2. What is Critical Discourse Analysis?
systematically explores often opaque relationships of causality and determination
between
(a) discursive practices, events and texts, and
(b) wider social and cultural structures, relations and processes;
to investigate how such practices, events and texts arise out of and are ideologically
shaped by relations of power and struggles over power' (Fairclough 1995)
Critical Discourse analysis is a type of discourse analysis research that primarily
studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted,
reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in social and political contexts. (van Dijk
2004)
3. What is Critical Discourse Analysis?
Analyzes hidden and visible structures of dominance, discrimination, power and control
as manifested in language
Critically examines the relationship between language, ideology, power and social
structure, for example, social inequality as it is constructed, re-produced, legitimized, and
resisted in language and other modes of communication
4. Text and Discourse
Fairclough (1989) explains the text and discourse as two different terms where text
is either written or spoken discourse
Discourse is the interaction in the whole social process (production and
interpretation)where text is also present as a product (production) and resource
(interpretation).
5. Critical Discourse Analysis
Addresses social problems
Power relations are discursive
Discourse constitutes society and culture
Discourse does ideological work
Discourse is historical
The link between text and society is mediated
Discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory
Discourse is a form of social action
6. Approach with an agenda
It judges what is right and what is wrong and “addresses social wrongs in their
discursive aspects and possible ways of righting or mitigating them” (Fairclough, 2010)
10. Common Features
an interest in the properties of ‘naturally occurring’ language use by real language
users (instead of a study of abstract language systems and invented examples)
a focus on larger units than isolated words and sentences, and hence, new basic
units of analysis: texts, discourses, conversations, speech acts, or communicative
events
the extension of linguistics beyond sentence grammar towards a study of action
and interaction
the extension to non-verbal (semiotic, multimodal, visual) aspects of interaction
and communication: gestures, images, film, the internet and multimedia a focus on
dynamic (socio)-cognitive or interactional moves and strategies
11. Cont.……
the study of the functions of (social, cultural and cognitive) contexts of language
use.
an analysis of a vast number of phenomena of text grammar and language use:
coherence, anaphora, topics, macrostructures, speech acts, interactions, turn-
taking, signs, politeness, argumentation, rhetoric, mental models and many other
aspects of text and discourse.
12. Data
Political discourse of various genres
Mass media tests
Historical and official documents
Various type of internet data
Ethnographic data collected by means of observations, interviews, focused groups
Size of data varies