The document discusses various basic components of building construction including substructure, superstructure, foundation, plinth, beams, columns, walls, arches, roofs, slabs, lintels, parapets, staircases, doors, windows and other elements. It provides descriptions of each component, their functions and materials typically used. Foundations discussed include isolated spread footing, wall/strip footing, combined footing, cantilever/strap footing and mat/raft footing for shallow foundations and pile, well/caisson and pier foundations for deep foundations. Flooring materials and requirements are also summarized along with technical terms for doors and windows.
BRICK MASONRY INRODUCTION
BRICK MASONRY-UNIQUENESS
CHARACTERISTIC OF BRICKS
ADVANTAGE OF BRICK MASONRY
MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS
TYPES OF BRICKS USED IN MASONARY WORK
TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY BOND
ENGLISH BOND
FLEMISH BOND
HEADER BOND
STRETCHER BOND
TYPES OF BRICKS MASONARY
TOOLS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
BRICKS COURSES & CLOSURES
RULES FOR GOOD BRICKS BONDING
QUALITIES OF GOOD BRICKS
CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
TEST FOR BRICKS
DEFECTS IN BRICK MASONRY
CONCLUSION
BRICK MASONRY INRODUCTION
BRICK MASONRY-UNIQUENESS
CHARACTERISTIC OF BRICKS
ADVANTAGE OF BRICK MASONRY
MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS
TYPES OF BRICKS USED IN MASONARY WORK
TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY BOND
ENGLISH BOND
FLEMISH BOND
HEADER BOND
STRETCHER BOND
TYPES OF BRICKS MASONARY
TOOLS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
BRICKS COURSES & CLOSURES
RULES FOR GOOD BRICKS BONDING
QUALITIES OF GOOD BRICKS
CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
TEST FOR BRICKS
DEFECTS IN BRICK MASONRY
CONCLUSION
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
what is scaffolding formwork - scaffolding formwork those are two important and initial steps that been done at the time of construction. scaffolding and formwork have same importance . there are several scaffolding's and formwork methods. several products etc. | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view
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Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
what is scaffolding formwork - scaffolding formwork those are two important and initial steps that been done at the time of construction. scaffolding and formwork have same importance . there are several scaffolding's and formwork methods. several products etc. | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view
port scaffolding & formwork
peri formwork & scaffolding
mgs scaffolding and formworks
peri formwork scaffolding engineering
nippon scaffolding & formworks corp
construction formwork
khk scaffolding & formwork
concrete form scaffolding
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
3. Basic building components
Sub structure Super structure
1.Foundation 1. Plinth
2. Beams
3. Columns
4. Walls
5. Arches
6. Roofs
7. Slab
8. Lintel
9. Parapet
10. Staircase
11. Chajjas
12. Lift/ramp
13. Doors
14. Windows
15. Sunshade
16. Ventilator
17. Plinth beam
18. Chimney
Portion of building located
below ground level
Portion of building located
above ground level
4. Foundation1
Transmit load from superstructure to subsoil
For uniform distribution of load
To provide level surface for construction of superstructure
To reduce load intensity
To assure settlements are within permissible limits
To assure soil does not fail in shear
To prevent side wise movements
Most important part of a building
5.
6. Plinth2
Structure between ground and floor
Prevents entry of rain water in to the building
Prevents entry of animals and insects
Generally, Plinth height = 45, 60, 90, 120 cm
Plinth should not be less than 45 cm
Transmit load of super structure to foundation
Plinth provide a level surface
Plinth supports walls
7. Beams3
Horizontal structural element
Takes loads from slabs and transfer to column beneath
Usually beams are made of RCC and steel
Takes vertical loads, shear forces and bending moments
Slabs are provided above beams
Beams are supported on either walls or columns
8. Column4
Vertical structural element
Takes loads from beams and transfer to foundation
Usually columns are made of RCC and steel
Takes compressive loads
Long columns fails by buckling
Short columns fails by crushing
9. Arches5
Normally a curved member with wedge shaped blocks
Carry weight of structure above the openings
Used in buildings, bridges, etc
Usually made of concrete, bricks, or stones
10. Walls6
Building blocks of bricks or stones
Load bearing walls supports slab weight
In framed buildings, acts as partition walls
Provides privacy and protection from heat, cold, dust, noise
Divides the building space to useful rooms
Walls support roof
Gives a structural looking for building
Provides shelter
11. Roof7
Uppermost (slab) portion of a building
Provides privacy and protection
Provides aesthetics to the building
Usually made of RCC, wood, tiles, steel, asbestos, etc
Protects the building from direct rain and heat
May be flat, arch, curved or slopped in shape
12. Floor8
To provide level walking surface
Provides neatness to building
Flooring is done above plinth level/slabs
Provides privacy and protection from heat, cold, dust, noise
To provide useful area for working/placing equipments
13. Doors9
To provide access to various areas in a building
Provides entry and exit system to rooms
Protection from theft and robbery
Usually made of wood, steel, fabrication works, etc
Provides privacy and shelter
Can be made in different shapes and sizes - aesthetics
14. Windows10
To get proper ventialation
Provides fresh air and light inside the room
Protection from theft and robbery
Usually made of wood, steel, fabrication works, etc
Provides privacy and shelter
Can be made in different shapes and sizes - aesthetics
15. Sunshade11
It is a type of cantilever slab
It extends from walls
It protects from rain water
It controls amount of direct sunlight through windows
It is constructed above lintel
16. Openings12
Provides entry and exit without doors
Ventilation and light
Plinth beam13
Beam or belt covering provided above plinth level
To prevent entry of water (dampness)
To provide additional support for load transferring & walls
18. Staircase/lift/ramp15
Safe access from one floor to another
Support for movement between floors
Usually made of RCC or steel
Suitable provision to escape in case of fire
For vertical transportation
19. Chejjas (Eaves)16
Overhanging cover for windows and doors
Protects from rain water
Provide aesthetics to building
Protects from external sunlight
20. Parapet17
Low protective wall along the edge of a roof,
bridge, or balcony.
Made above flat roofs
It act as a protective edge from falling
Parapet
21. Foundations
Transmit load from superstructure to subsoil
For uniform distribution of load
To provide level surface for construction of superstructure
To reduce load intensity
22. Foundations
Shallow Deep
1. Isolated spread footing
2. Wall/Strip footing
3. Combined footing
4. Cantilever/Strap footing
5. Mat/raft footing
1. Pile foundation
2. Well/Caisson foundation
3. Pier foundation
Shallow depth
Depth ≤ Width
Depth is high
Depth > Width
Weak soils
23. 1. Isolated spread footing
Most common and economical type
Generally used for ordinary buildings
Have independent footings
Each column has its own footings
Footing may be rectangular,
square or circular in shape
25. 2. Wall/Strip footing
Each strip contains number of footings
Helps to distribute loads from columns to ground
Strip will be along direction of wall
A group of columns share single lengthier footing
26.
27. 3. Combined footing
Footings made common to more than one column
Uniform distribution of loads
Opted when columns are closely spaced
Opted when dimensions of one side is restricted
31. 5. Mat/raft footing
Used when bearing capacity of soil is poor
Load from number of columns is distributed by
a single large footing called mat.
32. Raft behave as a single unit
Used for heavy construction
works in low load bearing soil
33. 1. Pile foundation
Used when bearing capacity of soil is poor
Pile is a slender (long) member with a small CSA
Used to transmit foundation loads to a deeper rock strata
Pile transmits load either by skin friction or bearing
Used to resist uplift and provide stability against lateral
and overturning forces.
34.
35.
36. 2. Well/Caisson foundation
Provided below water level for bridges
Caisson means ‘box’
Construction of structures in water
Dams, bridges, etc
40. Requirements of a good floor
1. Good appearance
2. Can be easily and effectively cleaned
3. Should provide comfort on using – less noise
4. Cost should be reasonable
5. Should have sufficient damp resistance
6. Should be strong and durable
7. Should be fire resistant
8. Should have sufficient hardness
9. Should have minimum maintenance
10.Should be smooth, but don't slipper.
41. Materials used for flooring
Cement or lime concrete
Bricks/tiles
Marble
Glass
Ceramic
Plastic
Mud and murram
Wood
Cork
Linoleum
Flagstones
Asphalt
Rubber
42. Doors and windows
Primarily for air circulation, privacy and light
Made of wood, concrete, steel, aluminum, etc
Door is a movable barrier secured in a wall opening
Designation of doors and windows
10 DS 20
Module width Single Shutter
door
Module height
Note:
1 module = 100 mm
43. Location of door in a building
Preferably at corners of a room (20 cm from corner)
If two doors in a room, face them each other
Number of doors should be kept as minimum
Place such that we get maximum ventilation and wind
Depends on size of room, climatic conditions, utility
and architectural point of view.
Place such that we get
maximum light
44. Height of door = Width + (1 m to 1.2 m)
Eg:- H = 1 m + 1.0 = 2.0 m
H = 1 m + 1.2 = 2.2 m
Width of door = (0.4 to 0.6) x height
Thumb rules for height and width
Eg:- W = 0.4 x 2.0 = 0.80 m
W = 0.6 x 2.0 = 1.20 m
(Residential buildings)
45. Location of window in a building
Place such that we get maximum ventilation and wind
Depends on size of room, climatic conditions, utility
and architectural point of view.
For 30 m3 inside volume Provide 1 m2 window area
Breadth of window =
1
8
x [width of room + height of room]
15 % of floor area = area of window opening
10 % of floor area = Glass panel area
46. Technical terms
1. Head – top most horizontal part
2. Sill – lower most horizontal part
3. Post
4. Mullion – vertical sub divide
5. Transom – horizontal sub divide
6. Horn – horizontal projections of frame
7. Holdfast
8. Style – vertical outside member of shutter
9. Jamb – vertical surface of an opening
10.Reveal – exposed vertical surface of an opening
11.Rebate – rectangular recess around frame to receive door
12.Stop – block of wood fixed on backside of a door
13.Architrave – mouldings around door or window frame
14.Ground – additional wooden supports to architrave
66. Types of windows
1. Fixed windows
2. Sliding windows
3. Pivoted windows
4. Double hung windows
5. Louvered windows
6. Casement windows
7. Metal windows
8. Sash windows
9. Corner windows
10. Bay windows
11. Dormer windows
12. Clerestory windows
13. Lantern windows
14. Gable windows
15. Ventilators
16. Skylights
74. 8. Sash Windows
Type of casement window with panels fully glazed
Space between rails is divided into small panels by mean
of small timber members called sash bars or glazing bars
75. 9. Corner Windows
Provided at the corners of room
Light / air can enter room in two different directions
76. 10. Bay Windows
Projected from wall to increase the area of opening
Enables more ventilation and light form outside
77. 11. Dormer windows
Provided for sloped roofs
Enables more ventilation and light
Enhance aesthetic sense of room
81. 15. Ventilators
Provided for purpose of ventilation in the room
Provided at greater height than windows nearer
to roof level
82. 16. Skylights
Provided on the top of sloped roofs
To admit more light into the rooms
Provided parallel to the sloping surface
Can be opened when we required
83. Lintel
Horizontal flexural member which bridges gap of the
opening and which permits construction of walls above it.
Width of lintels is usually same as that of wall
Beam provided over an opening for door, window,
cupboard etc., in a wall
84. 1. Wood Lintel
Single/more pieces of wood used
Sometimes strengthened by steel plates at top and
bottom (Flitched beams)
85. 2. Stone lintels
Stones are cut to required width of the wall
Depth of stone piece = 0.1 x Span
Used only for small spans (stone is weak in tension)
86. 3. Brick lintel
For small span openings
Well burnt, good quality bricks used
Curing time: 7-14 days
Needs temporary form work at
time of construction
87. 4. R.C.C. Lintel
For larger spans - form work needed
Provided with suitable reinforcement
Commonly used in building now days
88. 5. RSJ Lintels (Rolled steel joists)
Provided at large openings when loads are heavy
Jointing is done with bolts
89. Sunshade
Cantilever structure constructed to protect building
from direct sunlight and splashing of rain water.
Usually of width 600 mm and 100 mm thickness.
Provides comfort to users
If RCC, monolithic casting with lintel is done
May be constructed with lintel or independently
Designed slope should be provided for easy draingae
91. Canopy and Sun breakers
Structures constructed to control amount of direct
sunlight through building windows.
Heat insulation, shading and protection from raining.
Aesthetic appearance
92. Arches
Structure constructed to
span across an opening
Small wedge-shaped units
joined with mortar 1. Keystone
2. Voussoir
3. Extrados
4. Impost
5. Intrados
6. Rise
7. Clear span
8. Abutment
Supports loads acting above
the openings
93. Arches
Arches transfer loads as inclined loads whereas
lintels transfer loads as vertical loads.
The structure constructed of stones or bricks,
jointed together with mortar.
Used mainly for beautification purposes
94.
95. Technical terms
1 Keystone
Wedge shaped unit at the crown of an arch
2 Voussoir
Wedge shaped units of an arch
3 Extrados (or back)
External curve of an arch
4 Impost
Projection of a pier/abutment
96. Technical terms
5 Intrados
Inner curve of the arch
6 Rise
Vertical distance b/w highest point on intrados &
springing line
7 Clear span
Clear horizontal distance b/w the suports
8 Abutment
End support of an arch
97. Technical terms
9 Piers
Intermediate supports of an arcade
10 Arcade
Arcade means a series of arch
11 Soffit
Inner surface of the arch (same as intrados)
12 Crown
Top point of an arch
98. Technical terms
13 Skewback
Inclined surface of a pier perpendicular to load direction
14 Springing lines
Imaginary lines connecting springing points
15 Springer
First voussoir at springing level on either side of an arch.
It is immediately adjacent to the skewback
99. Technical terms
16 Haunch
Lower half portion of arch b/w crown and skewback
17 Height of arch
Perpendicular distance b/w intrados and extrados
18 Ring
Circular course forming an arch
19 Spandril
Irregular triangular space formed b/w extrados and
horizontal line drawn to the tangent.
114. Staircase and its location
Should provide easy access to all in the building
Check for good lighting and ventilation
Should have convenient approaches and spaces
Stairs should be located near main entrance in
case of a public building.
In residential buildings stair should be placed
centrally.
116. Straight stairs1
All steps leads in one direction only
May consist of one or more flights
Used when space available
is long, but narrow
117. Turning stairs: Quarter turn stair2.a
Have a turning of one right angle – 90o
Bifurcated stair
If a quarter turn stair is branched
into two flights at a landing
118. Turning stairs: Half turn stair2.b
Have a turning of two right angles – 180o
May be dog legged or open well (newel) type
dog legged stair Open well stair
119. Turning stairs: Three quarter turn2.c
Have a turning of three right angles – 270o
May be dog legged or open well (newel) type
120. Circular / helical / spiral stairs3
Steps radiates from the centre
No intermediate newel posts or any landings
Flight consists of winders only
124. Standards for stair case as per KBR
If no.of floors > 4 : provide two staircases
(One for fire escape)
Minimum width = 1.2 m
Minimum width of thread = 30 cm
Maximum height of riser = 15 cm
Minimum height of handrail = 90 cm
Minimum = 3 steps, maximum = 12 – in a flight
Reduce use of spiral staircase
No.of risers = Total height of floor/height of riser
No.of treads = no.of risers - 1
125.
126. Technical terms
1 Baluster
Vertical member fixed b/w string and handrail for safety
2 Balustrade (Barrister)
Combined framework of handrail and balusters
3 Flight
Unbroken series of steps b/w landings
4 Going
Horizontal distance b/w faces of two consecutive risers
127. Technical terms
5 Handrail (Guard rail)
Inclined rail over the string for safety.
6 Headroom
Vertical distance b/w tread and overhead obstruction.
Should be > 2 m
If less than 2 m, heads of people hits the obstruction
7 Landing
Horizontal platform b/w two flights which facilitates
change in direction and provide opportunity to take rest.
128. Technical terms
8 Newel post
Vertical member provided at beginning & end of a flight
9 Nosing
Projecting part of tread beyond the face of riser.
10 Pitch
Angle of inclination of stair with floor. Should be <38o
11 Rise
Vertical distance b/w two successive treads
129. Technical terms
12 Riser
Vertical portion of a step that supports the thread.
13 Run
Total length of stair in a horizontal plane (includes landing)
14 Scotia
Additional finish/moulding provided at bottom of nosing
130. Technical terms
15 Soffit
Under surface of a stair
16 Step
A combination of tread and riser
17 String
Inclined member of a stair which supports ends of steps
18 Tread
Horizontal upper portion of a step
131. Technical terms
19 Waist
Thickness of structural slab in case of RCC stair
20 Walking line
Approx. line of movement of people on a stair during
ascent/descent. It is 450 mm from the hand rail from
centre of handrail.
132. A vertical transportation system
Lift
Moves people and goods b/w floors
Electrically operated equipment
If building height exceeds 10 m
or > 3 storeys, provide lift
133. Lift can be provided inside or outside the building
Lift - location
Inside near staircase or independent to staircase
Outside with access to the building landing
Need to provide easy access for all building users
Not preferred at corners
Should give provision for future expansions, if any
Provides much comfort to the users
135. 1. Lift car/cab
Lift – Technical terms
Vertically moving cabin in which passengers and
goods are transported.
2. Lift shaft/hoist
space in which the lift cabin moves.
3. Machine room
Room from which the lift functions are loaded and
controlled
136. 4. Lift pit or Lift well
Lift – Technical terms
Specially dug hole into which the lift is "housed"
5. Buffer
Provided in lift pit for safe landing of cab at bottom
6. Counter weight or balance weight
a separately guided mass that partly
counterbalances the cabin and secures ropes
pressure to a driving pulley.
137. 7. Trailing/suspension cable
Cable which holds car and counter-weight
Lift – Technical terms
8. Governor
Controls speed of the lift
9. Passngers
Passenger capacity assumed as 68 kg/person
138. Ramps
When large number of persons/vehicles have to
be moved from floor to floor.
Is a uniformly sloping surface or inclined plane.
Occupy larger space than stairs and lifts
Easy for sick people
to climb on ramps
140. Escalators
Power driven, inclined, continuous stairways used
for transporting passengers in airports, malls, etc
Operate automatically without operators
Provided with moving handrails.
141. Ceiling
Overhead interior surface that covers the upper
limits of a room – provided below roof/slab
Not considered as a structural element
142. To reduce the heat transfer from the roof
Functions of ceiling
To improve appearance
To conceal all ducts, pipes, wiring and light fittings
To reduce volume of the room
Improve its air conditioning
Improve acoustical quality – sound proof
143. Materials used for ceiling
Wood
Gypsum board
Plaster of paris
Thermocol
Extruded Aluminium
Acoustical boards
Glass mirrors
Metal Sheets
145. A dropped ceiling or secondary ceiling hung below
the main (structural) ceiling
False ceiling
To conceal all ducts, pipes, wiring and light fittings
Acoustic balance and control in a room
Aesthetic improvement
146. Should be durable and portable
Requirements of good ceiling
Material used should be light in weight - drop
Should be water/sound/fire proof
Should have aesthetic looking after installation
Should possible to install easily
Should have enough strength and integrity
Possible to cast in any shape – flexible in nature
147. Roof
Uppermost part of building which protects building
from snow, rain, sun, etc
Structural elements may be trusses, portals, slabs,
domes, etc
149. Important technical terms
1 Barge board
Wooden boards fixed on gable end of a roof
2 Battens
Thin wooden strips fixed on rafters to support roof ceiling
3 Cleat
Small wooden blocks to prevent sliding of purlins
4 Eaves
Lower edge of slopping surface of a roof
150. Important technical terms
5 Purlin
Wooden pieces placed horizontally on principal rafters
6 Common rafter
Intermediate rafters supporting roof covering
7 Ridge piece
Wooden piece provided at the ridge line of a slopping roof
8 Wall plates
Long wooden members embedded on top of walls to
receive the common rafter.
151. Should be durable – against rain, wind, snow, and sun
Requirements of a good roof
Should provide desirable insulation from heat and sound
Should be structurally stable and sound – take loads
Should be well drained – slope/drainage facilities
Efficient water proofing
Fire resistant
Good appearence
153. Pitched (Slopped) Roofs
Used in places where rainfall and snow fall is high
Slope > 10o (may be 45o -60o )
Preferred for large span structures like workshops,
ware houses, factories, etc
1
154. Types of pitched roof
Single roofs Double or
Purlin roofs
Trussed roofs
Span < 5 m
Span > 2.4 m
For higher spans
1. Lean to roofs
2. Couple roofs
3. Couple-close roof
4. Collar beam roof
5. Collar and scissor roof
155. Single roofs
Span < 5m
Commo rafters are provided to each slope without any
intermediate support.
Commo rafters have single span
No purlins
A
156. Lean to roof (Pent/Aisle roof)
Maximum span = 2.40 m
Generally used for sheds, verendas, etc
1
161. Double or Purlin roofs
Span > 2.4 m
Intermediate supports are introduced (Purlins)
Also called as ‘Rafter and Purlin roof’
B
162. Trussed roofsC
If span is more, a frame work of slender members are used
to support sloping roofs - trusses
A number of trusses may be placed lengthwise to get wall
free longer halls.
For spans up to 9 m wooden trusses may be used but for
larger spans steel trusses are a must.
Carpentry joints, Bolts and straps, rivets or welding are
made to connect various members at a joint
End of trusses are supported on walls or on column
163. 1 King post truss : 5 to 8 m
2 Queen post truss : 8 to 12 m
3 Mansard truss
4 Truncated truss
5 Bel-fast (bow string/latticed) truss : 30 m
6 Steel truss
7 Composite truss
Types of trussed roofs
164. 1 King post truss 2 Queen post truss
3 Mansard truss 4 Truncated truss
165. Flat (terraced) Roofs
Used in plain areas where rainfall is less and
climate is moderate
Nearly flat (Slope < 10o)
2
Treated with water proofing chemicals
Types
1. Madras terrace roof
2. Bengal terrace roof
3. RCC roof
166. Curved roofs
Thin curved surfaces which transfer load by
membrane compression
Caves are having natural shell roofs
3
To cover large column free areas required for
auditoriums, factories, etc.
Domes
167. Roof Coverings for Pitched Roofs
Selection depends upon:
1. Climatic conditions
2. Fabrication facility
3. Availability of materials
4. Affordability of the owner
Types
Thatch Shingle Tiles
Slates AC Sheets GI Sheets
Aluminum sheets PVC sheets
168. Thatch Covering
Thatch is a cheap roof covering of straw, reed, etc
Tied with ropes or twines to the supporting structures.
1
Suitable for small spans residential buildings in villages
Supporting structure consists of round bamboo rafters
169. Shingles
Are split or sawn thin pieces of wood
Commonly used in hilly areas for low cost housing
2
They are nailed to supporting structures
They have very poor fire and termite resistance
170. Tiles
Clay tiles are easily available at lower costs
supported over battens which are in turn supported by
rafters or trusses
3
Can be easily manufactured and placed in position
They give good interlocking and appearance
171. Slates
Grey sedimentary rock that can easily split into thin sheets
A good slate is hard, tough, durable and have rough texture
4
Used in areas where slate quarries are nearby
They do not absorb water
they give ringing bell like sound when struck
172. A.C. Sheets (Asbestos cement)
Consists of 15 per cent of asbestos fibres evenly distributed
and pressed with cement
Fixed to the steel purlins using J-bolts and washers
5
Commonly used as covering materials in ware houses,
godowns or for larger halls
173. G.I. Sheets (Galvanized Iron)
Corrugated sheets fixed to steel purlins using J-bolts
and washers
Galvanization of iron makes them rust proof
6
Durable, fire proof, light in weight and need no
maintenance
174. Aluminum sheets
Aluminum is lighter in weight
Good anti-rust effect
7
Durable, fire proof, and need no maintenance
Resistant to rot and rust, and insects like termites.
175. PVC sheets
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) sheets are flexible
Good damp proof
8
Durable and need no maintenance
Not suitable for high temperature regions
176. Comparison of GI and AC Sheets
G.I Sheets A.C Sheets
Sheets are thin Not as thin as G.I sheets
Light in weight Slightly heavier
Do not break while handling Chances of breaking
Chances of corrosion No corrosion
More noisy if something falls Less noisy
Less fire resistant More fire resistant
Less resistance to acids More resistance to acids
Costly Less costly
177. Method of arranging and fixing -
to the battens, rafters and purlins
Principal rafter is part of roof truss
Purlins are placed for required lengths at regular gaps
They are connected using suitable bolts/joints
Common rafters are placed above these purlins
Battens are fixed above these common rafters providing
suitable overlaps.
Sheets should be laid with smooth side upwards.
Hole for fixing should be drilled. Don’t punch/hammer
Sheets should be properly cut to avoid gaps/spaces
178. R.C.C Roofs
Reinforced cement concrete roofs
Concrete takes compressive loads and steel takes tensile
loads coming above the roof.
Roofs are supported over beams/load bearing walls
Can be simply supported or cantilevered
Usually monolithically cast with beams
May be slopped or flat roof
179. Flat slab construction
A flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported
directly by concrete columns without the use of beams
180. Types of Flat Slab Construction
1 Simple flat slab
2 Flat slab with drop panels
3 Flat slab with column capital
4 Flat slab with both drop panels
and column capital
181. Simple flat slab Flat slab with
column capital
Flat slab with column
capital and drop panel
Simple flat slab
182. Causes of dampness in roofs
1 Poor quality of construction material
2 Bad design
3 Fault in construction
4 Rain water falling on walls, parapets, etc
5 Inadequate roof slopes
6 Leakage in the building components
183. Weather proof course to flat roof
1 Injection Grouting For Cracks
2 Bitumen coating
3 Screed concreting
4 Epoxy Coal Tar
5 M-Seal
6 Silicon Sealant
By applying any of below techniques, roofs can make
weather/water proof
184. - Concluding the Subject -
Module What we learned
1 Building materials
2 Ornamental materials for finishing
3 Construction technology
4 Building components
185. A good teacher is someone who can
learn from their students, who can
learn with them, and learns for them.
- Thank You -