) formations that organize work, such as labor per-
formed beyond traditional work sites ( Rollins 1.
Simulating meaning: a neural theory of discourse coherenceTerry McDonough
Coherence is best described as the ‘impression a text leaves of being unified in some way’ (Charteris-Black, 2014, p. 55). When we encounter a text, we are left with the impression of a whole: it ‘hangs together’ (Halliday & Hasan, 1985, p. 48). Widdowson (2004, p. 63) describes the cohesion-coherence approach, introduced by Halliday and Hasan (1976, 1985), and later developed by Halliday (2004), as the ‘standard model’. In this paper I challenge the assumptions made by the ‘standard model’. The primary assumption I contest is described by Lukeš (2010, p. 183), who observes that meaning is thought of as something that ‘simply happens’.
I adopt an interdisciplinary perspective based on the Neural Theory of Language (NTL) developed at the Institute of Cognitive and Brain Sciences at the University of California at Berkeley (Bergen, 2012, 2015; J. A. Feldman, 2006; J. A. Feldman & Narayanan, 2004a). NTL assumes that we ‘understand narratives by subconsciously imaging (or simulating) the situation being described’ (J. A. Feldman & Narayanan, 2004b, p. 389). Much like Lamb’s (1999, 2015) proposal for a neurobiologically plausible model of language, NTL maintains a commitment to the neuron doctrine’s extension to connectionist architectures (Freeman, 1999; McClelland, 1986; Yuste, 2015).
I contribute to the NTL programme by integrating approaches developed in Cognitive Semantics (Fauconnier, 2009; Fillmore & Baker, 2010; Goldberg, 2006; Langacker, 1987), and by accommodating recent findings in Cognitive Neuroscience (see Kemmerer, 2014). I propose a theoretical framework that positions the experience of coherence as a gestalt simulation. I argue that the impression of coherence arises as a result of neural binding (Büring, 2005; J. Feldman, 2013; Roskies, 1999; Schmidt, 2009).
Content:
Introduction and Status quo . 2
Ontology .
Epistemology .
Me hodolog . . .3
Research De ign . . 4
The introduction of Background Theory . 4
Background Theorie .
Reference . . . .. . 6
Introduction and status quo
The family business is the prevalent organizational form of business globally (Daily and Dollinger,
1993). One of the distinguishing features of family firms (FFs) is that they are built upon close
relationships among family members (Cruz et al., 2010), which can serve as a valuable resource
for serious tensions (Herrero, 2018). Some scholars see conflict as the source of all evil (Jayantilal
et al., 2016) that can create anxiety, especially among spouses. The tensions may be transferred to
other family members, notably the children, which may cause severe dysfunctional problems in
the family. These problems may put the whole family business in danger. These assumptions are
too simplistic and misleading and are one of the main reasons why the literature on this topic
remains largely undertheorized and fragmented, resulting in theoretical limitations and empirical
indeterminacy (Pai and Bendersky, 2020). we (Paola Rovelli,2021) advice for further research
that looks more closely at the family system, considering for instance aspects such as conflicts to
increase their attention towards the consequences of such inconsistencies. The psychology
literature suggests that moderate levels of conflict may enhance group performance through
improved decision-making processes, fostered innovation, and enhanced creativity Likewise,
conflict is not always negative (cognitive conflict), as it may lead to constructive challenges and
improvements (e.g., Ensley & Pearson, 2005. The purpose of this research is that it will give
insights to understand why in some contexts conflict leads to negative performance and why in
others to a positive outcome.
Ontology
An area of philosoph , that deals with the nature of being, or what exists; the area of philosophy
that asks what is and what the fundamental categories of reality are (Neuman, 2014, p. 94). social
reality is created by subjects through their interactions and interpretations, actors influence
structures and regularities, knowledge about social reality is always dependent on subjects and
social relations. In the concept of ontology, this research will put in the concept of nominalism
(as opposed to realism). Nominalists believe in multiple versions of reality, which is derived from
the researcher s interpretations of truth, and depending on the researcher s experience, it can only
be transferred to similar contexts. conflicts, as phenomena of social reality (Kellermanns and
Eddleston, 2004) focuses on communications, relationships and sees communicative acts as the
elements rather than persons. To understand it, the researcher should penetrate the depth of the
matter. Conflicts as a complex web of ...
PSY-850 Lecture 4Read chapters 3 and 4.Objectives Different.docxamrit47
PSY-850 Lecture 4
Read chapters 3 and 4.
Objectives:
Differentiate between ethnography and phenomenology.
Contrast data collection and analysis methods employed in ethnography and phenomenology.
Approaches to Qualitative Research: Ethnography and Phenomenology
Introduction
Ethnographic studies are considered a special case of phenomenological study when the phenomenon observed is a specific culture (Geertz, 1973). Their use ranges from the study of remote primitive cultures by participant-observers to urban marketing studies of the nature of demand for products using focus groups.
Ethnography
The ethnographic approach studies the social interactions of a group to learn the mechanisms by which individuals develop understanding of their everyday life-world. This is the identification of the ways and means used to create dynamic social equilibrium in their group (Garfinkel, 1967). These ways and means enable group members to have fairly accurate expectations of others' behavior and a basis for comprehending expected and unexpected behavior. The product of an ethnographic study is an explicit description of these ways and means.
With this knowledge, researchers can begin to understand how the group's members make sense of the world in which they exist. If successful, it may be possible to determine what events (e.g., the immigration of foreigners or the gain of a new local industry) and conditions (e.g., prolonged drought or growth in incomes over a couple of decades) to which the group may adapt well and to what they may have difficulty adapting. Two key variables here are the expectation (from fully expected to unexpected) and the comprehensibility (from fully comprehensible to incomprehensible).
Thus, the idea of making sense of everyday life is decomposed into two properties (expectation and comprehensibility) that give a richer description of what ethnographers seek. This is an example of increasing the richness of a description, another goal of ethnographic studies (Geertz, 1973). Another example is a study of fire prevention strategies for the National Science Foundation, where Armstrong and Vaughn (1974) replaced housing stock (number of residential units) in New York City with average persons per unit and total population. The data from two sources instead of one were used, enriching the study by this same method of decomposition.
Increasing descriptive variables, where logical, is only one way of enriching a study. There is no simple or formulaic way to achieve richness, but Geertz (1973) provides excellent and detailed guidelines. Review of data, reconsideration of findings, discussions of meaning, or use of the Delphi procedure (Dalkey, 1969) can all be used. Delphis are not just for ethical review, but for study of any complex issue.
Denzin and Lincoln (2005) recommend certain actions of the ethnographer:
1. Combine symbolic meanings with patterns of interaction.
2. Observe the world from the point of view of the ...
V Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa Nauka o informacji (informacja naukowa) w okresie zmian Innowacyjne usługi informacyjne. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii Katedra Informatologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa, 15 – 16 maja 2017
Original ArticleChallenges in Norm Formation andAdherenc.docxgerardkortney
Original Article
Challenges in Norm Formation and
Adherence
The Knowledge, Skills, and Ability Requirements of
Virtual and Traditional Cross-Cultural Teams
Stefan Krumm, Katrin Terwiel, and Guido Hertel
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
Abstract. Due to the growing globalization of business processes, teamwork increasingly requires intercultural skills. Furthermore, many
teams rely predominantly on electronic collaboration (virtual teams), requiring team members to develop and adhere to norms in a cue-deprived
environment. In the current study, we conducted an online survey with 171 participants who fell into one of two subgroups of cross-cultural
teams: members of either traditional or virtual teams. We compared the two groups of team members with regard to their importance ratings of
several competencies for team performance. Starting with a large set of intercultural competencies derived from the literature, exploratory
factor analyses yielded a four-dimensional solution (working conscientiously, coping with stress and ambiguity, openness and perspective
taking, and knowledge about other cultures). Among those clusters, only the cluster working conscientiously yielded substantial differences
between traditional and virtual-team members, indicating specific requirements for cross-cultural collaboration for virtual as compared to
traditional teams.
Keywords: intercultural competence, intercultural skills, virtual teams
As a result of the globalization of business processes, both
traditional and virtual work teams have become increasingly
more culturally diverse (Kirkman & Mathieu, 2005). Apart
from advantages due to multiple perspectives, cultural
diversity within a team provides additional challenges due
to higher insecurity about work procedures and mutual
expectations (cf. Watson, Kumar, & Michaelson, 1993). In
fact, culturally diverse teams often need additional starting
time in order to develop norms to guide cooperation
(cf. Chatman & Flynn, 2001).
A central question in this regard is whether devel-
oping – and also adhering to – norms requires different
knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) when teamwork is
based predominantly on electronic collaboration as com-
pared to traditional teamwork. Whereas traditional team-
work is characterized by immediate and automatic
personal (face-to-face) interactions between team members,
communication on ‘‘virtual teams’’ is often reduced and
cue-deprived (Axtell, Fleck, & Turner, 2004; Golden &
Raghuram, 2010), providing additional challenges for being
aware of and acting according to norms that vary across
cultures (Duarte & Snyder, 2006; Ellingson & Wiethoff,
2002; Townsend, DeMarie, & Hendrickson, 1998). There-
fore, the current study explored whether similar or different
personnel requirements exist for traditional and virtual
teams when facing cultural diversity. We addressed this
question by assessing the perceived relevance of KSAs
for team performance as obtain.
Forte geertz symbols rituals and faith based behavior nov 8 14 pptSalisbury University
Symbolic Anthropologists offer a useful theoretical approach to understanding diverse faith-based behaviors. I will demonstrate how practitioners can use four theory mastery tools to learn this theory: profiling exemplary models (Douglas and Geertz), identifying root metaphors (seeker, web of sacred significance, illumination, ethnographer), deconstructing theory elements, and constructing faith-based eco-maps.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Interpersonal Communication
Context
can be studied quantitatively or qualitatively,
from an individual or social perspective.
representative theories of interpersonal
communication can be grouped according to the
following concerns:
3. Theories relevant to interpersonal messages
Coordinated Management of Meaning (Pearce
and Cronen)
Symbolic Interactionism (Mead)
4. Theories of Message Production
Communication Apprehension (McCroskey)
Competence (Spitzberg and Cupach)
Rhetorical sensitivity (Hart)
Communicator style (Norton)
Aggression (Infante)
Accommodation (Giles)
Action Assembly (Greene)
Constructivism (Delia)
Compliance Gaining (Marwell and Schmitt)
5. Theories dealing with relationship development
Balance (Newcomb)
Social Exchange (Thibaut and Kelly)
Social Penetration (Altman and Taylor)
Stages of Relationship Development (Knapp)
Uncertainty Reduction (Berger and Calabrese)
6. Theories pertaining to influence, message reception and
processing
Attribution (Heider)
Expectancy Value (Fishbein)
Cognitive Dissonance and Consistency Theories (Festinger)
Expectancy Violation (Burgoon)
Mediation Hypothesis (Osgood)
Social Judgment (Sheriff)
Elaboration Likelihood (Petty and Cacciopo)
7. Group and Organizational
Contexts
can be pursued in both quantitative and
qualitative perspectives.
relevant theories are organized according to the
following concerns:
8. Theories pertaining to group communication
Field Theory (Lewin)
Structuration Theories of Group
Communicaion (Giddens and Poole)
Group Development
9. Theories of group decision making
Functional Perspective on Group decision
making (Hirokawa)
Groupthink (Janis)
Interaction Process Analysis (Bales)
10. Theories dealing with organizational
communication and networks
Information systems approach to
Organizations (Weick)
Cultural Approach to organizations (Geetz and
Pacanowsky)
Information Theory (Shannon)
Network theory (Monge, Eisenberg, Farace)
12. Cultural (Inter-cultural)
Contexts
Culture is not just defined by geographical,
political or racial groupings. Culture is a socially
constructed and historically transmuted pattern
of symbols, meanings, apprentices, and rules.
theories under this context can be the following:
13. Theories of language and signs
Semiotics (Eco)
Meaning of Meaning (Ogden and Richards)
Generative grammar (Chomsky)
Linguistic Relativity (Sapir and Whorf)
Genderlect Styles (Tannen)
Kinesics (Birdwhistell)
Proxemics (Hall)
14. Theories of experience and interpretation
Classical Phenomenology (Husserf)
Social Phenomenology (Schutz)
Hermeneutics: Textual Phenomenology (Ricouer)
Cultural Interpretation (Geertz)
Ethnography of Communication (Philipsen)
Cultural Approach to Organizations (Pacaknowsky)
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory (Gudykunst)