This document summarizes various congenital abnormalities of the respiratory system, including abnormalities of the upper and lower airways. It describes tracheobronchial abnormalities such as tracheal agenesis, stenosis, and tracheoesophageal fistula. Pulmonary abnormalities discussed include lung agenesis, hypoplasia, scimitar syndrome, and congenital lobar emphysema. The document also reviews bronchopulmonary foregut malformations, pulmonary sequestration, bronchogenic cysts, and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. It concludes with a brief overview of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
This document discusses various congenital lung abnormalities including tracheobronchial abnormalities (such as tracheal agenesis, stenosis, and tracheo-esophageal fistula), pulmonary underdevelopment (such as lung agenesis and lobar hypoplasia seen in Scimitar syndrome), bronchopulmonary foregut malformations (including bronchogenic cysts, enteric cysts, and cystic adenomatoid malformation), diaphragmatic abnormalities (congenital diaphragmatic hernia and eventration), and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Imaging plays an important role in evaluating these conditions and establishing diagnoses.
This document discusses several congenital malformations of the respiratory system. It describes choanal atresia where the nasal passage is blocked, as well as laryngeal webs that block the larynx. It also mentions laryngoceles, which are air sacs connecting to the larynx that protrude in the neck. Congenital cystic lung diseases and agenesis of the lung, where it is partially or completely absent, can also occur. Various conditions like these that affect the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs are classified in the ICD-10 coding system.
1) A diaphragmatic hernia is a defect in the diaphragm allowing contents from the abdomen to protrude into the chest cavity.
2) Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are the most common type and occur during fetal development when the diaphragm fails to fully form.
3) Infants present with respiratory distress and treatment involves aggressive respiratory support, surgical repair of the defect, and long term management of complications which can include GERD and intestinal issues.
This document discusses congenital lung abnormalities. It begins by introducing common congenital lung conditions and their increasing detection. It then covers lung embryology and classification of abnormalities. The most common anomalies involve the bronchopulmonary system, vasculature, or a combination. Imaging plays a key role in evaluating fetal chest masses and associated anomalies. Specific conditions discussed include pulmonary hypoplasia, sequestration, scimitar syndrome, and agenesis. Imaging findings for various congenital lung disorders are presented along with examples of clinical cases.
This document discusses various congenital lung abnormalities including pulmonary agenesis, hypoplasia, cystic malformations, sequestrations, bronchogenic cysts, lymphangiectasia, hernias, and lobar emphysema. It describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of each condition. Surgical resection is often recommended for localized lesions that are symptomatic or have malignant potential, while supportive care is emphasized for diffuse abnormalities.
This document discusses several congenital cystic lung diseases that can cause respiratory distress in infants:
1) Pulmonary sequestration is a segment of lung with its own blood supply not connected to the tracheobronchial tree.
2) Bronchogenic cysts originate from lung bud abnormalities and are usually located near the mainstem bronchus or carina.
3) Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is caused by arrested alveolar development, presenting as cystic lung lesions.
4) Congenital lobar emphysema is due to deficient bronchus cartilage leading to lobar overinflation. Surgical resection is often needed to treat respiratory symptoms from these congen
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia by Dr. Varsha Atul ShahVarsha Shah
Dr. Varsha Atul Shah presented on congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). CDH occurs when abdominal organs protrude into the chest cavity through a hole in the diaphragm. It has an incidence of 1 in 2000-3000 live births. Clinically, CDH presents with respiratory distress in newborns. Treatment involves medical management in the NICU with ventilator support, medications to manage blood pressure and oxygen levels, and surgery to repair the diaphragmatic defect. Outcomes have improved but mortality remains high depending on the severity of lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension.
1. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a birth defect where abdominal organs protrude into the chest cavity through a hole in the diaphragm, interfering with lung development and potentially causing life-threatening breathing issues in newborns.
2. Prenatal ultrasound examination can detect a CDH, shown as a chest mass that may move or contain fluid/bowel above the diaphragm with associated shifting of the mediastinum.
3. Prognosis is worse when additional abnormalities are present, the defect is on the right side, or the liver protrudes through the diaphragm. Stabilization before surgery and careful postoperative respiratory support are crucial for survival.
This document discusses various congenital lung abnormalities including tracheobronchial abnormalities (such as tracheal agenesis, stenosis, and tracheo-esophageal fistula), pulmonary underdevelopment (such as lung agenesis and lobar hypoplasia seen in Scimitar syndrome), bronchopulmonary foregut malformations (including bronchogenic cysts, enteric cysts, and cystic adenomatoid malformation), diaphragmatic abnormalities (congenital diaphragmatic hernia and eventration), and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Imaging plays an important role in evaluating these conditions and establishing diagnoses.
This document discusses several congenital malformations of the respiratory system. It describes choanal atresia where the nasal passage is blocked, as well as laryngeal webs that block the larynx. It also mentions laryngoceles, which are air sacs connecting to the larynx that protrude in the neck. Congenital cystic lung diseases and agenesis of the lung, where it is partially or completely absent, can also occur. Various conditions like these that affect the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs are classified in the ICD-10 coding system.
1) A diaphragmatic hernia is a defect in the diaphragm allowing contents from the abdomen to protrude into the chest cavity.
2) Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are the most common type and occur during fetal development when the diaphragm fails to fully form.
3) Infants present with respiratory distress and treatment involves aggressive respiratory support, surgical repair of the defect, and long term management of complications which can include GERD and intestinal issues.
This document discusses congenital lung abnormalities. It begins by introducing common congenital lung conditions and their increasing detection. It then covers lung embryology and classification of abnormalities. The most common anomalies involve the bronchopulmonary system, vasculature, or a combination. Imaging plays a key role in evaluating fetal chest masses and associated anomalies. Specific conditions discussed include pulmonary hypoplasia, sequestration, scimitar syndrome, and agenesis. Imaging findings for various congenital lung disorders are presented along with examples of clinical cases.
This document discusses various congenital lung abnormalities including pulmonary agenesis, hypoplasia, cystic malformations, sequestrations, bronchogenic cysts, lymphangiectasia, hernias, and lobar emphysema. It describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of each condition. Surgical resection is often recommended for localized lesions that are symptomatic or have malignant potential, while supportive care is emphasized for diffuse abnormalities.
This document discusses several congenital cystic lung diseases that can cause respiratory distress in infants:
1) Pulmonary sequestration is a segment of lung with its own blood supply not connected to the tracheobronchial tree.
2) Bronchogenic cysts originate from lung bud abnormalities and are usually located near the mainstem bronchus or carina.
3) Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is caused by arrested alveolar development, presenting as cystic lung lesions.
4) Congenital lobar emphysema is due to deficient bronchus cartilage leading to lobar overinflation. Surgical resection is often needed to treat respiratory symptoms from these congen
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia by Dr. Varsha Atul ShahVarsha Shah
Dr. Varsha Atul Shah presented on congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). CDH occurs when abdominal organs protrude into the chest cavity through a hole in the diaphragm. It has an incidence of 1 in 2000-3000 live births. Clinically, CDH presents with respiratory distress in newborns. Treatment involves medical management in the NICU with ventilator support, medications to manage blood pressure and oxygen levels, and surgery to repair the diaphragmatic defect. Outcomes have improved but mortality remains high depending on the severity of lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension.
1. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a birth defect where abdominal organs protrude into the chest cavity through a hole in the diaphragm, interfering with lung development and potentially causing life-threatening breathing issues in newborns.
2. Prenatal ultrasound examination can detect a CDH, shown as a chest mass that may move or contain fluid/bowel above the diaphragm with associated shifting of the mediastinum.
3. Prognosis is worse when additional abnormalities are present, the defect is on the right side, or the liver protrudes through the diaphragm. Stabilization before surgery and careful postoperative respiratory support are crucial for survival.
This document discusses congenital lung malformations, including bronchogenic cysts and congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM). It defines these conditions, describes their embryological development, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Bronchogenic cysts are abnormal budding of the tracheal diverticulum that can cause compression symptoms. CPAM is characterized by abnormal bronchiole branching and cyst formation. It discusses Stocker's classification of CPAM types based on cyst size and associated risks. Prenatal ultrasound and CT are used to diagnose these conditions. Surgical resection is the primary treatment.
This document discusses congenital disorders of the lung, including abnormalities in development, tracheobronchial structures, and lung parenchyma. It covers topics such as tracheal agenesis, stenosis, and tracheoesophageal fistula under tracheobronchial abnormalities. Paranchymal abnormalities discussed include lung agenesis/hypoplasia and pulmonary sequestration. Sequestrations are classified as intralobar or extralobar depending on blood supply and location within or outside the lung. The document provides details on clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of various congenital lung disorders.
This document discusses tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), which is an abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus. Key points include:
- TEF occurs in about 1 in 3500 births and is more common in males, prematurity, and those with associated cardiac anomalies.
- Risk factors include young or elderly mothers, multiple births, and Trisomy 18.
- Symptoms include excessive drooling, coughing/choking/cyanosis during feeding as fluid returns through the mouth and nose.
- Diagnosis can be made prenatally via ultrasound or fetal MRI, or postnatally via x-ray, bronchoscopy, or inability to pass a nasogastric
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA- PEDIATRIC SURGERY
#surgicaleducator #congenitaldiaphragmatichernia #usmle #babysurgeon #surgicaltutor
Subscription Link: http://youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator...
• Dear Viewers,
• Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
• Today I have uploaded a video on Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
• I have discussed definition, pathology, antenatal diagnosis, postnatal diagnosis, pre-op stabilization, prognostic factors, treatment and long-term followup of CDH.
• I hope the video will be very useful and you will enjoy it.
• You can watch all my surgical teaching videos in the following link:
• youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
• Thank you for watching the video.
1) The lungs develop from the foregut endoderm and associated mesoderm. The endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli while the mesoderm forms the cartilage, muscle, and connective tissue.
2) During the 4th week, lung buds form as outgrowths of the foregut endoderm. Tracheo-esophageal ridges then fuse to separate the trachea from the esophagus. Incomplete fusion can lead to tracheo-esophageal fistulas or esophageal atresia.
3) Over successive developmental stages, the lungs continue to branch and the pleural membranes form, separating the pleural
This document provides an overview of duodenal atresia, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, complications, and differential diagnosis. Duodenal atresia is a congenital absence or closure of part of the duodenum due to defective fusion during development. It commonly presents after birth with vomiting, jaundice, and abdominal distension. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging findings like the "double bubble" sign on x-ray. Surgical management involves bypassing the blocked portion of duodenum through procedures like duodenoduodenostomy. Complications can include anastomotic issues or problems from associated anomalies.
1. Lung development begins in the fourth week of gestation and progresses through five stages - embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar.
2. Key molecular regulators of lung development include fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog, retinoic acid, transforming growth factor beta, Wnts, platelet-derived growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor.
3. Transcription factors such as NKX2-1, GLI genes, FOX family, GATA6 and SOX family also play important roles in lung development by regulating cell proliferation, branching morphogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation.
This document discusses esophageal atresia, a birth defect where the esophagus fails to develop properly, resulting in an abnormal connection or closure. It defines the condition, describes its epidemiology and embryology, classifications, associated anomalies, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Esophageal atresia occurs in about 1 in 3000-4500 births and is diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound or after birth based on symptoms like choking during feeding. Treatment involves surgical repair of the esophagus.
Biliary atresia is a condition where the bile ducts outside the liver are blocked. It is the most common cause of jaundice in newborns that requires surgery. The surgery, called a Kasai procedure, involves removing any remaining blocked bile ducts and connecting the liver directly to the intestine to drain bile. Even with surgery, about half of children will develop progressive liver damage requiring transplantation. Early diagnosis before 3 months of age and surgery improve the chances of successful bile drainage and liver function.
Atelectasis/Lung Collapse Part-1 by Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor M...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
The term atelectasis is derived from the Greek words ateles and ektasis, which mean incomplete expansion.The incomplete expansion of lung may involve part of lung or entire lung.Most symptoms and signs are determined by the rapidity with which the collapse of lung occurs,the size of the lung area affected, and the presence or absence of complicating infection.
Rapid bronchial occlusion with a large area of lung collapse causes pain on the affected side, sudden onset of dyspnea, and cyanosis. Hypotension, tachycardia, fever, and shock may also occur.
Slowly developing atelectasis may be asymptomatic or may cause only minor symptoms. Middle lobe syndrome often is asymptomatic, although irritation in the right middle and right lower lobe bronchi may cause a severe, hacking, nonproductive cough.
Bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) is a rare congenital lung malformation where non-functioning lung tissue receives its blood supply from systemic arteries instead of the pulmonary circulation. It can be intralobar, located within a normal lung lobe, or extralobar, located outside the normal lung with its own pleura. Intralobar BPS presents most often in childhood or adulthood with recurrent pulmonary infections, while extralobar BPS usually presents in infancy with respiratory distress and has a higher association with other congenital anomalies. CT angiography is the preferred imaging method to evaluate BPS and delineate the anomalous systemic arterial supply.
A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defects (CHDs). The patient appears blue (cyanotic), due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation. This can be caused by right-to-left or bidirectional shunting, or malposition of the great arteries.
Cyanotic heart defects, which account for approximately 25% of all CHDs, include:
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
Tricuspid atresia
Interrupted aortic arch
Pulmonary atresia (PA)
Pulmonary stenosis (critical)
Eisenmenger syndrome(Reversal of Shunt due to Pulmonary Hypertension) .
Patent ductus arteriosus may cause cyanosis in late stage.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a birth defect that affects about 1 in 2,000-5,000 live births. It occurs when the diaphragm fails to fully form, allowing abdominal organs to migrate into the chest cavity and compress lung development. Untreated CDH has a high mortality rate of nearly 70%. Prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound is possible as early as the second trimester. Postnatal treatment may involve mechanical ventilation, nitric oxide, surfactant therapy, and in severe cases, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or surgery to repair the diaphragmatic defect. Long-term outcomes include risks of chronic lung disease, feeding difficulties, growth
FlashPath - Lung - Congenital Lobar EmphysemaHazem Ali
Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare condition where one or more lung lobes are abnormally enlarged due to partial obstruction of the bronchus supplying the lobe. It usually presents within the first 6 months of life with respiratory distress. Grossly, the affected lobe is hyperinflated and can compress other lobes. Microscopically, the alveoli are distended without destruction of walls. It must be differentiated from other congenital lung diseases and pneumothorax.
Croup is a respiratory illness that mainly affects young children, characterized by a barking cough and stridor. It is usually caused by viruses like parainfluenza or RSV infecting the larynx and trachea, causing inflammation and swelling that narrows the airway. Symptoms range from mild cough to severe distress. Treatment involves corticosteroids, nebulized epinephrine, humidified air, and hospitalization for children with progressive symptoms or respiratory distress. Croup has an excellent prognosis with near complete recovery in most cases.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a pathologic process leading to signs and symptoms of chronic lung disease that originates in the neonatal period.
Presented by Dr. Tahir
This document discusses esophageal atresia, a birth defect where the esophagus is not connected resulting in the inability to swallow. It occurs in about 1 in 2500-3000 births. There are various types classified by location and presence of a tracheoesophageal fistula. Associated anomalies are also common. Diagnosis involves x-rays and endoscopy to confirm lack of passage. Management involves surgical correction either immediately if stable or staged if complications exist, to reconnect the esophagus. Complications can include leaks, strictures or gastroesophageal reflux long term. Early diagnosis and surgical repair improve prognosis.
The document discusses the anatomy and disorders of the mediastinum. It begins by describing the anatomy of the different compartments of the mediastinum and structures contained within each. It then discusses various disorders that can arise in each compartment, including tumors, cysts, infections and others. Common tumors mentioned are thymoma, teratomas, and lymphomas. Clinical features, investigations, treatment and prognosis of different disorders are provided.
This document discusses several developmental disorders of the lungs that can occur, including:
1) Tracheal agenesis or stenosis, which involves absence or narrowing of the trachea.
2) Tracheomalacia, which is softening of the tracheal wall that can be caused by vascular rings or inflammation.
3) Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome), which features an unusual widening of the trachea and bronchi.
4) Tracheo-esophageal fistula, bronchial atresia, bronchogenic cysts, and congenital pulmonary airway malformations which involve abnormalities in lung development.
This document discusses the radiographic findings of complete opacification of one hemithorax seen on a chest x-ray. It notes that the position of the mediastinum and trachea can help narrow the differential diagnosis. Specifically:
- If the trachea is pulled towards the opacified side, possibilities include pneumonectomy, total lung collapse, pulmonary agenesis, or pulmonary hypoplasia.
- If the trachea remains central, consolidation, pulmonary edema/ARDS, a pleural mass, or chest wall mass should be considered.
- If the trachea is pushed away from the opacified side, a pleural effusion, diaphragmatic hernia,
This document discusses congenital lung malformations, including bronchogenic cysts and congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM). It defines these conditions, describes their embryological development, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Bronchogenic cysts are abnormal budding of the tracheal diverticulum that can cause compression symptoms. CPAM is characterized by abnormal bronchiole branching and cyst formation. It discusses Stocker's classification of CPAM types based on cyst size and associated risks. Prenatal ultrasound and CT are used to diagnose these conditions. Surgical resection is the primary treatment.
This document discusses congenital disorders of the lung, including abnormalities in development, tracheobronchial structures, and lung parenchyma. It covers topics such as tracheal agenesis, stenosis, and tracheoesophageal fistula under tracheobronchial abnormalities. Paranchymal abnormalities discussed include lung agenesis/hypoplasia and pulmonary sequestration. Sequestrations are classified as intralobar or extralobar depending on blood supply and location within or outside the lung. The document provides details on clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of various congenital lung disorders.
This document discusses tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), which is an abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus. Key points include:
- TEF occurs in about 1 in 3500 births and is more common in males, prematurity, and those with associated cardiac anomalies.
- Risk factors include young or elderly mothers, multiple births, and Trisomy 18.
- Symptoms include excessive drooling, coughing/choking/cyanosis during feeding as fluid returns through the mouth and nose.
- Diagnosis can be made prenatally via ultrasound or fetal MRI, or postnatally via x-ray, bronchoscopy, or inability to pass a nasogastric
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA- PEDIATRIC SURGERY
#surgicaleducator #congenitaldiaphragmatichernia #usmle #babysurgeon #surgicaltutor
Subscription Link: http://youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator...
• Dear Viewers,
• Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
• Today I have uploaded a video on Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
• I have discussed definition, pathology, antenatal diagnosis, postnatal diagnosis, pre-op stabilization, prognostic factors, treatment and long-term followup of CDH.
• I hope the video will be very useful and you will enjoy it.
• You can watch all my surgical teaching videos in the following link:
• youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
• Thank you for watching the video.
1) The lungs develop from the foregut endoderm and associated mesoderm. The endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli while the mesoderm forms the cartilage, muscle, and connective tissue.
2) During the 4th week, lung buds form as outgrowths of the foregut endoderm. Tracheo-esophageal ridges then fuse to separate the trachea from the esophagus. Incomplete fusion can lead to tracheo-esophageal fistulas or esophageal atresia.
3) Over successive developmental stages, the lungs continue to branch and the pleural membranes form, separating the pleural
This document provides an overview of duodenal atresia, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, complications, and differential diagnosis. Duodenal atresia is a congenital absence or closure of part of the duodenum due to defective fusion during development. It commonly presents after birth with vomiting, jaundice, and abdominal distension. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging findings like the "double bubble" sign on x-ray. Surgical management involves bypassing the blocked portion of duodenum through procedures like duodenoduodenostomy. Complications can include anastomotic issues or problems from associated anomalies.
1. Lung development begins in the fourth week of gestation and progresses through five stages - embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar.
2. Key molecular regulators of lung development include fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog, retinoic acid, transforming growth factor beta, Wnts, platelet-derived growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor.
3. Transcription factors such as NKX2-1, GLI genes, FOX family, GATA6 and SOX family also play important roles in lung development by regulating cell proliferation, branching morphogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation.
This document discusses esophageal atresia, a birth defect where the esophagus fails to develop properly, resulting in an abnormal connection or closure. It defines the condition, describes its epidemiology and embryology, classifications, associated anomalies, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Esophageal atresia occurs in about 1 in 3000-4500 births and is diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound or after birth based on symptoms like choking during feeding. Treatment involves surgical repair of the esophagus.
Biliary atresia is a condition where the bile ducts outside the liver are blocked. It is the most common cause of jaundice in newborns that requires surgery. The surgery, called a Kasai procedure, involves removing any remaining blocked bile ducts and connecting the liver directly to the intestine to drain bile. Even with surgery, about half of children will develop progressive liver damage requiring transplantation. Early diagnosis before 3 months of age and surgery improve the chances of successful bile drainage and liver function.
Atelectasis/Lung Collapse Part-1 by Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor M...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
The term atelectasis is derived from the Greek words ateles and ektasis, which mean incomplete expansion.The incomplete expansion of lung may involve part of lung or entire lung.Most symptoms and signs are determined by the rapidity with which the collapse of lung occurs,the size of the lung area affected, and the presence or absence of complicating infection.
Rapid bronchial occlusion with a large area of lung collapse causes pain on the affected side, sudden onset of dyspnea, and cyanosis. Hypotension, tachycardia, fever, and shock may also occur.
Slowly developing atelectasis may be asymptomatic or may cause only minor symptoms. Middle lobe syndrome often is asymptomatic, although irritation in the right middle and right lower lobe bronchi may cause a severe, hacking, nonproductive cough.
Bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) is a rare congenital lung malformation where non-functioning lung tissue receives its blood supply from systemic arteries instead of the pulmonary circulation. It can be intralobar, located within a normal lung lobe, or extralobar, located outside the normal lung with its own pleura. Intralobar BPS presents most often in childhood or adulthood with recurrent pulmonary infections, while extralobar BPS usually presents in infancy with respiratory distress and has a higher association with other congenital anomalies. CT angiography is the preferred imaging method to evaluate BPS and delineate the anomalous systemic arterial supply.
A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defects (CHDs). The patient appears blue (cyanotic), due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation. This can be caused by right-to-left or bidirectional shunting, or malposition of the great arteries.
Cyanotic heart defects, which account for approximately 25% of all CHDs, include:
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
Tricuspid atresia
Interrupted aortic arch
Pulmonary atresia (PA)
Pulmonary stenosis (critical)
Eisenmenger syndrome(Reversal of Shunt due to Pulmonary Hypertension) .
Patent ductus arteriosus may cause cyanosis in late stage.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a birth defect that affects about 1 in 2,000-5,000 live births. It occurs when the diaphragm fails to fully form, allowing abdominal organs to migrate into the chest cavity and compress lung development. Untreated CDH has a high mortality rate of nearly 70%. Prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound is possible as early as the second trimester. Postnatal treatment may involve mechanical ventilation, nitric oxide, surfactant therapy, and in severe cases, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or surgery to repair the diaphragmatic defect. Long-term outcomes include risks of chronic lung disease, feeding difficulties, growth
FlashPath - Lung - Congenital Lobar EmphysemaHazem Ali
Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare condition where one or more lung lobes are abnormally enlarged due to partial obstruction of the bronchus supplying the lobe. It usually presents within the first 6 months of life with respiratory distress. Grossly, the affected lobe is hyperinflated and can compress other lobes. Microscopically, the alveoli are distended without destruction of walls. It must be differentiated from other congenital lung diseases and pneumothorax.
Croup is a respiratory illness that mainly affects young children, characterized by a barking cough and stridor. It is usually caused by viruses like parainfluenza or RSV infecting the larynx and trachea, causing inflammation and swelling that narrows the airway. Symptoms range from mild cough to severe distress. Treatment involves corticosteroids, nebulized epinephrine, humidified air, and hospitalization for children with progressive symptoms or respiratory distress. Croup has an excellent prognosis with near complete recovery in most cases.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a pathologic process leading to signs and symptoms of chronic lung disease that originates in the neonatal period.
Presented by Dr. Tahir
This document discusses esophageal atresia, a birth defect where the esophagus is not connected resulting in the inability to swallow. It occurs in about 1 in 2500-3000 births. There are various types classified by location and presence of a tracheoesophageal fistula. Associated anomalies are also common. Diagnosis involves x-rays and endoscopy to confirm lack of passage. Management involves surgical correction either immediately if stable or staged if complications exist, to reconnect the esophagus. Complications can include leaks, strictures or gastroesophageal reflux long term. Early diagnosis and surgical repair improve prognosis.
The document discusses the anatomy and disorders of the mediastinum. It begins by describing the anatomy of the different compartments of the mediastinum and structures contained within each. It then discusses various disorders that can arise in each compartment, including tumors, cysts, infections and others. Common tumors mentioned are thymoma, teratomas, and lymphomas. Clinical features, investigations, treatment and prognosis of different disorders are provided.
This document discusses several developmental disorders of the lungs that can occur, including:
1) Tracheal agenesis or stenosis, which involves absence or narrowing of the trachea.
2) Tracheomalacia, which is softening of the tracheal wall that can be caused by vascular rings or inflammation.
3) Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome), which features an unusual widening of the trachea and bronchi.
4) Tracheo-esophageal fistula, bronchial atresia, bronchogenic cysts, and congenital pulmonary airway malformations which involve abnormalities in lung development.
This document discusses the radiographic findings of complete opacification of one hemithorax seen on a chest x-ray. It notes that the position of the mediastinum and trachea can help narrow the differential diagnosis. Specifically:
- If the trachea is pulled towards the opacified side, possibilities include pneumonectomy, total lung collapse, pulmonary agenesis, or pulmonary hypoplasia.
- If the trachea remains central, consolidation, pulmonary edema/ARDS, a pleural mass, or chest wall mass should be considered.
- If the trachea is pushed away from the opacified side, a pleural effusion, diaphragmatic hernia,
Malinosculation-bronchopulmonary sequestration and beyondPgt Radiology
This document discusses congenital bronchopulmonary vascular malformations (BPVMs), which involve abnormalities in communication between the lung's airways, arteries, and veins. It presents a classification system that categorizes BPVMs based on the components involved: isolated airway abnormalities (Type A), isolated arterial abnormalities (Type B), isolated venous abnormalities (Type C), combinations of the above, and complex malformations involving all three components. Contrast-enhanced CT is useful for evaluating each disease entity within this framework.
This document discusses tracheal anatomy and disorders. It provides details on the structure and dimensions of the trachea, as well as its relations to surrounding structures. Various congenital abnormalities, injuries, and diseases that can cause tracheal narrowing or stenosis are described. Post-intubation stenosis is highlighted as a common cause of acquired tracheal narrowing, often appearing as eccentric or concentric soft tissue narrowing on imaging while the cartilage remains intact.
This document discusses various imaging modalities used to visualize the respiratory system, including x-rays, computed tomography, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine techniques. It provides details on normal chest x-ray anatomy and evaluations. Methods like perfusion and ventilation scintigraphy are used to assess pulmonary blood flow and ventilation respectively. Different imaging options are indicated for evaluating pneumonia, with chest x-rays, ultrasound, and CT mentioned.
This document discusses various medical imaging findings related to tubes, lines, air in the chest, and fluid in the chest. It provides information on normal positioning and potential complications of endotracheal tubes, nasogastric tubes, chest drains, central venous lines, pulmonary artery catheters, pacemakers, and examples of pneumothorax, pneumonia, atelectasis, and pleural effusions on chest radiographs. The document emphasizes the importance of proper positioning and identifying potential misplacements or complications of these common medical devices and conditions.
This document summarizes various congenital lung abnormalities that can occur during lung development. It discusses 5 stages of lung development and various abnormalities that can occur during each stage. Some key abnormalities discussed include tracheobronchial abnormalities like tracheal agenesis, stenosis, and tracheo-esophageal fistula. Pulmonary underdevelopment conditions like lung agenesis, hypoplasia, and Scimitar syndrome are also summarized. The document also covers bronchopulmonary foregut malformations such as bronchogenic cysts, enteric cysts, neuroenteric cysts, and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. Radiographic findings and characteristics of each condition are provided.
This document summarizes various congenital lung lesions seen in neonates and infants. It describes the location, radiographic features on x-ray, CT, and ultrasound of conditions such as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, pulmonary sequestration, bronchogenic cyst, congenital lobar emphysema, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, bronchial atresia, and scimitar syndrome. For each condition, it provides details on appearance on different imaging modalities and pathological features.
This document discusses several congenital lung lesions and neonatal chest issues seen in infants. It provides descriptions of cystic adenomatoid malformation, pulmonary sequestration, bronchogenic cyst, congenital lobar emphysema, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and bronchial atresia. For each condition, it summarizes the location, radiographic features on imaging such as x-ray and CT, and pathological findings. It also briefly discusses other neonatal issues like surfactant deficient disease and meconium aspiration syndrome.
Radiological mapping of mediastinum.pptxrambhoopal1
1. The mediastinum is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior compartments by planes. The superior mediastinum is above the plane from the sternal angle to T4, while the inferior mediastinum is below the plane and further divided.
2. Interface lines and stripes appear on chest radiographs where air in the lungs abuts mediastinal structures. Key lines include the anterior and posterior junction lines, azygoesophageal line, and right/left paratracheal stripes.
3. Anterior mediastinal masses can obliterate the anterior junction line while posterior masses can obliterate posterior lines. Location and relationship to structures provides clues to the nature of mediast
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
5. Development of Respiratory System
◦ The respiratory system is an outgrowth of the
ventral wall of the foregut.
◦ The epithelium of the larynx, trachea, bronchi,
and alveoli originates in the endoderm.
◦ The cartilaginous, muscular, and connective
tissue components arise in the mesoderm.
◦ In the fourth week of development, the
tracheoesophageal septum separates the
trachea from the foregut, into the lung bud
anteriorly and the esophagus posteriorly.
◦ Contact between the two is maintained
through the larynx, which is formed by tissue of
the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches.
6. Development of Respiratory System
◦ The lung bud develops
into two main bronchi: the
right forms three
secondary bronchi and
three lobes; the left forms
two secondary bronchi
and two lobes.
◦ Faulty partitioning of the
foregut by the
tracheoesophageal
septum causes
esophageal atresias and
tracheoesophageal
fistulas.
7. Tracheal Agenesis
◦ RARE
◦ MATERNAL POLYHYDRAMNIOS.
◦ 3 types
Type 1: Absent upper trachea, & lower trachea
connecting to the oesophagus.
Type2: Common bronchus connecting right and left
main bronchi to the oesophagus with absent
trachea.
Type 3: Right and left main bronchi arising
independently from the oesophagus
10. Tracheomalacia
◦ Traqcheal wall softening
◦ cartilaginous framework of the trachea is unable to maintain
airway patency Dynamic collapse of airway
◦ Primary: by congenital immaturity of the tracheal cartilage.
◦ Secondary: , previously normal cartilage undergoes degeneration.
◦ Congenital (primary): Vascular ring, Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistulas
◦ Fluoroscopy shows an exaggerated decrease in the caliber of the trachea during
expiration
◦ Cine computed tomography (CT) gives better assessement of pathology
11.
12. Tracheo-oesophageal Fistula
• Type A: Corresponds to pure esophageal atresia without fistula.
• Type B: is esophageal atresia with fistula between the proximal pouch and the trachea.
• Type C: is esophageal atresia and fistula from the trachea or the main bronchus to the distal
esophageal segment. (most common)
• Type D: is esophageal atresia with both proximal and distal fistulas
• Type E: is tracheoesophageal fistula without atresia.
13. ◦ Frontal projection shows absence of air in
the gastrointestinal tract; therefore, there is
no distal traacheoesophageal fistula.
◦ This image is similar to that for atresia with
proximal fistula (type B).
14. ◦ Esophageal atresia with distal fistula
(type C).
◦ The catheter is coiled within the
upper esophageal pouch
15. ◦ In types A and B, there is complete absence of gas in the stomach and intestinal tract;
◦ In types C and D, the gastrointestinal tract usually appears distended with air.
◦ Three-dimensional CT and virtual bronchoscopy allow accurate location of the site of
fistula and can show the length of gap between the proximal and distal esophageal
pouches.
◦ Esophageal atresia may be suspected on antenatal sonograms if a combination of
polyhydramnios, reduced intraluminal liquid in the fetal gut, and lack of detection of
the fetal stomach are present.
16. Bronchial Atresia
◦ Congenital: from focal obliteration of a proximal segmental or subsegmental
bronchus that lacks communication with the central airways.
◦ Upper lobe bronchi are frequently affected
◦ Characteristic chest radiographic finding consists of a bronchocele, seen as
rounded, branching opacities radiating from the hilum. The bronchocele may
contain an air-fluid level. The distal lung is emphysematous and produces an
area of hyperlucency around the affected bronchi. CT is better in sensitivity.
◦ In newborns, the affected segment may be seen as a fluid-filled mass.
19. Tracheal Bronchus
• Anomalous bronchus usually exits the right lateral
wall of the trachea less than 2 cm above the
major carina and can supply the entire upper
lobe or its apical segment.
◦ f the anatomic upper-lobe bronchus is missing a
single branch, the tracheal bronchus is defined as
displaced (more common).
◦ If the right upper-lobe bronchus has a normal
trifurcation into apical, posterior, and anterior
segmental bronchi, the tracheal bronchus is
defined as supernumerary.
20. Tracheal Bronchus
• If they end in aerated or bronchiectatic lung tissue, they are
termed apical accessory lungs or tracheal lobes.
• Bronchiectasis, focal emphysema, and cystic lung
malformations may coexist.
• CT may show a small area of hypoattenuation arising directly
from the trachea.
22. Lung Agenesis
◦ Genetic
◦ Teratogenic;
◦ Mechanical factors around 4th week of Gestation
◦ Usually Unilateral
◦ More than 50% of children with pulmonary agenesis have
associated congenital anomalies that involve the cardiovascular
(more frequent patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen
ovale), gastrointestinal, skeletal, and genitourinary systems
23.
24.
25. Pulmonary Hypoplasia
◦ deficient or incomplete development of the lungs
◦ Compliccation : Pneumothorax
• Pneumothorax often develops spontaneously or secondary to
mechanical ventilation.
• It is characterized by the presence of both bronchi and alveoli in an
underdeveloped lobe.
• It is caused by factors directly or indirectly compromising the thoracic
space available for lung growth, such as a congenital diaphragmatic
hernia in which a defect of the hemidiaphragma allows the abdominal
viscera to herniate into the thoracic cavity with compression of the
ipsilateral lung.
26.
27.
28. • AP radiograph shows opacity of the right hemithorax and a shift of the mediastinal structures to the
right, due to pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to right diaphragmatic agenesis.
• Angiographic MR image of a 10-year-old boy shows a hypoplastic right pulmonary artery (arrows).
29. Scimitar Syndrome
◦ Also called venolobar syndrome and hypogenetic lung
syndrome, is a rare congenital cardiovascular anomaly involving
the right lung.
◦ In its complete form, the syndrome consists of ipsilateral
anomalous pulmonary drainage of part or all of the right lung into
the inferior vena cava, hypoplasia of the right lung,
dextrorotation of the heart, hypoplasia or other malformation of
the right pulmonary artery, and anomalous systemic arterial
supply to the lower lobe of the right lung from the
subdiaphragmatic aorta or its main branches.
30.
31.
32. Congenital Lobar Emphysema
• Lucent mass in the right
upper lobe (arrows) that
displaces mediastinal
structures to the left.
• Lateral view shows a
hyperlucent retrosternal area
(arrows) that corresponds to
the lobar emphysema.
33. LUL involved
in about 45%
of cases,
RML in 30%,
RUL 20%
and two
lobes in 5%
of cases.
34. Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid
Malformation
• Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung is an uncommon
cause of respiratory distress in neonates and infants.
• It is characterized by a multicystic mass of pulmonary tissue with an
abnormal proliferation of bronchial structures.
• Pathogenetically, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation has been
attributed to an overgrowth of bronchioles, with almost complete
suppression of alveolar development between the 7th and 10th weeks of
embryonic life.
35. • This malformation was classified by Stoker et al into three
histologic types.
◦ Type I is composed of variable-size cysts, with at least one
dominant cyst (>2 cm in diameter). This is the most common
(75%) form.
◦ Type II is composed of smaller, more uniform cysts less than 1 cm
in diameter (10% to 15% of all CCAM)
◦ Type III is a solid mass composed of bronchoalveolar micro cysts
36. CCAM Type I - Type I is composed of variable-size cysts, with at least one
dominant cyst (>2 cm in diameter). This is the most common (75%) form.
• Multicystic mass occupying the right hemithorax. (note the variable size
of the cysts, some of them >2 cm) (arrows).
37. CCAM Type I
• 5-year-old child shows a bubbly mass in the left upper lobe with a
dominant air cyst morre than 4 cm in diameter (arrows).
• CT scan of the same patient shows a hypoattenuating, clearly delineated
cystic mass (*) in the left upper lobe.
38. CCAM Type II is composed of smaller, more uniform cysts
less than 1 cm in diameter (10% to 15% of all CCAM)
• Heterogeneous bubbly mass in the left lung displacing mediastinal
structures to the right.
• Coronal T1-weighted image in the same patient shows cysts (arrows)
smaller than 2 cm in diameter.
39. CCAM Type II
◦ Chest CT shows a complex cystic mass in the right upper lobe, smaller
than the type I mass.
40. Type III CCAM is a solid mass composed of
bronchoalveolar microcysts
◦ Radiograph of a premature girl
weighing 700 g shows an
irregular microcystic mass
affecting the left lung and
displacing the mediastinum to
the right.
◦ There is an associated
dextrocardia.
41. Pulmonary Sequestration
• Pulmonary sequestration is defined as an aberrant lung tissue
mass that has no normal connection with the bronchial tree or
with the pulmonary arteries.
• The arterial blood supply arises from the systemic arteries, usually
the thoracic or abdominal aorta, and its venous drainage is via
the azygous system, the pulmonary veins, or the inferior vena
cava.
• Sequestration is divided into two types:
o Extralobar
and Intrapulmonary
42. ◦ Intralobar sequestration is contained within the
lung and has a visceral pleura covering.
◦ It is intimately connected to adjacent lung and is
located within the lower lobe in 98% of cases.
◦ Intralobar sequestration is usually considered an
acquired abnormality of the lung, due to
recurrent infections and bronchial obstruction.
◦ Extralobar sequestration is a mass of abnormal
lung tissue that is surrounded by its own separate
pleura.
◦ It is usually located in the posterior lower chest,
and 90% of extralobar sequestrations are located
on the left side.
43. Pulmonary Sequestration
• Frontal chest radiograph shows a water-density mass (arrows) located
posteriorly in the left lower lobe.
• Aortogram of the same patient shows the feeding vessel (arrows) of the
sequestration arising from the aorta.
44. Pulmonary Sequestration
• Anteroposterior chest radiograph demonstrates a mass located posteriorly
in the right lower lobe (arrows).
• CT scan of same patient shows a complex mass affecting the medial basilar
segment of the right lower lobe (arrow).
45. Bronchogenic Cyst
◦ Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations are anomalies of
pulmonary development that are due to abnormal budding of
the embryonic foregut and tracheobronchial tree.
◦ This abnormality includes foregut cysts, bronchogenic cysts,
enteric cysts, and neuroenteric cysts.
◦ Thought to originate from the primitive ventral foregut and may
be mediastinal, intrapulmonary(typically medial third), or, less
frequently, in the lower neck.
◦ If in a mediastinal location, they may be paratracheal (usually
right-sided), carinal, or hilar. The carinal location is most frequent.
46. • Asymptomatic 5-year-old girl shows a large soft-tissue mass in the right
hemithorax (arrows).
• Contrast material-enhanced CT scan through the upper lobes shows a
well-defined water-density homogeneous mass (*) with no contrast
enhancement.
47. • Rounded mass with an air-fluid level, occupying the entire right middle
lobe, corresponding to a bronchogenic cyst connecting with the bronchus.
• Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows a thick-walled fluid-filled rounded mass
(*) with an air-fluid level, corresponding to the infected bronchogenic cyst.
• Note enhancement of the cystic wall.
48. Pulmonary Arteriovenous
Malformation
• A pulmonary AVM or congenital arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal vascular
communication between a pulmonary artery and a pulmonary vein.
• The etiology is thought to be defective development of the terminal capillary
loops, resulting in the formation of thin-walled, dilated vascular spaces,
usually supplied by one distended artery and drained by one distended vein.
• AVMs can cause physiologic right-to-left shunting if large, which can result in
paradoxical septic emboli.
49. ◦ CT scan of a 36-year-old woman with hemoptysis shows a tubular structure in the right lower
lobe (arrow), representing a large feeding artery and draining vein.
◦ Chest radiographs show round or oval, well-defined nodules, which can be lobulated, ranging
in size from less than 1 cm to several centimeters in diameter, with prominent feeding and
draining vessels.
50. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
◦ Diaphragmatic hernias
include Bochdalek
(posterolateral), Morgagni
(retrosternal), and hiatal
hernias
51. Bochdalek Hernia
• Frontal radiograph of the chest in a
newborn shows herniation of bowel
loops into the left hemithorax with
displacement of the heart to the
right, findings consistent with left
Bochdalek hernia.
• The nasogastric tube (arrows) in the
left hemithorax indicates the
intrathoracic stomach.
52. Morgagni Hernia
• Morgagni hernia in a 2-year-old child.
Lateral chest radiograph shows herniation
of a bowel loop (arrows) in a classic
location through an anteromedial defect.
• Anterior herniation of bowel loops on a
lateral chest radiograph is the typical
finding. Other herniated viscera include
the liver, spleen, and omentum.
53. Congenital Diaphragmatic
Eventration
◦ Abnormal elevation of part or all of an otherwise intact
hemidiaphragm into the chest cavity is termed eventration.
◦ congenital absence of muscle fibers in the region of eventration.
Or focal dyskinesia and weakness from ischemia, infarct, or
neuromuscular dysfunction.
◦ The anteromedial aspect of the right hemidiaphragm is the most
common location for focal eventration and is usually occupied
by part of the liver.
◦ Differential diagnoses for eventration at this location include
Morgagni hernia, pericardial cyst, paraesophageal hernia,
bronchogenic cyst, and tumor.
54. • Focal eventration (arrow) at the anteromedial aspect of the right
hemidiaphragm.
• The eventration contains part of the liver.
55. ◦ Eventration (arrow) at the left
hemidiaphragm at seen at birth.
◦ Complete eventration of a
hemidiaphragm is more common
in males and typically occurs on
the left side.