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- 1. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © August 18th, 2008 www.qatar.cmu.edu Introduction to Computer Architecture Lecture 1 – Introduction
- 2. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Teaching Staff • Instructors - Prof. Majd F. Sakr (msakr@cmu.edu) - Prof. Nael Abu-Ghazaleh (naelag@cmu.edu) • TA - Adnan Majeed (amajeed@qatar.cmu.edu)
- 3. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Where Do We Find a Computer/Processor? Cell phones ATMs Medical (MRI) Cars Microwave Traffic Controller ipod PDA Planes Watch Robots Cameras Music Design & Engineering Games
- 4. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Why Did We Develop Computers? Problem Solution Implementation Computer Result A solution to a problem! While thinking of a solution, think about: • Cost $$$ • Speed • Energy/Power • Size • Efficiency • etc…
- 5. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Types of Computers °Personal Computer °Workstation °Server °Supercomputer °Embedded
- 6. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © 290 93 3 488 114 3 892 135 4 862 129 4 1122 131 5 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Millions of Computers 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Embedded Desktops Servers Number of Computers Sold
- 7. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Computer Architecture Problem Solution Implementation Computer Result Compiler Our Area of Focus Our Area of Understanding
- 8. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Architecture Where is “Computer Architecture and Engineering”? *Coordination of many levels of abstraction I/O system Processor Compiler Operating System (Windows XP) Application (MediaPlayer) Digital Design Circuit Design Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control transistors Memory Hardware Software Assembler
- 9. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer Personal Computer Processor Computer Control (“brain”) Datapath (“work”) Memory (where programs & data live when running) Devices Input Output Keyboard, Mouse Display, Printer Disk (where programs & data live when not running)
- 10. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Computer Technology - Dramatic Change! °Processor • 2X in speed every 1.5 years (since ‘85); 100X performance increase in last decade. °Memory • DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since ‘96); 64x size improvement in last decade. °Disk • Capacity: 2X / 1 year (since ‘97) • 250X size increase in last decade.
- 11. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Tech. Trends: Microprocessor Complexity 2 * transistors/Chip Every 1.5 to 2.0 years Called “Moore’s Law”
- 12. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Architecture & Organization °Computer Architecture • What the “low level” programmer sees - Types of Instructions - Number of Registers - Types of Operations °Computer Organization • How the designer Implements the Design - Layout - Interconnection (wires)
- 13. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Computer Architecture and Organization I/O system Processor Compiler Operating System (Windows XP) Application (MediaPlayer) Digital Design Circuit Design Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control Transistors Memory Hardware Software Assembler Layout & Technology Organization Architecture
- 14. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Architecture & Organization 1 ° Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer • Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. • e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? ° Organization is how features are implemented • Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. • e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
- 15. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Architecture & Organization 2 °All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture °The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture °This gives code compatibility • At least backwards °Organization might highly differ between different versions
- 16. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Course Path Computer Architecture Fall ‘08 34-bit ALU LO register (16x2 bits) LoadHI ClearHI LoadLO Multiplicand Register ShiftAll LoadMp Extra 2 bits 32 32 LO[1:0] Result[HI] Result[LO] 32 32 Prev LO[1] Booth Encoder ENC[0] ENC[2] "L O [0 ]" Control Logic Input Multiplier 32 Sub/Add 2 34 34 32 Input Multiplicand 32=>34 signEx 34 34x2 MUX 32=>34 signEx <<1 34 ENC[1] Multi x2/x1 2 2 HI register (16x2 bits) 2 0 1 34 Arithmetic Memory Systems I/O Y O U R C P U µProc 60%/yr. (2X/1.5yr) DRAM 9%/yr. (2X/10 yrs) 1 10 100 00 198 0 1 98 1 198 3 198 4 198 5 198 6 198 7 198 8 198 9 199 0 199 1 199 2 199 3 199 4 199 5 199 6 199 7 1 99 8 199 9 200 0 DRAM CPU 198 2 Processor-Memory Performance Gap: (grows 50% / year) Time “Moore’s Law” Performance Datapaths & Control opcode rs rt offset rd funct shamt opcode rs rt opcode rs rt immediate rd funct shamt opcode rs rt rd funct shamt opcode rs rt Instruction Sets
- 17. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Homeworks and Projects °Quizzes (weekly) °Assignment (every ~2 weeks) °Project (every ~3-4 weeks) °End of Semester Project: • Demo • Oral Presentation • Head-to-head Race • Final Report
- 18. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Course Exams °Reduce the pressure of taking exams • Exam I • Exam II • Final °Goal • Our goal: test knowledge vs. speed writing (no memorization) • Review meetings: before?
- 19. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Grading °Grade breakdown • Exam I: 10% • Exam II: 10% • Final: 20% • Projects 40% • Homeworks 10% • Quizzes 5% • Attendance/Participation: 5% °No late homeworks or projects! °Written request for changes to grades
- 20. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Our Goals ° Show you how to understand modern computer architecture in its rapidly changing form ° Show you how to design by leading you through the process on challenging design problems and by examining real designs ° Learn application analysis and new design techniques
- 21. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Text ° Required: Computer Organization and Design, 3rd Edition, Patterson and Hennessy (COD) ° Reference: Computer Organization and Architecture, 6thEdition, William Stallings • Readings on web page http://williamstallings.com/COA6e.html ° Reference: Structured Computer Organization, 4th Edition, Andrew S. Tanenbaum
- 22. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © The Big Picture
- 23. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Types of Processors
- 24. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Hardware/Software Divide Hardware Application Excel Internet Explorer Visual Studio Windows XP Linux Solaris OS X PC MAC SUN
- 25. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Compiler Assembler Program Path to Execution High Level Language Program (.c file) Assembly Language Program (.asm file) Binary Machine Language Program (.exe file)
- 26. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © The Five Components of a Computer
- 27. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © The Motherboard: ALU & CU Input & Output M The five von Neumann components:
- 28. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Motherboard
- 29. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Inside the Processor
- 30. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Manufacturing Process
- 31. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © An 8-inch (200-mm) Diameter Wafer
- 32. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Modern Fabs °Current minimum feature size is 45nano meters (45x10-9 meters) °Can fit over a million transistors on the tip of a hair °Fab facility costs 3 billion US $ • Many chip designers are fab-less °Employs 100s of employees °Yield on the order of 30%
- 33. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Computer’s History 1st generation: Vacuum Tubes °During World War 2 the Army’s Ballistics Research Laboratory employed more than 200 people to solve essential ballistics equations using desktop calculators.
- 34. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © 1st generation: Vacuum Tubes Professor Mauchly (EE) & his gradate student Eckert proposed to build a general purpose computer using vacuum tubes for the Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL)
- 35. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) ° ENIAC built in World War II was the first general purpose computer • Used for computing artillery firing tables • 24 meters long by 2.5 meters high and several meters wide • Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 1 meter long –Since then: Moore’s Law: transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
- 36. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © 1st generation: ENIAC Completed in 1946 ° Decimal (not binary) ° 20 accumulators of 10 digits ° Programmed manually by switches & cables ° 18,000 vacuum tubes ° 30 tons ° 15,000 square feet ° 140 kW power consumption ° 5,000 additions per second Programming the ENIAC 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 9 0
- 37. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © The von Neuman machine - Completed 1952 °Stored Program concept °Main memory storing programs and data °ALU operating on binary data °Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing °Input and Output equipment operated by control unit Scientist at the Institute of Advanced Studies
- 38. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Structure of von Neumann Machine Main Memory Input/Output Equipment Arithmetic –Logic Unit Program Control Unit Central Processing Unit CPU CC CA M I/O R
- 39. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Commercial Computers ° 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation ° 1st successful machine: UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) ° Commissioned by the US Bureau of Census for the 1950 calculations ° Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation ° Late 1950s - UNIVAC II • Faster • More memory • Upward Compatibility
- 40. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © 2nd Generation: Transistors °Replaced vacuum tubes °Smaller & Cheaper °Less heat dissipation °Solid State device (silicon) °Invented 1947 at Bell Labs The First Transistor
- 41. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Transistor Based Computers °Second generation machines °NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines °IBM 7000 °DEC - 1957 • Produced PDP-1
- 42. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Microelectronics °Literally - “small electronics” °A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections °These can be manufactured on a semiconductor °e.g. silicon wafer
- 43. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Growth in CPU Transistor Count
- 44. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Moore’s Law ° Increased density of components on chip ° Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel ° Number of transistors on a chip will double every year ° Since 1970’s development has slowed a little • Number of transistors doubles every 18 months ° Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
- 45. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Moore’s Law - Cont’d ° Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance ° Smaller size gives increased flexibility ° Reduced power and cooling requirements ° Fewer interconnections increases reliability
- 46. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Moore’s Law—Will it continue? °A number of “walls” on the horizon • Physical process wall: impossible to continue shrinking transistor sizes - Already leading to low yield, soft-errors, process variations • Power wall - Power consumption and density have also been increasing • Other issues: - What to do with the transistors? - Wire delays - Memory and I/O walls - New architectures? Multi-cores
- 47. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Yield Trends with Process Size
- 48. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©
- 49. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©
- 50. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © Computer Generations Generation Dates Technology Operations per Second 1 1946-1957 Vacuum Tube 40,000 2 1958-1964 Transistor 200,000 3 1965-1971 Small & Medium Scale Integration 1,000,000 4 1972-1977 Large Scale Integration (LSI) 10,000,000 5 1978-… Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) 100,000,000
- 51. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © And in conclusion... °Continued rapid improvement in Computing • 2X every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 2.0 years in memory size; every 1.0 year in disk capacity; Moore’s Law enables processor, memory (2X transistors/chip/ ~1.5 ro 2.0 yrs) °5 classic components of all computers Control Datapath Memory Input Output Processor