Discourse analysis involves analyzing language in its social context. It analyzes real texts, not artificial ones, and looks at utterances rather than isolated sentences. There are several approaches to discourse analysis, including sociology, ethnography, variation theory, and systemic functional linguistics. Spoken and written discourse differ in aspects like lexical density, grammar use, and repetition of words. Corpus linguistics uses large text databases to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze patterns of language use and variation in discourse. Discourse analysis can inform language pedagogy by helping teachers delineate genres, explain text features, evaluate student performance, and teach discourse structures.
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
Sociolinguistics and Language TeachingSheng Nuesca
Language teaching is connected with sociolinguistics in many ways. Different social factors affect language teaching and language learning.
Social factors such as situation, context, and social setting that has roles in language teaching. It describes the main factors which influence linguistic choices and explains how well contemporary teaching can take account of them.
Componential analysis, procedural steps in componential analysis of meaning , linguistic basis, and Componential analysis contribution to the study of meaning
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
Sociolinguistics and Language TeachingSheng Nuesca
Language teaching is connected with sociolinguistics in many ways. Different social factors affect language teaching and language learning.
Social factors such as situation, context, and social setting that has roles in language teaching. It describes the main factors which influence linguistic choices and explains how well contemporary teaching can take account of them.
Componential analysis, procedural steps in componential analysis of meaning , linguistic basis, and Componential analysis contribution to the study of meaning
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This guide for students and practitioners is introduced by Christopher J. Hall, Patrick H. Smith, and Rachel Wicaksono. This presentation talks about discourse analysis and its several definitions including the pervasive relevance of discourse (analysis), linguistic approaches to discourse analysis, social approaches to discourse analysis, and themes in contemporary discourse analysis. This will discuss the nature of discourse analysis in context significant to all PhD Language Studies students around the globe.
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
1. Discourse Analysis
Approaches to Discourse Analysis
Spoken and Written Discourse
Professor: Dr. Salimi
Presented by: Mojgan Azimi
February 2017
2. Introduction
What is discourse?
“Stretches of language perceived to be meaningful,
unified and purposive.” (cook, 1989)
Discourse Features:
Stretch of language longer than a sentence
Meaningful and coherent
communicative and purposive
Written or spoken
3. Discourse Analysis is the analysis of language in its
social context.
It involves real text not invented, constructed, artificial
text.
It works with utterances not independent sentences.
Questions investigated by Discourse Analysis:
Who are the participants in the discourse?
What is their relationship?
•
Are there differences in power or knowledge
between the participants?
What are their goals ?
What does the text mean?
What knowledge of context is needed?
5. Sociology:CA
An approach to the study of social interaction in everyday life
situation.
Focus on conversation.
Concerned mainly with dialogic, spoken discourse of a fairly
informal character.
It addresses :
How to take turns in conversation
How to open and close conversation
How to launch new topics ,close old one and shift topics
How conversation gradually progress from one utterance to
the next
6. Turn-taking
Based on social interaction in
conversation.
It starts with occasion when speaker
speaks and ends when another speaker
takes a turn
Two possible way to get the turn:
•Be chosen or nominated by current speaker
•If no-one is directly selected, they may
speak of their own choice (self-selection)
7. One aspect of turn taking that shows the
listener follows speaker is back channel
response :(Mmm,uhuh,sure.right) .
Another important aspect of turn-taking is the
way interlocutors predict one another’s turns
,mechanism such as completing or overlapping
the speaker’s utterance:
A) I had much trouble answering the questions
B) The exam was really hard
8. Patterns in Turn-taking
• Adjacency pairs: a pair of turns that mutually
affect one another ( greeting–greeting,
compliment–thanks, apology–acceptance )
• Solidary routines (for example, A: I have a
terrible headache, B: Oh, I’m sorry, can I do
anything?)
• converging pairs (for example, A: I just love
that green sweater, B: Oh, so do I, isn’t it
great!)
9. Sociolinguistic Approaches:
Ethnography
Ethnography is concerned with ‘the
situation and uses, the patterns and
functions, of speaking as an activity in
its own right.
A central theme: speech event
Hymes (1972)
Speech events include interactions
such as a conversation at a party or
ordering a meal, etc.
10. Components of Communication
Hyme’s SPEAKING grid emphasizes the contextual
dimensions that determine our use of language.
One important part of the grid is genre which says there
are different text-type with their own different internal
structures which accord with different social goals.
11. Sociolinguistic Approaches:Variation
Theory
Developed by Labove(1972)
Major contribution to the analysis of
discourse is description of the structure of
spoken narratives
Overall structure of narrative of personal
experience is:
Abstract
Orientation
Complication
Evaluation
Resolution
Coda
12. Linguistic Approaches:Structural-functional
The Birmingham SchoolDeveloped by Sinclair et. al (1975)
The focus was on the classroom discourse
Considering teachers’ question and pupils’ answer
,unit of pattern was identified (discourse markers
that indicates boundary for starting sth new, such
as: then, right, now) which they called
Transaction.
Next level of pattern consists of question-answer-
feedback which is called Exchange.
Next level represents single action such as
questioning, answering and feeding back which is
called move.
Finally there are local, micro-actions such as:
nominating a student to speak or acknowledging
13. ‘IRF Model’
A typical exchange in the teacher-fronted
classroom is the ‘eliciting exchange’, which has
three moves, an initiating move, a responding
move and a follow-up move:
T: How do we use a thermometer? Jennie.
INITIATING MOVE
P: Put it in your mouth.
RESPONDING MOVE
T: You put it in your mouth.
FOLLOW-UP MOVE
14. Linguistic Approaches:Systemic Functional
Linguistics (SFL)
SFL is one variety of functional linguistics
Its focus is on analysis of texts considering the
social context in which they occur
The similarity between CA and SFL:
Both describe the relationship between
language and its social context
The difference between CA and SFL:
SFL focuses on the way language is organized
to enable conversation to function
CA focuses on social life and sees
conversation as a key to that
15. Spoken and Written
Discourse
Discourse analysis shows that Spoken English does
have consistent structure likeWritten English
Spoken and Written discourse have different lexical
density defined as rate of occurrence of lexical item
(content words such as, sun, confuse, tiny) against
grammatical items (for example, he, was, on). Spoken
discourse typically has a far lower lexical density
17. One Important Aspect of Difference
Between Spoken and Written Discourse:
Grammar
Written discourses relies on text-activated context and therefore it
is more structured and formal
Spoken discourse relies on immediate context and has less need
to refer to everything (Elipses)
Absence of auxiliary
A: Anybody want soup? B: No thank you. (Understood: ‘Does
anyone want soup?)
Absence of pronoun and article
A: Nice restaurant. B: Yes, it is, isn’t it. (Understood: ‘It’s a nice
restaurant.’)
A discourse grammar, since it derives its description from real
contexts of use rather than from isolated or invented
sentences, will necessarily be interested in the spoken–written
divide wherever it is relevant.
18. Lexical Patterns in Spoken
Language
A. Repetition: used for signaling and confirming an
agreed meaning. Ex:Speaker 1: California was
really beautiful. Speaker 2: It’s a beautiful place.
B. Relexicalization: ability to retrieve synonyms and
antonyms quickly. Ex: A)Well, it is hard isn’t it.
B)It’s not easy to go forward.
Repetition and relexicalization are part of the speaking
skill, and in the case of relexicalization (that is, the
ability to retrieve synonyms and antonyms quickly),
present a considerable challenge to second language
learners.
19. Corpus Linguistics and Variation in
Discourse
Corpus linguistics uses large collections of both spoken and
written natural texts (corpora or corpuses, singular corpus) that
are stored on computers.
Corpus linguists believe that external evidence, looking at
language use, is a better source for description.
Broadly, corpus linguistics may be performed in two ways:
quantitative and qualitative.
The quantitative approach usually looks for the largest corpus
possible (up to 100–600 million words at the time of writing),
from as wide a range of sources as possible.
Computationally analyzed data tell about the frequency of
occurrence of words, phrases, collocations or structures.
In a qualitative approach, for example, a spoken corpus
frequency list might show an unexpectedly high frequency for
words such as absolutely, exactly and brilliant compared with a
written corpus frequency list.
20. Implications for PedagogyDiscourse analysis enables language practitioners to precisely delineate
in syllabuses and materials the different genres of language with which
learners will need to engage, and to select and evaluate discourses that
are relevant to particular learners’ needs.
It helps teachers to explain the underlying features of the text types
associated with different types of writing.( academic paper, business
letter)
It may serve to raise awareness of the nature of teacher–learner
interaction. It can help teachers consider their own interaction practices
in a more systematic manner and offer a context for learners to engage
in the genuine interaction.
It provides teachers with more insight to evaluate learners’ performance
in the class in terms of its proximity to or distance from real-world
discourse.
CA offers the possibility of systematic teaching of features, such as the
language of openings and closings, discourse markers and common
adjacency pairs.
Discourse analysis provides the descriptive information which
pedagogical grammarians and lexicographers require to produce more