The document discusses the use of computer simulations in science education. It provides background on simulations and their benefits, such as allowing students to explore realistic scenarios, manipulate variables, and see invisible processes. The document also reviews literature on different types of visualizations used in simulations and how peer collaboration and support can aid learning. It describes theories of discovery learning using simulations and challenges students may face with this approach.

2. PhD research Nico Rutten Simulations in school practice professors: Prof. dr. Wouter van Joolingen Prof. dr. Jules Pieters supervisor: Dr. Jan van der Veen

3. Introduction Theory Literature review Computer Simulations in Science Education Teaching

4. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION INTRODUCTION

5. Computer simulations are programs based on a scientific model of a system or process. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: de Jong, T., 1998, Scientific discovery learning with computer simulations of conceptual domains

6. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education

7. Good sims can actually be pedagogically more effective than apparently similar classroom demonstrations and laboratory exercises with real equipment. PhET sims have two main goals: increased student interest and improved learning . 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Wieman, C.E., 2006, A powerful tool for teaching science

8. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Finkelstein, N., 2006, High-tech tools for teaching physics - The physics education technology project

9. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Finkelstein, N., 2006, High-tech tools for teaching physics - The physics education technology project

10. Why use them? COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION INTRODUCTION 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education

11. Because simulations are simplified versions of the natural world, they have the potential to facilitate learning by focusing students’ attention more directly on the targeted phenomena. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: de Jong, T., 1998, Scientific discovery learning with computer simulations of conceptual domains

12. In comparison with alternatives such as textbooks, lectures, and tutorial courseware, a simulation-based approach offers the opportunity… to learn in a relatively realistic problem-solving context to practise task performance without stress to systematically explore both realistic and hypothetical situations to change the time-scale of events to interact with simplified versions of the process or system being simulated. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: van Berkum, J.A., 1991, Instructional environments for simulations

13. Visualizations may be especially useful for helping students see structure in phenomena and processes that are traditionally “invisible” to students. A process can be invisible if it is… too small (bacterial reproduction) 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Lindgren, R., 2009, Spatial Learning and Computer Simulations in Science

14. Visualizations may be especially useful for helping students see structure in phenomena and processes that are traditionally “invisible” to students. A process can be invisible if it is… too small (bacterial reproduction) too big (tectonic shifting) 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Lindgren, R., 2009, Spatial Learning and Computer Simulations in Science

15. Visualizations may be especially useful for helping students see structure in phenomena and processes that are traditionally “invisible” to students. A process can be invisible if it is… too small (bacterial reproduction) too big (tectonic shifting) too fast (chemical reactions) 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Lindgren, R., 2009, Spatial Learning and Computer Simulations in Science

16. Visualizations may be especially useful for helping students see structure in phenomena and processes that are traditionally “invisible” to students. A process can be invisible if it is… too small (bacterial reproduction) too big (tectonic shifting) too fast (chemical reactions) or too slow (evolution). 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Lindgren, R., 2009, Spatial Learning and Computer Simulations in Science

17. Visualizations may be especially useful for helping students see structure in phenomena and processes that are traditionally “invisible” to students. A process can be invisible if it is… too small (bacterial reproduction) too big (tectonic shifting) too fast (chemical reactions) or too slow (evolution). Visualizations can make these processes accessible so learners can perceive the important structures. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Lindgren, R., 2009, Spatial Learning and Computer Simulations in Science

18. Features that are of particular help in the teaching of science: They free up teacher time so that they can interact with students instead of dealing with the management of the experimental setup/apparatus and supervision. Simulations offer an easy way of controlling experimental variables, opening up the possibility of exploration and hypothesizing. Presenting a variety of representational formats including diagrams, graphics, animations, sound and video that can facilitate understanding. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Blake, C., 2007, Reconsidering simulations in science education at a distance - Features of effective use

19. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION THEORY

20. Three trends nowadays dominate the field of learning and instruction. Learners are encouraged to: construct their own knowledge (instead of copying it from an authority be it a book or a teacher): constructivism in realistic situations (instead of merely decontextualised, formal situations such as the classroom): situationism together with others (instead of on their own): collaborative learning . 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: de Jong, T., 2003, Learning complex domains and complex tasks, the promise of simulation based training

21. Learners experiment and construct knowledge as ‘scientists’: They provide the simulation with input observe the output draw their conclusions and go to the next experiment . DISCOVERY LEARNING 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: de Jong, T., 1998, Self-directed learning in simulation-based discovery environments

22. discovery teaching: “All forms of obtaining knowledge for oneself by the use of one’s own mind.” 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education expository teaching: The teacher presents knowledge to a student recipient. reference: Swaak, J., 2001, Discovery simulations and the assessment of intuitive knowledge

23. Scientific discovery is usually interpreted as the processes of mindful coordination between hypothesized theories and evidence collected by experiments. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Reid, D.J., 2003, Supporting scientific discovery learning in a simulation environment

24. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education DISCOVERY LEARNING reference: Hulshof, C.D., 2006, Using just-in-time information to support scientific discovery learning in a computer-based simulation

25. transformative processes: learners’ activities in these phases are performed for the sole purpose of yielding knowledge regulatory processes: serve to manage and control the inquiry learning process 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: van Joolingen, W.R., 2005, Co-Lab - research and development of an online learning environment for collaborative scientific discovery learning

26. Difficulties learners may have in dealing with discovery learning processes: difficulties in generating and adapting hypotheses poorly designed experiments difficulties in data interpretation problems regarding the regulation of discovery learning . 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Reid, D.J., 2003, Supporting scientific discovery learning in a simulation environment

27. The goal of scientific discovery learning is not only to help subjects acquire domain knowledge… 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education … but also to enable them to apply their knowledge in new situations. reference: van der Meij, J., 2006, Supporting students' learning with multiple representations in a dynamic simulation-based learning environment

28. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION LITERATURE REVIEW

29. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education

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32. Literature review kinds of visualization peer collaboration kinds of support gaming level of engagement

33. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION LITERATURE REVIEW 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education kinds of visualization

34. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Ploetzner, R., 2009, Students' difficulties in learning from dynamic visualisations and how they may be overcome

35. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Ploetzner, R., 2009, Students' difficulties in learning from dynamic visualisations and how they may be overcome

36. Computer Simulations in Science Education 10-01-12 Ploetzner, R., 2009, Students' difficulties in learning from dynamic visualisations and how they may be overcome

37. Many have argued that interactive 3D virtual environments have great educational potential… 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education due to their ability to engage learners in the exploration, construction and manipulation of virtual objects, structures and metaphorical representations of ideas. reference: Dalgarno, B., 2009, Effectiveness of a Virtual Laboratory as a Preparatory Resource for Distance Education Chemistry Students

38. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Dalgarno, B., 2009, Effectiveness of a Virtual Laboratory as a Preparatory Resource for Distance Education Chemistry Students

39. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education Dalgarno, B., 2009, Effectiveness of a Virtual Laboratory as a Preparatory Resource for Distance Education Chemistry Students

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41. Nevertheless, based on various researchers, it is found that 3D models may lead to cognitive overload problems in hypermedia-learning environments in particular, 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education as such environments are assumed to generate a heavy cognitive load. reference: Korakakis, G., 2009, 3D visualization types in multimedia applications for science learning - A case study for 8th grade students in Greece

42. Since Physics and Chemistry deal with three-dimensional (3-D) objects, the ability to visualize and mentally manipulate shapes is very helpful in their learning. In fact, much of what Physics and Chemistry students know takes the form of images. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Trindade, J., 2002, Science learning in virtual environments a descriptive study

43. Virtual reality is a computer interface characterized by a high degree of immersion, plausibility, and interaction, making the user believe that he is actually inside the artificial environment. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Trindade, J., 2002, Science learning in virtual environments a descriptive study

44. Computer Simulations in Science Education 10-01-12 Trindade, J., 2002, Science learning in virtual environments a descriptive study

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46. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Mitnik, R., 2009, Collaborative robotic instruction - A graph teaching experience

47. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Mitnik, R., 2009, Collaborative robotic instruction - A graph teaching experience

48. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Mitnik, R., 2009, Collaborative robotic instruction - A graph teaching experience

49. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education Mitnik, R., 2009, Collaborative robotic instruction - A graph teaching experience

50. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION LITERATURE REVIEW 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education peer collaboration

51. Kewley reported that children’s peer collaboration promotes… their higher level of reasoning critical and flexible thinking and clearer understanding of the problems. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Powell, J.V., 2004, Teaching Techniques and Computerized Simulation in Early Childhood Classrooms

52. Collaboration increases the likelihood that learners engage in the type of talk that supports learning, 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education such as asking and answering of questions, reasoning and conflict resolution. reference: van Joolingen, W.R., 2005, Co-Lab - research and development of an online learning environment for collaborative scientific discovery learning

53. Computer Simulations in Science Education 10-01-12 Manlove, S., 2009, Collaborative versus individual use of regulative software scaffolds during scientific inquiry learning

54. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION LITERATURE REVIEW 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education kinds of support

55. How simulations may be combined with instructional support to overcome difficulties that learners may encounter: direct access to domain knowledge support for hypothesis generation support for the design of experiments support for making predictions support for regulative learning processes. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Blake, C., 2007, Reconsidering simulations in science education at a distance - Features of effective use

56. Heuristics are rules of thumb that can help to reach a certain goal in a complex problem-solving situation, for example: simplify problem identify hypothesis slightly modify hypothesis set expectations vary one thing at a time (VOTAT) simple values 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Veermans, K., 2006, Use of heuristics to facilitate scientific discovery learning in a simulation learning environment in a physics domain

57. Heuristics are rules of thumb that can help to reach a certain goal in a complex problem-solving situation, for example: equal increments confirm hypothesis extreme values make a graph present evidence keep track. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Veermans, K., 2006, Use of heuristics to facilitate scientific discovery learning in a simulation learning environment in a physics domain

58. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education Veermans, K., 2006, Use of heuristics to facilitate scientific discovery learning in a simulation learning environment in a physics domain

59. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION LITERATURE REVIEW 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education gaming

60. The motivation of games could be combined with curricular contents into what Prensky (2003) calls ‘Digital Game-Based Learning’ (DGBL). Games that encompass education objectives and subject matter are believed to hold the potential to render learning of academic subjects… more learner-centered easier more enjoyable more interesting and thus, more effective. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Papastergiou, M., 2009, Digital Game-Based Learning in high school Computer Science education - Impact on educational effectiveness and student motivation

61. Computer Simulations in Science Education 10-01-12 Papastergiou, M., 2009, Digital Game-Based Learning in high school Computer Science education - Impact on educational effectiveness and student motivation

62. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION LITERATURE REVIEW 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education level of engagement

63. According to Hansen, students retain… 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Bravo, C., 2006, Modeling and simulation in inquiry learning - Checking solutions and giving intelligent advice

64. Engagement is a multifaceted construct and implies behavioral, emotional, and cognitive participation in learning experiences. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education Behavioral engagement …refers to involvement in classroom and extracurricular activities, such as positive classroom behaviors and the amount of time spending on homework. Emotional engagement …includes positive and negative emotions to school, teachers, or academic activities. Cognitive engagement …involves students’ intellectual investment and effort to understand complex ideas and use thoughtful strategies. reference: Wu, H.K., 2007, Ninth-grade student engagement in teacher-centered and student-centered technology-enhanced learning environments

65. Computer Simulations in Science Education 10-01-12 Wu, H.K., 2007, Ninth-grade student engagement in teacher-centered and student-centered technology-enhanced learning environments

66. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION TEACHING

67. One concern is that instructors will simply show students which simulation parameters to set and ask the students to record the answers or they may use the simulation as a demonstration experiment at the front of the class. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education These practices undermine the potential of simulations for supporting authentic inquiry practices that include formulating questions, hypothesis development, data collection, and theory revision. reference: Lindgren, R., 2009, Spatial Learning and Computer Simulations in Science

68. A novel software-based interactive method is designed to achieve learner satisfaction, using virtual scenarios for the theoretical explanation. The following steps are followed in the proposed method : brief explanation of the chapter structure presentation of the scenario explanation of the main concepts of the chapter challenge the students to predict the scenario evolution brainstorming and collection of ideas simulation visualization discussion and theoretical explanation. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education reference: Duran, M.J., 2007, A learning methodology using Matlab/Simulink for undergraduate electrical engineering courses attending to learner satisfaction outcomes

69. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education Duran, M.J., 2007, A learning methodology using Matlab/Simulink for undergraduate electrical engineering courses attending to learner satisfaction outcomes

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71. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION LITERATURE REVIEW review article published, titled: The Learning Effects of Computer Simulations in Science Education 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education

72. 10-01-12 Computer Simulations in Science Education http://slidesha.re/simrevEN (case sensitive)