Unidad 2: Números Reales y Plano Numérico
Maickel Pineda
CI: 30.304.460
Aula 0103
Universidad Politécnica Territorial Del estado Lara
"Andrés Eloy Blanco"
Programa Nacional De Formación en Agroalimentación
Unidad 2: Números Reales y Plano Numérico
Maickel Pineda
CI: 30.304.460
Aula 0103
Universidad Politécnica Territorial Del estado Lara
"Andrés Eloy Blanco"
Programa Nacional De Formación en Agroalimentación
La siguiente presentación ejecutada por mi persona Angeli Dannielys Peña Suárez, estudiante de la Universidad Politécnica Territorial Andes Eloy Blanco te sera de gran ayuda para saber un poco mas acerca de de los conceptos y ejemplos de los conjuntos, pertenencia, agrupación, intersección, operaciones con conjuntos, los números reales y sus conjuntos, desigualdades, valor absoluto, desigualdades con valor absoluto, plano numérico y las cónicas.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Conjuntos, desigualdades y valor absoluto
1. República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación
Universidad Politécnica Territorial “Andrés Eloy Blanco”
Barquisimeto-Edo.Lara
Conjuntos, Desigualdades y Valor Absoluto
Alumna: Agny Gabriela Espinoza Castañeda
C.I: 28.363.956
Sección: AD0104
PNF en Administración
2. ¿QUÉ SON LOS CONJUNTOS?
Un conjunto o colección lo forman unos elementos de la misma naturaleza, es decir,
elementos diferenciados entre sí pero que poseen en común ciertas propiedades o
características, y que pueden tener entre ellos, o con los elementos de otros conjuntos, ciertas
relaciones.
Un conjunto puede tener un número finito o infinito de elementos, en matemáticas es común
denotar a los elementos mediante letras minúsculas y a los conjuntos por letras mayúsculas,
así por ejemplo:
C = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}
En ocasiones un conjunto viene expresado por la propiedad (o propiedades) que cumplen sus
elementos, por ejemplo:
C={x ϵ R, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2}
es el conjunto de los números reales comprendidos entre el 1 y el 2 ( incluidos ambos).
Dos conjuntos A y B son iguales, expresado A = B, solamente cuando constan de los mismos
elementos.
3. DIVERSOS CONJUNTOS NUMÉRICOS
En Matemáticas empleamos diversos conjuntos de números, los más elementales son:
N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... } . El conjunto de los números naturales, o números que sirven para
contar.
Z = {..., -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... } . El conjunto de los números enteros, o números
que sirven para designar cantidades enteras (positivas o negativas).
Q = {...., -7/2,..., -7/3, ..., -5/4,... -5/1, ...0, ..., 2/133, ... 4/7 ... } . El conjunto de los números
racionales, o números que pueden ser expresados como un cociente (quotient) entre dos
enteros, fracción, p/q. Observen que algunos números con infinitos decimales tal como el
2,33333... pertenece a este conjunto, puesto que: 2,33333... = 7/3.
No obstante, en Q no se hallan algunos números como 1,4142136... (raíz cuadrada de 2) , o
el 3,141592... (el número p ) que poseen infinitos decimales pero no pueden expresarse en la
forma p/q. A estos números se les llama "números irracionales"
4. OPERACIONES CON CONJUNTOS
a) A= {x│𝑥2 = 4}
Se lee “A es el conjunto de los x tales que x al cuadrado es igual a cuatro”. Los únicos
números que elevados al cuadrado dan cuatro son 2 y -2, así que
A={2, -2}
b) B={x│x -2 = 5}
Se lee “B es el conjunto de los x tales que x menos 2 es igual a 5”. La única solución es 7, de
modo que
B={7}
c) C={x│x es positivo, x es negativo}
Se lee “C es le conjunto de los x tales que x es positivo y x es negativo”. No hay ninguno
número que sea positivo y negativo, así que C es vacío, es decir,
C = ∅ .
5. NÚMEROS REALES
En matemáticas, el conjunto de los números reales (denotado por R) incluye
tanto a los números racionales, (positivos, negativos y el cero) como a los
números irracionales y en otro enfoque, trascendentes y algebraicos. Los
irracionales y los trascendentes (1970) no se pueden expresar mediante una
fracción de dos enteros con denominador no nulo; tienen infinitas cifras
decimales aperiódicas, tales como: √5, π, o el número real: log(2), cuya
trascendencia fue enunciada por Euler en el siglo XVIII.
Los números reales pueden ser descritos y construidos de varias formas,
algunas simples aunque carentes del rigor necesario para los propósitos
formales de matemáticas y otras más complejas pero con el rigor necesario
para el trabajo matemático formal.
6. DESIGUALDADES
En matemáticas, una desigualdad es una relación de orden que se da entre dos valores cuando estos son distintos (en caso de ser
iguales, lo que se tiene es una igualdad).
Si los valores en cuestión son elementos de un conjunto ordenado, como los enteros o los reales, entonces pueden ser comparados.
La notación a < b significa a es menor que b;
La notación a > b significa a es mayor que b
Estas relaciones se conocen como desigualdades estrictas, puesto que a no puede ser igual a b; también puede leerse como
"estrictamente menor que" o "estrictamente mayor que"
La notación a ≤ b significa a es menor o igual que b;
La notación a ≥ b significa a es mayor o igual que b;
estos tipos de desigualdades reciben el nombre de desigualdades amplias (o no estrictas).
La notación a ≪ b significa a es mucho menor que b;
La notación a ≫ b significa a es mucho mayor que b; esta relación indica por lo general una diferencia de varios órdenes de magnitud.
La notación a ≠ b significa que a no es igual a b. Tal expresión no indica si uno es mayor que el otro, o siquiera si son comparables.
Generalmente se tienden a confundir los operadores según la posición de los elementos que se están comparando; didácticamente se
enseña que la abertura está del lado del elemento mayor. Otra forma de recordar el significado, es recordando que el signo
señala/apunta al elemento menor.
7. ¿QUÉ ES EL VALOR ABSOLUTO?
La noción de valor absoluto se utiliza en el terreno de las matemáticas para nombrar al valor
que tiene un número más allá de su signo. Esto quiere decir que el valor absoluto, que
también se conoce como módulo, es la magnitud numérica de la cifra sin importar si su signo
es positivo o negativo.
Tomemos el caso del valor absoluto 5. Este es el valor absoluto tanto de +5 (5 positivo) como
de -5 (5 negativo). El valor absoluto, en definitiva, es el mismo en el número positivo y en el
número negativo: en este caso, 5. Cabe destacar que el valor absoluto se escribe entre dos
barras verticales paralelas; por lo tanto, la notación correcta es |5|.
La definición del concepto indica que el valor absoluto siempre es igual o mayor que 0 y
nunca es negativo. Por lo dicho anteriormente, podemos agregar que el valor absoluto de los
números opuestos es el mismo; 8 y -8, de este modo, comparten el mismo valor absoluto: |8|.
También se puede entender el valor absoluto como la distancia que existe entre el número y
0. El número 563 y el número -563 están, en una recta numérica, a la misma distancia del 0.
Ese, por lo tanto, es el valor absoluto de ambos: |563|.
8. DESIGUALDADES CON VALOR ABSOLUTO
a) │x - 5│≤ 3
-3 ≤ x – 5 ≤ 3
Resolvemos la ecuación de la izquierda:
-3 ≤ x – 5
-3 + 5 ≤ x
2 ≤ x
Resolvemos la ecuación de la derecho:
x – 5 ≤ 3
X ≤ 3 + 5
X ≤ 8
X ϵ {2,8}
9. b) │3x - 7│ ≤ 5
3x – 7 ≤ 5
3x ≤ 5 + 7
3x ≤ 12
3x ≤
12
3
X ≤ 4
X ϵ {
2
3
, 4}
c) │x - 5│≥ 3
X – 5 ≥ 3 → x ≥ 8
X – 5 ≤ -3 → x ≤ 2
X ϵ { -∞,2} ᴜ {8, +∞}