The document defines various elements of function point analysis including:
1. File Type References (FTRs), Internal Logical Files (ILFs), External Interface Files (EIFs), External Input (EI), External Output (EO), External Inquiry (EQ), and General System Characteristics (GSCs) which are the main components measured in a function point analysis.
2. It provides descriptions of each component - FTRs refer to files referenced by transactions, ILFs and EIFs are files stored internally or externally, EI involves data entering the system, EO is data exiting, and EQ retrieves data without updates.
3. GSCs consider other factors like architecture and performance that
This document summarizes an approach to estimating software size using function point analysis. It involves calculating unadjusted function points based on complexity ratings of internal logical files, external interface files, external inputs, external outputs, and external inquiries. A value adjustment factor is then calculated based on ratings of 14 general system characteristics. The unadjusted function point value is multiplied by the value adjustment factor to obtain the final function point count, which provides an estimate of the software size independent of implementation technologies. The document provides an example calculation where unadjusted function points are determined to be 194, the value adjustment factor is 0.81, resulting in a final function point count of 157.
Function Point Analysis is an ISO standard measure of the amount of functionality provided by software.
Because of the apparent complexity of the technique, it's not as widely used as it should be. In addition to producing valuable quantitative information for estimation and process improvement benchmarking, the process of FPA is also a powerful requirements analysis tool. It drives the analyst to concentrate on the users' view of the system. It keeps the analyst constantly aware of the system boundary. And it ties data and functions together, explicitly, and detects many implied requirements that might otherwise go missed until later in the project.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process used in software engineering to design, develop, and test high-quality software. It describes the main phases of SDLC as planning, defining, designing, building, and testing. Key activities in each phase like feasibility study, requirement analysis, prototyping are explained. Various tools used for system analysis and design such as data flow diagrams, flow charts are also outlined.
There are three main elements used to determine estimates for black box testing using Test Point Analysis (TPA): size, test strategy, and productivity. Size is mainly defined by the number of function points, but complexity, interfacing, and uniformity must also be considered. Test strategy depends on requirement importance and user usage/importance ratings. Productivity is affected by many factors and depends on the team. Together these three elements are used to calculate the estimated effort for black box testing on a project.
The document discusses system interfaces, inputs, outputs, and controls for information systems. It covers defining system inputs and outputs, designing reports, and implementing integrity and security controls to protect systems and data from threats. Specific topics include using XML for system interfaces, identifying input and output devices, designing printed and electronic reports, and controls for data validation, access, encryption, and preventing fraud.
The document discusses the systems development life cycle (SDLC) and approaches to system development. It describes the phases of the SDLC as including planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support. Projects can use a predictive or adaptive approach to the SDLC. Current trends incorporate agile methods like Extreme Programming, the Unified Process, Agile Modeling, and Scrum. Methodologies utilize models, techniques, and tools to guide activities in each SDLC phase.
The document discusses production systems, which are rule-based systems used in artificial intelligence to model intelligent behavior. A production system consists of a global database, set of production rules, and control system. The rules fire to modify the database based on conditions. Different control strategies are used to determine which rules fire. Production systems are modular and allow knowledge representation as condition-action rules. Examples of applications in problem solving are provided.
This document discusses data modeling and functional modeling techniques. [1] Data modeling is the process of creating a data model to define and analyze an organization's data requirements. It involves identifying entities, attributes, relationships, and keys. [2] Entity-relationship diagrams are used to graphically represent data models. [3] Functional modeling structures represent the functions and processes within a subject area using techniques like data flow diagrams and functional flow block diagrams.
This document summarizes an approach to estimating software size using function point analysis. It involves calculating unadjusted function points based on complexity ratings of internal logical files, external interface files, external inputs, external outputs, and external inquiries. A value adjustment factor is then calculated based on ratings of 14 general system characteristics. The unadjusted function point value is multiplied by the value adjustment factor to obtain the final function point count, which provides an estimate of the software size independent of implementation technologies. The document provides an example calculation where unadjusted function points are determined to be 194, the value adjustment factor is 0.81, resulting in a final function point count of 157.
Function Point Analysis is an ISO standard measure of the amount of functionality provided by software.
Because of the apparent complexity of the technique, it's not as widely used as it should be. In addition to producing valuable quantitative information for estimation and process improvement benchmarking, the process of FPA is also a powerful requirements analysis tool. It drives the analyst to concentrate on the users' view of the system. It keeps the analyst constantly aware of the system boundary. And it ties data and functions together, explicitly, and detects many implied requirements that might otherwise go missed until later in the project.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process used in software engineering to design, develop, and test high-quality software. It describes the main phases of SDLC as planning, defining, designing, building, and testing. Key activities in each phase like feasibility study, requirement analysis, prototyping are explained. Various tools used for system analysis and design such as data flow diagrams, flow charts are also outlined.
There are three main elements used to determine estimates for black box testing using Test Point Analysis (TPA): size, test strategy, and productivity. Size is mainly defined by the number of function points, but complexity, interfacing, and uniformity must also be considered. Test strategy depends on requirement importance and user usage/importance ratings. Productivity is affected by many factors and depends on the team. Together these three elements are used to calculate the estimated effort for black box testing on a project.
The document discusses system interfaces, inputs, outputs, and controls for information systems. It covers defining system inputs and outputs, designing reports, and implementing integrity and security controls to protect systems and data from threats. Specific topics include using XML for system interfaces, identifying input and output devices, designing printed and electronic reports, and controls for data validation, access, encryption, and preventing fraud.
The document discusses the systems development life cycle (SDLC) and approaches to system development. It describes the phases of the SDLC as including planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support. Projects can use a predictive or adaptive approach to the SDLC. Current trends incorporate agile methods like Extreme Programming, the Unified Process, Agile Modeling, and Scrum. Methodologies utilize models, techniques, and tools to guide activities in each SDLC phase.
The document discusses production systems, which are rule-based systems used in artificial intelligence to model intelligent behavior. A production system consists of a global database, set of production rules, and control system. The rules fire to modify the database based on conditions. Different control strategies are used to determine which rules fire. Production systems are modular and allow knowledge representation as condition-action rules. Examples of applications in problem solving are provided.
This document discusses data modeling and functional modeling techniques. [1] Data modeling is the process of creating a data model to define and analyze an organization's data requirements. It involves identifying entities, attributes, relationships, and keys. [2] Entity-relationship diagrams are used to graphically represent data models. [3] Functional modeling structures represent the functions and processes within a subject area using techniques like data flow diagrams and functional flow block diagrams.
This document provides an overview of function point estimation techniques. It discusses counting practices, vocabulary, components like external inputs, outputs, inquiries and files. It covers the rating and weighting of different components. The document also discusses techniques like use case point estimation, ESB/SOA estimation and COSMIC functional size measurement. Key aspects covered are decomposing systems, defining business and technical factors, deriving size formulas and nominal values. Productivity relationships and various points to ponder regarding estimation techniques are also presented.
Data Warehouse - What you know about etl process is wrongMassimo Cenci
The document discusses redefining the typical ETL process. It argues that the traditional understanding of ETL, consisting of extraction, transformation, and loading, is misleading and does not accurately describe the workflow. Specifically, it notes that:
1) The extraction step is usually handled by external source systems, not the data warehouse team.
2) There is a missing configuration and data acquisition step before loading.
3) Transformation is better thought of as data enrichment rather than transformation.
4) The loading phase is unclear about where the data should be loaded.
It proposes redefining the process as configuration, acquisition, loading (to a staging area), enrichment, and final loading to the data warehouse.
The document discusses use case modeling and provides information on key concepts:
- A use case describes interactions between a system and external users (actors) to achieve a goal. It specifies system behavior but not implementation.
- Key components of use case modeling include actors, use cases, relationships between use cases like inclusion and extension, and use case descriptions.
- Use cases capture functional requirements while use case descriptions elaborate different scenarios through structured text or pseudocode. Organizing use cases into packages supports generalization and specialization.
This document contains questions and answers related to Informatica technical interviews. It discusses concepts like degenerate dimensions, requirements gathering, junk dimensions, staging areas, join types in Informatica and Oracle, file formats for Informatica objects, versioning, tracing levels, performance factors for different join types, databases supported by Informatica server on Windows and UNIX, overview windows, and updating source definitions. The document is a collection of commonly asked Informatica technical interview questions and answers.
An Analysis on Query Optimization in Distributed DatabaseEditor IJMTER
The query optimizer is a significant element in today’s relational database
management system. This element is responsible for translating a user-submitted query
commonly written in a non-procedural language-into an efficient query evaluation program that
can be executed against the database. This research paper describes architecture steps of query
process and optimization time and memory usage. Key goal of this paper is to understand the
basic query optimization process and its architecture.
SE18_Lec 07_System Modelling and Context ModelAmr E. Mohamed
System modeling is the process of developing abstract models of a system using graphical notation like UML. It helps analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Models present different views like external context, structural organization, dynamic behavior, and interactions. Key UML diagrams include use case, class, sequence, state, and activity diagrams. System context diagrams specifically focus on external factors and the system boundaries.
The document discusses object-oriented requirements analysis and modeling techniques using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes how use case diagrams, use case descriptions, activity diagrams, system sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams are used together to define functional requirements from the user perspective and model object behavior. The relationships between these object-oriented requirements models provide a complete specification of system requirements using an iterative approach.
The document discusses various phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC) including analysis, design, coding, and testing.
In the analysis phase, it discusses software requirements specifications, business analysts, and their roles in initiating projects, elaborating details, and supporting implementation.
The design phase covers use case diagrams, data flow diagrams, sequence diagrams, and class diagrams. It provides examples of how to draw and use each type of diagram.
Coding involves programming languages like Java. Testing discusses the JUnit testing framework and Selenium, an open source web testing tool, covering their features and why Selenium is commonly used for automated testing.
This chapter discusses prioritizing system requirements, determining implementation alternatives, and selecting vendors. It focuses on defining the scope and level of automation for a new system, evaluating options for the application deployment environment and design approach, and developing recommendations for management by comparing alternatives based on strategic, economic, technical and other criteria. Key project tasks covered include generating a request for proposal, benchmarking vendors, and presenting findings to facilitate decision making.
This chapter discusses use case modeling techniques including developing detailed use case descriptions, activity diagrams, system sequence diagrams (SSDs), and integrating requirements models. It covers writing use case descriptions with elements like name, scenario, triggering event, actors, flow of activities, and exceptions. Activity diagrams and SSDs can show the flow of activities and inputs/outputs for a use case. Relating use cases to domain classes through CRUD analysis helps ensure all requirements are addressed.
The document discusses algorithms and their key characteristics. It defines an algorithm as a set of well-defined steps to solve a problem. Algorithms must be precise, terminate in a finite time, and not repeat infinitely. The document provides examples of algorithm problems and their solutions, and discusses common ways to represent algorithms as programs, flowcharts, or pseudocode. Flowcharts use symbols to visually represent the logic and sequence of operations.
This chapter discusses identifying and modeling functional requirements through use cases and user stories. It describes two techniques for identifying use cases: the user goal technique which identifies user goals and tasks, and the event decomposition technique which identifies system responses to different event types. The chapter also covers modeling use cases with descriptions, diagrams, and relationships to define the system functions and actors.
The document discusses systems analysis and design models. It explains that analysts use various models like descriptive, graphical and mathematical models to define system requirements. Some key models mentioned are entity-relationship diagrams, used to model data entities, and class diagrams, used to model objects and classes. Events that trigger use cases and "things" in the problem domain help identify functional requirements.
The document discusses systems analysis activities for the RMO Consolidated Sales and Marketing System project. It describes investigating system requirements, which is core process 3 of the SDLC. This includes defining functional and non-functional requirements, identifying stakeholders, gathering information through techniques like interviews and questionnaires, and using models like UML activity diagrams to document workflows and requirements. The RMO project is used as a running example to illustrate these analysis concepts and techniques.
The document discusses the design phase of the systems development life cycle. It describes the major components of design including application architecture, user interfaces, databases, and network diagrams. The design phase converts analysis models into technical models that represent the solution and prepares detailed specifications for construction of the new system. Key design activities include designing the application architecture, user interfaces, databases, network, and system controls. Design outputs such as diagrams describe the system architecture and logic to guide programming.
- Function-oriented design involves modeling a system as functions that transform inputs to outputs. It has been practiced since the beginning of programming and is supported by most programming languages.
- The functional design process includes identifying data transformations with data flow diagrams, decomposing high-level functions into sub-functions using structure charts, and detailing each design entity.
- Concurrent systems design can implement function-oriented design directly by making each logical group of transformations a concurrent process, allowing independent and parallel execution.
This chapter discusses domain modeling which involves identifying the key entities ("things") in the problem domain and modeling their relationships. It covers identifying domain classes through brainstorming and identifying nouns. Domain classes have attributes and attribute values. Relationships between classes are also modeled. The chapter discusses Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) and UML domain class diagrams as two techniques for modeling the domain. It provides examples of modeling customers, orders, and other domain information for an online ordering system as well as examples involving universities, banks, and bands/concerts.
Download Complete Material - https://www.instamojo.com/prashanth_ns/
This UML (Unified Markup Language) contains 6 Units and each Unit contains 35 slides in it.
Contents…
• Object-oriented modeling
• Origin and evolution of UML
• Architecture of UML
• User View
o Actor
o Use Cases
• Identify the behavior of a class
• Identify the attributes of a class
• Create a Class diagram
• Create an Object diagram
• Identify the dynamic and static aspects of a system
• Draw collaboration diagrams
• Draw sequence diagrams
• Draw statechart diagrams
• Understand activity diagrams
• Identify software components of a system
• Draw component diagrams
• Identify nodes in a system
• Draw deployment diagrams
The document discusses various features and functions in Excel including:
- How Excel saves files with the .xlsx extension by default
- How the Open dialog box only displays files from the current program
- Navigation options in a worksheet including arrow keys, scrollbars, and mouse
- The Help menu and topics that can assist with any Excel task or problem
- The Backstage view's file management commands like Save, Save As, Open, and Close
This document defines common medical terminology abbreviations used for special senses, specifically the eye and ear. It provides the abbreviation, spells out what it refers to, and sometimes includes a short definition or example. Some abbreviations covered include PE tube, EENT, BC, AU, OM, EM, ST, OS, EOM, and VA.
This document provides an overview of function point estimation techniques. It discusses counting practices, vocabulary, components like external inputs, outputs, inquiries and files. It covers the rating and weighting of different components. The document also discusses techniques like use case point estimation, ESB/SOA estimation and COSMIC functional size measurement. Key aspects covered are decomposing systems, defining business and technical factors, deriving size formulas and nominal values. Productivity relationships and various points to ponder regarding estimation techniques are also presented.
Data Warehouse - What you know about etl process is wrongMassimo Cenci
The document discusses redefining the typical ETL process. It argues that the traditional understanding of ETL, consisting of extraction, transformation, and loading, is misleading and does not accurately describe the workflow. Specifically, it notes that:
1) The extraction step is usually handled by external source systems, not the data warehouse team.
2) There is a missing configuration and data acquisition step before loading.
3) Transformation is better thought of as data enrichment rather than transformation.
4) The loading phase is unclear about where the data should be loaded.
It proposes redefining the process as configuration, acquisition, loading (to a staging area), enrichment, and final loading to the data warehouse.
The document discusses use case modeling and provides information on key concepts:
- A use case describes interactions between a system and external users (actors) to achieve a goal. It specifies system behavior but not implementation.
- Key components of use case modeling include actors, use cases, relationships between use cases like inclusion and extension, and use case descriptions.
- Use cases capture functional requirements while use case descriptions elaborate different scenarios through structured text or pseudocode. Organizing use cases into packages supports generalization and specialization.
This document contains questions and answers related to Informatica technical interviews. It discusses concepts like degenerate dimensions, requirements gathering, junk dimensions, staging areas, join types in Informatica and Oracle, file formats for Informatica objects, versioning, tracing levels, performance factors for different join types, databases supported by Informatica server on Windows and UNIX, overview windows, and updating source definitions. The document is a collection of commonly asked Informatica technical interview questions and answers.
An Analysis on Query Optimization in Distributed DatabaseEditor IJMTER
The query optimizer is a significant element in today’s relational database
management system. This element is responsible for translating a user-submitted query
commonly written in a non-procedural language-into an efficient query evaluation program that
can be executed against the database. This research paper describes architecture steps of query
process and optimization time and memory usage. Key goal of this paper is to understand the
basic query optimization process and its architecture.
SE18_Lec 07_System Modelling and Context ModelAmr E. Mohamed
System modeling is the process of developing abstract models of a system using graphical notation like UML. It helps analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Models present different views like external context, structural organization, dynamic behavior, and interactions. Key UML diagrams include use case, class, sequence, state, and activity diagrams. System context diagrams specifically focus on external factors and the system boundaries.
The document discusses object-oriented requirements analysis and modeling techniques using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes how use case diagrams, use case descriptions, activity diagrams, system sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams are used together to define functional requirements from the user perspective and model object behavior. The relationships between these object-oriented requirements models provide a complete specification of system requirements using an iterative approach.
The document discusses various phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC) including analysis, design, coding, and testing.
In the analysis phase, it discusses software requirements specifications, business analysts, and their roles in initiating projects, elaborating details, and supporting implementation.
The design phase covers use case diagrams, data flow diagrams, sequence diagrams, and class diagrams. It provides examples of how to draw and use each type of diagram.
Coding involves programming languages like Java. Testing discusses the JUnit testing framework and Selenium, an open source web testing tool, covering their features and why Selenium is commonly used for automated testing.
This chapter discusses prioritizing system requirements, determining implementation alternatives, and selecting vendors. It focuses on defining the scope and level of automation for a new system, evaluating options for the application deployment environment and design approach, and developing recommendations for management by comparing alternatives based on strategic, economic, technical and other criteria. Key project tasks covered include generating a request for proposal, benchmarking vendors, and presenting findings to facilitate decision making.
This chapter discusses use case modeling techniques including developing detailed use case descriptions, activity diagrams, system sequence diagrams (SSDs), and integrating requirements models. It covers writing use case descriptions with elements like name, scenario, triggering event, actors, flow of activities, and exceptions. Activity diagrams and SSDs can show the flow of activities and inputs/outputs for a use case. Relating use cases to domain classes through CRUD analysis helps ensure all requirements are addressed.
The document discusses algorithms and their key characteristics. It defines an algorithm as a set of well-defined steps to solve a problem. Algorithms must be precise, terminate in a finite time, and not repeat infinitely. The document provides examples of algorithm problems and their solutions, and discusses common ways to represent algorithms as programs, flowcharts, or pseudocode. Flowcharts use symbols to visually represent the logic and sequence of operations.
This chapter discusses identifying and modeling functional requirements through use cases and user stories. It describes two techniques for identifying use cases: the user goal technique which identifies user goals and tasks, and the event decomposition technique which identifies system responses to different event types. The chapter also covers modeling use cases with descriptions, diagrams, and relationships to define the system functions and actors.
The document discusses systems analysis and design models. It explains that analysts use various models like descriptive, graphical and mathematical models to define system requirements. Some key models mentioned are entity-relationship diagrams, used to model data entities, and class diagrams, used to model objects and classes. Events that trigger use cases and "things" in the problem domain help identify functional requirements.
The document discusses systems analysis activities for the RMO Consolidated Sales and Marketing System project. It describes investigating system requirements, which is core process 3 of the SDLC. This includes defining functional and non-functional requirements, identifying stakeholders, gathering information through techniques like interviews and questionnaires, and using models like UML activity diagrams to document workflows and requirements. The RMO project is used as a running example to illustrate these analysis concepts and techniques.
The document discusses the design phase of the systems development life cycle. It describes the major components of design including application architecture, user interfaces, databases, and network diagrams. The design phase converts analysis models into technical models that represent the solution and prepares detailed specifications for construction of the new system. Key design activities include designing the application architecture, user interfaces, databases, network, and system controls. Design outputs such as diagrams describe the system architecture and logic to guide programming.
- Function-oriented design involves modeling a system as functions that transform inputs to outputs. It has been practiced since the beginning of programming and is supported by most programming languages.
- The functional design process includes identifying data transformations with data flow diagrams, decomposing high-level functions into sub-functions using structure charts, and detailing each design entity.
- Concurrent systems design can implement function-oriented design directly by making each logical group of transformations a concurrent process, allowing independent and parallel execution.
This chapter discusses domain modeling which involves identifying the key entities ("things") in the problem domain and modeling their relationships. It covers identifying domain classes through brainstorming and identifying nouns. Domain classes have attributes and attribute values. Relationships between classes are also modeled. The chapter discusses Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) and UML domain class diagrams as two techniques for modeling the domain. It provides examples of modeling customers, orders, and other domain information for an online ordering system as well as examples involving universities, banks, and bands/concerts.
Download Complete Material - https://www.instamojo.com/prashanth_ns/
This UML (Unified Markup Language) contains 6 Units and each Unit contains 35 slides in it.
Contents…
• Object-oriented modeling
• Origin and evolution of UML
• Architecture of UML
• User View
o Actor
o Use Cases
• Identify the behavior of a class
• Identify the attributes of a class
• Create a Class diagram
• Create an Object diagram
• Identify the dynamic and static aspects of a system
• Draw collaboration diagrams
• Draw sequence diagrams
• Draw statechart diagrams
• Understand activity diagrams
• Identify software components of a system
• Draw component diagrams
• Identify nodes in a system
• Draw deployment diagrams
The document discusses various features and functions in Excel including:
- How Excel saves files with the .xlsx extension by default
- How the Open dialog box only displays files from the current program
- Navigation options in a worksheet including arrow keys, scrollbars, and mouse
- The Help menu and topics that can assist with any Excel task or problem
- The Backstage view's file management commands like Save, Save As, Open, and Close
This document defines common medical terminology abbreviations used for special senses, specifically the eye and ear. It provides the abbreviation, spells out what it refers to, and sometimes includes a short definition or example. Some abbreviations covered include PE tube, EENT, BC, AU, OM, EM, ST, OS, EOM, and VA.
GWC14: Jose Carlos Cortizo - "The reality of gamified loyalty in eCommerce"gamificationworldcongress
The document discusses the realities of gamified loyalty programs in e-commerce. It notes that while e-commerce seems simple, businesses need to focus on customer acquisition, conversion optimization, and loyalty over time. The document then presents results of a study on gamification and loyalty programs. Key findings include that most users prefer fun loyalty programs that connect brands, and attitudes towards gamification differ between countries - with users in Spain and Latin America generally more open to gamified experiences than those in the US, UK, and Canada. The conclusion is that e-commerce businesses should keep loyalty programs simple, tailor experiences to different cultures, and focus on engaging their most valuable customers.
BBVA launched a gamification platform called BBVA Game to increase customer engagement with their digital banking services. The game saw over 120,000 active users across Spain, a 50% increase in unique towns and cities represented. It led to a 60% increase in time spent on BBVA's website and significant improvements in customer data collection. While started as a way to promote online banking, BBVA Game is expanding to a multi-channel loyalty program integrated across all customer touchpoints. Customer feedback has been very positive about the engaging and rewarding nature of the game platform.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
BACTERIAL INFECTION AND IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSEDiana Agudelo
This document discusses bacterial infections and the immune system response. It begins with an introduction comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that bacteria can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic to the human body. It then discusses typhoid fever caused by Salmonella bacteria, noting that immune cells try to contain the bacteria but some escape. The document also discusses Group A Streptococcus bacteria and the steps of how it causes necrotizing fasciitis, or flesh-eating disease. Specifically, it releases toxins that inhibit protein synthesis and the human cells increase asparagine production in response, which the bacteria uses to increase virulence. Finally, the student observes that asparaginase, which breaks
The document discusses using gamification in retail through a mystery shopping program called "The Hunt". The Hunt was a 5 week program across 100 stores that challenged 1,000 salespeople to identify a "Mystery Man" customer through clues. Employees became more alert and engaged customers more. As a result of The Hunt, sales increased 4.7% for the retail organization and both employees and customers had more fun and engagement with the shopping experience.
Programul de performare pe care vi-l propunem este rodul a peste 20 de ani de experienta in management si 5 ani de consultanta.
Credem ca la momentul actual ne confruntam, pe langa criza economica, cu una mult mai grava si anume, o criza a managementului.
Si acest lucru nu este datorat unei apetente scazute de a invata a managerilor, ci lipsei unor programe profesioniste care sa ii ajute sa isi puna in valoare potentialul extraordinar de care dispun.
Rolul acestui training personalizat este tocmai de a-i sprijini pe acei manageri care doresc sa-si potenteze capacitatile si sa contribuie la trecerea companiei lor la nivelul urmator.
Cu prietenie,
Sorin Spiridon
Managing Partner
The document discusses the history and present state of gamification. It notes that the author invented the term "gamification" in 2003. It then discusses early gamification startups and lessons from the games industry. Finally, it outlines the author's definition of gamification as "building easy-to-use social action platforms" and discusses some modern examples of successful gamification platforms.
Uranus has a complex cloud structure with water clouds below and methane clouds above. The interior is mainly ice and rock. Uranus has 27 known moons including Ariel with large craters, Miranda with giant canyons, and Tatiana with long fault valleys. William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781 using his homemade telescope, making it the first planet found beyond those visible to the naked eye. Uranus is composed primarily of rock and ice and has rings.
The document discusses how unhappy employees can negatively impact productivity. It notes that a certain percentage of employees are unhappy and that this unhappiness can result in a specific number of weeks of productivity loss. It advocates that bosses treat employees well and focus on employee happiness rather than just profits in order to improve productivity and encourage employee retention.
Temat zaproponowany przez organizatorów konferencji #e-biznes festiwal (Kraków, 2012-11-14). Zamiast jednak o kampaniach crossmediowych było o budowaniu relacji w kontekście tezy, że „content is king”. O metodach wykorzystania trzech ekranów poprzez owned oraz earned media
This document discusses Grunt, an open source JavaScript task runner. It begins with an agenda that outlines what Grunt is, why it's useful, who uses it, and how to get started and use it. The document then explains that Grunt allows developers to automate tasks like minification, validation, and compilation using plugins. It also provides instructions for installing Grunt and the Node.js tools it requires, as well as creating a Gruntfile configuration file and package.json file to define and run tasks. Popular plugins allow tasks like linting, minification, concatenation, and live reloading to improve the JavaScript development workflow.
This document outlines a marketing strategy launched by BIMBO in 2013 to boost sales of their Pantera Rosa and Tigretón brands among 15-24 year olds. The strategy gamified brand loyalty through a mobile and web platform that allowed users to unlock advantages and prizes by collecting barcodes and increasing their social media engagement with the brands. After 4 months, the strategy had registered over 38,000 users, gained over 72,500 social media followers, and increased sales which had been declining for Pantera and Tigretón. The document encourages the reader to choose between Pantera or Tigretón and get involved in the social challenge.
GWC14: Victor manrique - "How successful gamified experiences are designed"gamificationworldcongress
The document discusses gamification and outlines 12 stages in an "engagement circle" for designing engaging gamified experiences: 1) An Epic Journey 2) The Apprentice 3) The Beginning (onboarding), 4) A New World 5) Road of Trials 6) Birth of a Hero (early midgame), 7) The Hard Road 8) Back to the Origins 9) The Legend (late midgame), 10) League of Heroes 11) The Pursuit of Perfection 12) The Master's Path (everlasting endgame). Each stage is described in terms of complexity, emergence, and mechanics to maintain engagement.
The telecom industry in India has experienced significant growth over the last decade, driven by factors such as increasing network coverage, declining tariffs due to competition, and the launch of new technologies. Key metrics that reflect this growth include rising subscriber numbers, which surpassed 897 million in 2013, and increased internet and broadband access. However, this growth has also come at environmental and financial costs. Moving forward, continued investment, expansion of rural connectivity, and policies promoting sustainability and local manufacturing are expected to further develop the telecom sector in India.
This document discusses function point analysis, which is a method for estimating the size of application software based on its functionality from the user's perspective. It involves identifying different types of functions - external inputs, outputs, inquiries, internal logical files, and external interface files. Each function is classified as simple, average, or complex and assigned a weight. These weights are summed to calculate the unadjusted function point count. A value adjustment factor is also calculated based on characteristics of the system to adjust the unadjusted function point count. The final function point count is obtained by multiplying the unadjusted function point count by the value adjustment factor. As an example, the document calculates the unadjusted function point count and value adjustment factor for a sample project to
This document discusses Function Point Analysis, which is a technique for measuring the size of software systems. It breaks systems into smaller components like external inputs, outputs, inquiries, internal logical files, and external interface files. Counting these components provides a total Function Point that can be used to measure a system's size, track scope changes, and compare productivity across tools and languages. The benefits are that Function Points allow for accurate sizing, can be counted consistently, and help with estimating and communicating a system's size to stakeholders.
What is Quality ||
Software Quality Metrics ||
Types of Software Quality Metrics ||
Three groups of Software Quality Metrics ||
Customer Satisfaction Metrics ||
Tools used for Quality Metrics/Measurements ||
PERT and CPM ||
The document discusses software estimation techniques. It describes estimating the size and cost of software projects using methods like lines of code counting, function point counting, and work breakdown structures. It discusses best practices for software estimation like explicitly defining project scope, using historical metrics, employing multiple techniques or estimators, and accounting for inherent uncertainty. The document then explains techniques like function point analysis in detail, including how to classify components, assign complexity weights, and compute the final function point count and estimation.
This document provides an introduction to Function Point Analysis (FPA), a method for measuring the size and complexity of software from the user's perspective. FPA focuses on five functional components - internal logical files, external interface files, external inputs, external outputs, and external inquiries. It also considers two adjustment factors - functional complexity and a value adjustment factor. FPA can be used to estimate projects, measure productivity, manage changing requirements, and communicate functional needs to users. The document outlines the benefits of FPA and provides an example of how to conduct an FPA using a structured workshop approach.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
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Function point analysis is a method of estimating the size of a software or system by counting the number of inputs, outputs, inquiries, internal logical files and external interface files. It was introduced in 1979 as an alternative to simply counting lines of code. Function point analysis measures the software based on end user requirements rather than implementation details. It provides a consistent way to measure software across different projects, organizations and programming languages. The document provides an overview of function point analysis including its history, why it is needed, how it works and how it is used to estimate sizes of major software applications.
This document discusses software estimation techniques, with a focus on functional point analysis. It defines functional point analysis as a structured technique for breaking down a system into smaller, more understandable components in order to analyze it. The document outlines the 5 step functional point counting process and key terms used in functional point analysis like elementary processes, internal logical files, and external inputs/outputs. It also notes that functional point analysis provides benefits like reduced costs, improved communication, and better allocation of resources.
Function point analysis is a method of estimating the size of a software application based on the number and complexity of inputs, outputs, inquiries, internal logical files, and external interface files. The document outlines the process for counting function points, which involves identifying the different types of components, determining the unadjusted function point count, assessing value adjustment factors, and calculating the adjusted function point count. Function point analysis provides a standardized, technology-independent way to measure and estimate software size that allows for more accurate comparisons of projects.
This document discusses measuring various aspects of a software development process and project. It describes measuring process components by determining the number of roles, activities, outputs, and tasks. It also discusses measuring a project using function points by identifying files, interfaces, inputs, outputs and inquiries. Finally, it describes measuring the complexity of UML artifacts like use case diagrams, class diagrams, and component diagrams by analyzing elements and relationships.
This presentation describes:
- What is software size?
- How to Measure Software size?
- Techniques and parameters in Software Size estimation
- Where and how to apply the techniques?
This document introduces object-oriented programming (OOP). It discusses the software crisis and need for new approaches like OOP. The key concepts of OOP like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism are explained. Benefits of OOP like reusability, extensibility and managing complexity are outlined. Real-time systems, simulation, databases and AI are examples of promising applications of OOP. The document was presented by Prof. Dipak R Raut at International Institute of Information Technology, Pune.
GENETIC-FUZZY PROCESS METRIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR AN OPERATING SYSTEMijcseit
This document presents a genetic-fuzzy system for measuring the performance of an operating system's processes. It develops a model using 7 key operating system process parameters and fuzzy logic to handle imprecision. A genetic algorithm is used to optimize the generated membership functions. Rules are created relating parameter combinations to performance classifications. The system was tested on sample data and the genetic algorithm was able to optimize the membership functions over 4 generations to best classify performance. The system brings an optimal and precise approach to measuring operating system process performance by combining genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic.
Genetic fuzzy process metric measurement system for an operating systemijcseit
Operating system (Os) is the most essential software of the computer system,deprived ofit, the computer
system is totally useless. It is the frontier for assessing relevant computer resources. It performance greatly
enhances user overall objective across the system. Related literatures have try in different methods and
techniques to measure the process matric performance of the operating system but none has incorporated
the use of genetic algorithm and fuzzy logic in their varied techniques which indeed is a novel approach.
Extending the work of Michalis, this research focuses on measuring the process matrix performance of an
operating system utilizing set of operating system criteria’s while fusing fuzzy logic to handle
impreciseness and genetic for process optimization.
GENETIC-FUZZY PROCESS METRIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR AN OPERATING SYSTEMijcseit
Operating system (Os) is the most essential software of the computer system,deprived ofit, the computer system is totally useless. It is the frontier for assessing relevant computer resources. It performance greatly
enhances user overall objective across the system. Related literatures have try in different methods and techniques to measure the process matric performance of the operating system but none has incorporated the use of genetic algorithm and fuzzy logic in their varied techniques which indeed is a novel approach. Extending the work of Michalis, this research focuses on measuring the process matrix performance of an
operating system utilizing set of operating system criteria’s while fusing fuzzy logic to handle impreciseness and genetic for process optimization.
1. The document discusses software project planning and estimation techniques. It covers size estimation, cost estimation, development time estimation, and project scheduling.
2. The document discusses different techniques for estimating the size of a software project, including lines of code counting and function point analysis. It provides examples of how to apply function point analysis to estimate the size of a project.
3. Function point analysis breaks a project into different functional components or units and assigns weighted scores to each unit based on complexity. The counts are then adjusted based on other project factors to determine the total function points of the project, which can then estimate development effort.
The document discusses software development life cycle (SDLC) and the various steps involved including requirements analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. It also discusses different types of errors that can occur during software development such as unexpected input values and changes that affect software operations. It then discusses the input-process-output (IPO) cycle and how it relates to batch processing systems and online processing systems. For batch systems, the input data is collected in batches and processed as batches, with no user interaction during processing. For online systems, the user can interact with the system as transactions are processed immediately.
The document discusses decision trees and the ID3 algorithm. It provides an overview of data mining techniques, including decision trees. It then describes the ID3 algorithm in detail, including how it uses information gain to build decision trees top-down and recursively to classify data. An example of applying the ID3 algorithm to a sample dataset is also provided to illustrate the step-by-step process.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
System Design Case Study: Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform - Hiike
Function points and elements
1. Explain the various elements of function points FTR, ILF, EIF, EI, EO, EQ, and GSC?
FTRs : File Type References
DET : Data Element Type
RET : Record Element Type
ILFs : Internal Logical Files
EIFs : External Interface Files
EI : External Input
EO : External Output
EQ : External Inquiry
GSCs : General System Characteristics
2. File Type References (FTRs): An FTRis a file or data referenced by a transaction.
An FTRshould be an ILF or EIF. So count each ILF or EIF read during
the process.
If the EPis maintained as an ILF then count that as an FTR. Soby
default you willalways have one FTRin any EP.
Data Element Type (DET): A data element type (DET)is a unique,user-recognizable,non-repeated
field.
Record Element Type (RET): A record element type (RET) is a user-recognizable subgroup of data
elements within an ILF or EIF.
Internal Logical Files (ILFs): ILFs are logically related data from a user's point of v iew.
They reside in theinternalapplication boundary and are maintained
through theelementary process of the application.
ILFs can havea maintenance screen but not always.
External Interface Files
(EIFs):
EIFs reside in the externalapplication boundary.EIFs are used only for
reference purposes and are not maintainedby internal applications.
EIFs are maintained by externalapplications.
External Input (EI): EIs are dynamic elementary processes in which data is received from
the externalapplication boundary. Example: User interaction screens,
when data comes from the User Interfacetothe Internal Application.
External Output (EO): EOs are dynamicelementary processes in which derived data crosses
from the internal application boundary tothe externalapplication
boundary.
External Inquiry (EQ): An EQ is a dy namic elementary process in which result data is retrieved
from one or more ILF or EIF. In this EPsome input requests haveto
enter the application boundary.Output results exits the application
boundary.
General System
Characteristics (GSCs):
This section is the most important section.All the previously discussed
sections relate only toapplications.But thereare other things alsotobe
considered while making software, such as are you going tomake it an
N-Tier application,what's theperformance level theuser is expecting,
etc. These other factors are called GSCs.
Record Element Type (RET): A record element type (RET) is a user-recognizable subgroup of data elements
within an ILF or EIF
===================================x=========================================
Introduction To Function Point Analysis
Software systems,unless theyare thoroughly understood,can be like an ice berg. They are becoming more and
more difficultto understand. Improvementofcoding tools allows software developers to produce large amounts
of software to meetan ever expanding need from users.As systems grow a method to understand and
communicate size needs to be used.Function PointAnalysis is a structured technique of problem solving.It is a
method to break systems into smaller components,so theycan be better understood and analyzed.
Function points are a unit measure for software much like an hour is to measuring time,miles are to measuring
distance or Celsius is to measuring temperature. Function Points are an ordinal measure much like other
measures such as kilometers,Fahrenheit,hours,so on and so forth
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Function Point Training
Online FunctionPointTraining course
Human beings solve problems bybreaking them into smaller understandable pieces.Problems thatmayappear
to be difficult are simple once they are broken into smaller parts -- dissected into classes.Classifying things,
placing them in this or that category, is a familiar process.Everyone does it at one time or another --
shopkeepers when theytake stock of what is on their shelves,librarians when theycatalog books,secretaries
when they file letters or documents. When objects to be classified are the contents of systems,a setof definitions
and rules mustbe used to place these objects into the appropriate category, a scheme ofclassification.Function
Point Analysis is a structured technique ofclassifying components ofa system.It is a method to break systems
into smaller components,so they can be better understood and analyzed. It provides a structured technique for
problem solving.
In the world of Function Point Analysis,systems are divided into five large classes and general system
characteristics.The firstthree classes or components are External Inputs,External Outputs and External Inquires
each of these components transactagainstfiles therefore theyare called transactions.The next two Internal
Logical Files and External Interface Files are where data is stored that is combined to form logical information.
The general system characteristics assess the general functionalityof the system.
Brief History
Function Point Analysis was developed firstby Allan J. Albrecht in the mid 1970s.It was an attempt to overcome
difficulties associated with lines ofcode as a measure ofsoftware size,and to assistin developing a mechanism
to predict effort associated with software development.The method was first published in 1979,then later in 1983
. In 1984 Albrecht refined the method and since 1986,when the International Function Point User Group (IFPUG)
was setup, several versions ofthe Function Point Counting Practices Manual have been published by
IFPUG. The currentversion of the IFPUG Manual is 4.1. A full function pointtraining manual can be
downloaded from this website.
Objectives of Function Point Analysis
Frequently the term end user or user is used withoutspecifying whatis meant.In this case,the user is a
sophisticated user.Someone thatwould understand the system from a functional perspective --- more than likely
someone thatwould provide requirements or does acceptance testing.
Since Function Points measures systems from a functional perspective they are independentoftechnology.
Regardless oflanguage,developmentmethod,or hardware platform used,the number of function points for a
system will remain constant.The only variable is the amountof effort needed to deliver a given set of function
points;therefore,Function Point Analysis can be used to determine whether a tool,an environment,a language
is more productive compared with others within an organization or among organizations.This is a critical point
and one of the greatestvalues of Function PointAnalysis.
Function Point Analysis can provide a mechanism to track and monitor scope creep.Function Point Counts at the
end of requirements,analysis,design,code,testing and implementation can be compared.The function point
count at the end of requirements and/or designs can be compared to function points actually delivered.If the
projecthas grown,there has been scope creep.The amountof growth is an indication ofhow well requirements
were gathered by and/or communicated to the project team.If the amountof growth of projects declines over
time it is a natural assumption thatcommunication with the user has improved.
Characteristic of Quality Function Point Analysis
Function Point Analysis should be performed by trained and experienced personnel.If Function PointAnalysis is
conducted by untrained personnel,itis reasonable to assume the analysis will done incorrectly.The personn el
counting function points should utilize the mostcurrentversion of the Function Point Counting Practices Manual,
4. Currentapplication documentation should be utilized to complete a function pointcount. For example,screen
formats,reportlayouts, listing ofinterfaces with other systems and between systems,logical and/or preliminary
physical data models will all assistin Function Points Analysis.
The task of counting function points should be included as partofthe overall projectplan. That is,coun ting
function points should be scheduled and planned.The first function pointcount should be developed to provide
sizing used for estimating.
The Five Major Components
Since it is common for computer systems to interactwith other computer systems,a boundarymustbe drawn
around each system to be measured prior to classifying components.This boundarymustbe drawn according to
the user’s pointofview. In short, the boundaryindicates the border between the project or application being
measured and the external applications or user domain.Once the border has been established,components can
be classified,ranked and tallied.
External Inputs (EI) - is an elementaryprocess in which data crosses the boundaryfrom outside to inside. This
data may come from a data input screen or another application.The data may be used to maintain one or more
internal logical files. The data can be either control information or business information. If the data is control
information itdoes nothave to update an internal logical file. The graphic represents a simple EIthat updates 2
ILF's (FTR's).
.Please check out the online selfpaced function pointtraining.
External Outputs (EO) - an elementaryprocess in which derived data passes across the boundaryfrom inside
to outside. Additionally, an EO may update an ILF. The data creates reports or output files sentto other
applications. These reports and files are created from one or more internal logical files and external interface
file. The following graphic represents on EO with 2 FTR's there is derived information (green) thathas been
derived from the ILF's
External Inquiry (EQ) - an elementaryprocess with both inputand output components thatresultin data
retrieval from one or more internal logical files and external interface files. The input process does notupdate
any Internal Logical Files,and the output side does notcontain derived data. The graphic below represents an
EQ with two ILF's and no derived data.
5. Internal Logical Files (ILF’s) - a user identifiable group oflogicallyrelated data that resides entirelywithin the
applications boundaryand is maintained through external inputs.
External Interface Files (EIF’s) - a user identifiable group oflogicallyrelated data that is used for reference
purposes only.The data resides entirelyoutside the application and is maintained byanother application.The
external interface file is an internal logical file for another application.
After the components have been classified as one ofthe five major components (EI’s,EO’s,EQ’s, ILF’s or EIF’s),
a ranking of low, average or high is assigned.For transactions (EI’s,EO’s,EQ’s) the ranking is based upon the
number offiles updated or referenced (FTR’s) and the number of data elementtypes (DET’s). For both ILF’s and
EIF’s files the ranking is based upon record elementtypes (RET’s) and data elementtypes (DET’s).A record
elementtype is a user recognizable subgroup ofdata elements within an ILFor EIF. A data elementtype is a
unique user recognizable,non recursive,field.
Each of the following tables assists in the ranking process (the numerical rating is in parentheses).For example,
an EI that references or updates 2 File Types Referenced (FTR’s) and has 7 data elements would be assigned a
ranking of average and associated rating of4. Where FTR’s are the combined number ofInternal Logical Files
(ILF’s) referenced or updated and External Interface Files referenced.
EI Table
Shared EO and EQ Table
Values for transactions
6. Like all components,EQ’s are rated and scored.Basically,an EQ is rated (Low, Average or High) like an EO,
but assigned a value like and EI. The rating is based upon the total number of unique (combined unique input
and out sides) data elements (DET’s) and the file types referenced (FTR’s) (combined unique inputand
output sides). If the same FTR is used on both the input and output side,then it is counted only one time. If the
same DETis used on both the inputand outputside,then it is only counted one time.
For both ILF’s and EIF’s the number of record elementtypes and the number ofdata elements types are used to
determine a ranking of low,average or high. A Record ElementType is a user recognizable subgroup ofdata
elements within an ILFor EIF. A Data ElementType (DET) is a unique user recognizable,non recursive field on
an ILF or EIF.
The counts for each level of complexity for each type of componentcan be entered into a table such as the
following one.Each count is multiplied bythe numerical rating shown to determine the rated value. The rated
values on each row are summed across the table,giving a total value for each type of component.These totals
are then summed across the table,giving a total value for each type of component.These totals are then
summoned down to arrive at the Total Number ofUnadjusted Function Points.
The value adjustmentfactor (VAF) is based on 14 general system characteristics (GSC's) that rate the general
functionality of the application being counted.Each characteristic has associated descriptions thathelp determine
the degrees ofinfluence of the characteristics.The degrees ofinfluence range on a scale of zero to five, from no
7. influence to strong influence.The IFPUG Counting Practices Manual provides detailed evaluation criteria for each
of the GSC'S, the table below is intended to provide an overview of each GSC.
General System Characteristic Brief Description
1. Data communications How many communication facilities are there to aid in the
transfer or exchange of information with the application or
system?
2. Distributed data processing How are distributed data and processing functions
handled?
3. Performance Was response time or throughputrequired bythe user?
4. Heavily used configuration How heavily used is the current hardware platform where
the application will be executed?
5. Transaction rate How frequently are transactions executed daily, weekly,
monthly, etc.?
6. On-Line data entry What percentage of the information is entered On-Line?
7. End-user efficiency Was the application designed for end-user efficiency?
8. On-Line update How many ILF’s are updated by On-Line transaction?
9. Complexprocessing Does the application have extensive logical or
mathematical processing?
10. Reusability Was the application developed to meetone or manyuser’s
needs?
11. Installation ease How difficult is conversion and installation?
12. Operational ease How effective and/or automated are start-up,back-up,and
recovery procedures?
13. Multiple sites Was the application specificallydesigned,developed,and
supported to be installed atmultiple sites for multiple
organizations?
14. Facilitate change Was the application specificallydesigned,developed,and
supported to facilitate change?
Once all the 14 GSC’s have been answered,theyshould be tabulated using the IFPUG Value Adjustment
Equation (VAF) --
14 where:Ci = degree of influence for each General System Characteristic
VAF = 0.65 + [ (Ci) / 100] .i = is from 1 to 14 representing each GSC.
i =1 Ã¥ = is summation ofall 14 GSC’s.
The final Function PointCount is obtained by multiplying the VAF times the Unadjusted Function Point(UAF).
FP = UAF * VAF
8. Summary of benefits of Function Point Analysis
Function Points can be used to size software applications accurately.Sizing is an importantcomponentin
determining productivity(outputs/inputs).
They can be counted by different people,at different times,to obtain the same measure within a reasonable
margin oferror.
Function Points are easilyunderstood bythe non technical user.This helps communicate sizing information to a
user or customer.
Function Points can be used to determine whether a tool, a language,an environment,is more productive when
compared with others.
For a more complete listofuses and benefits ofFP please see the online article on Using Function Points.
Conclusions
Accurately predicting the size of software has plagued the software industryfor over 45 years. Function Points
are becoming widelyaccepted as the standard metric for measuring software size. Now that Function Points
have made adequate sizing possible,itcan now be anticipated that the overall rate of progress in software
productivity and software quality will improve. Understanding software size is the key to understanding both
productivity and quality. Without a reliable sizing metric relative changes in productivity (Function Points per Work
Month) or relative changes in quality(Defects per Function Point) can not be calculated.If relative changes in
productivity and quality can be calculated and plotted over time,then focus can be put upon an organ izations
strengths and weaknesses.Mostimportant,any attemptto correct weaknesses can be measured for
effectiveness.
pdf version of this article
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