Compounds
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Compounds contain two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances but elements cannot. Examples of compounds include table salt, sucrose, nitrogen gas, and water. Compounds are classified as acids, bases, or salts. Acids are sour and react with metals and bases to produce hydrogen gas and water. Bases have a slippery feel and react with oils. The strength of acids and bases depends on how much they dissociate, with strong acids and bases completely dissociating and weak ones only partially. Common strong acids include sulfuric and hydrochloric acids while common bases include calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide.
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All About pH and Buffers This contains the topics about Acids, Bases and Buffers.
REFERENCES
7.1A: Acid-Base Theories and Concepts. (2017, June 3). Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.01%3A_Introduction/7.1A%3A_Acid-Base_Theories_and_Concepts#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20primary%20theories
Applied Physical Pharmacy (2014) McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 978-0-07-180442-4
Abdella, S., Abid, F., Youssef, S. H., Kim, S., Afinjuomo, F., Malinga, C., Song, Y., & Garg, S. (2023). pH and its applications in targeted drug delivery. Drug Discovery Today, 28(1), 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103414
Admin. (2022, December 1). Ionization Of Water - Nature of Water, Detailed explanation of Self Ionization of Water and Pure water’s Ion. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/chemistry/ionization-of-water/
Byju’s. (2022, July 4). Is NaCl it An Acid or Base-. https://byjus.com/question-answer/is-nacl-an-acid-or-base/
Johnston, M. (2023, April 9). Hydrogen: What’s the difference between H, H2, H+, H- and OH- ? Watermatters.
https://www.watermatters.ca/blogs/articles/hydrogen-what-s-the-difference-between-h-h2-h-h-and-oh
Libretexts. (2023, July 18). 14.2: Ionization of Water. Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.02%3A_Ionization_of_Water
Niederquell, A., Stoyanov, E. V., & Kuentz, M. (2023). Physiological buffer effects in drug supersaturation - A mechanistic study of hydroxypropyl cellulose as precipitation inhibitor. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 112(7), 1897–1907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.013
pH of Salts in Water | Department of Chemistry | University of Washington. (n.d.). https://chem.washington.edu/lecture-demos/ph-salts-water#:~:text=Since%20this%20reaction%20produces%20OH,sodium%20acetate%20solution%20is%20basic.
Chap 8 acids, basis and salts
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that taste sour, react with metals and carbonates, and change litmus color. Bases taste bitter, feel slippery, and also change litmus color. Salts are water-soluble ionic compounds that can be acidic, basic, or neutral depending on whether they contain ions from strong/weak acids or bases. The document also covers ionization of water, pH and pOH calculations, acid-base concepts, conjugate pairs, and salt hydrolysis reactions that can produce acidic or basic solutions.
c-13solutionsedited.pdf
This document discusses solutions, including their physicochemical properties, types, factors affecting solubility and rate of solubility, and methods of preparation. It defines solutions as homogeneous mixtures formed via dissolving a solute in a solvent. The three main types are solid, liquid, and gaseous solutions. Key factors affecting solubility include temperature, particle size, molecular structure, pH, and presence of other substances. Methods of preparing solutions include simple dissolution, chemical reaction, and extraction. Various terms for expressing concentration and examples of oral liquid medications are also outlined.
cls 10 sci chp 2 ppt.pdf
The document discusses acids, bases and salts. It defines acids as substances that have a sour taste and turn litmus paper red, while bases have a bitter taste and soapy texture and turn litmus paper blue. Examples of common acids include citric acid in lemons and lactic acid in curd. The document also covers the reactions of acids and bases, such as acids reacting with metals to produce salts and hydrogen gas. A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and base react and form water and a salt.
Chemical Compounds
This document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as compounds that increase hydronium ions in water and bases as compounds that increase hydroxide ions in water. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. The pH scale is used to measure how acidic or basic solutions are. Neutralization reactions occur when acids and bases react, forming water and salts. Common acids and bases have various industrial and household uses.
Unit 3
This document discusses acids and bases, including their properties and reactions. It defines acids as substances that release hydrogen ions in water and bases as those that release hydroxide ions. Acids and bases neutralize one another in a reaction that produces salt and water. The document also discusses acid-base theories, strong vs. weak acids/bases, pH, electrolytes, self-ionization of water, and acid-base indicators. Buffers are introduced as solutions that resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER .Raveesh.pptx
Water has unique properties like polarity, hydrogen bonding, and anomalous behavior that arise from its molecular structure and allow it to act as the universal solvent for biological molecules and reactions. Its ability to ionize and act as both an acid and base through donation or acceptance of protons enables water to buffer pH changes and participate in metabolic pathways. The high heat of vaporization and specific heat of water also make it essential for regulating temperatures in living organisms.
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Compounds
- 2. COMPOUNDS • a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion. • Mostly found on products at home • Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are chemically combined in the compound sucrose. • In every sample of sucrose, there are twice as many hydrogen particles as oxygen particles. • The proportion of hydrogen particles in sucrose is fixed.
- 3. • There is a key difference between elements and compounds – “Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot.” • Examples: 1. table salt or sodium chloride (NaCl, an ionic compound), 2. sucrose (C12H22O11 a molecule), 3. nitrogen gas (N2, a covalent molecule), and 4. water (H2O, a covalent molecule)
- 4. CLASSIFIED INTO THREE: - any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance - a molecule or ion able to accept a hydrogen ion from an acid. - substance produced by the reaction of an acid with a base.
- 5. PROPERTIES: Acids are characterized by their sour taste. When reacted to metals, one of the products formed is hydrogen gas as indicated by bubble formed. Aside from metals, acids can also react with oxides (O2), hydroxide (-OH), and carbonates (CO3 2-) Bases have slippery and soapy feel. Bases react with fats and oil converting them into smaller molecules.
- 6. STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND BASES • Strength is indicated by its ability to dissociate completely or partially in solution. • Strong acids and strong bases are completely ionized or dissociated in solution whereas that of weak and base is only partially ionized.
- 7. COMMON ACIDS AND BASES Name Sources/Application Classification Acetic acid Vinegar Weak acid Formic acid Ants Weak acid Lactic acid Yogurt Weak acid Phosphoric acid Carbonated drinks Weak acid Citric acid Citrus fruits Weak acid Quinine Tonic water Weak base Ammonia Fertilizer Weak base Sulfuric acid Battery acid Strong acid Hydrochloric acid Cleaning bricks and metals Strong acid Calcium hydroxide Plaster Strong base Magnesium hydroxide Antacid Strong base
- 8. • Acids and bases react to from salt and water. This is referred to as neutralization reaction. Acid Base Solution pH Strong Strong Neutral pH = 7 Strong Weak Acidic pH < 7 Weak Strong Basic pH > 7 Acid-Base Reaction
- 9. • Compounds can conduct electricity and they are called as electrolytes. A strong electrolytes in a compound is completely ionized in water. A weak electrolytes in a compound is not completely ionized in water. • To determine whether a compound dissolved in water is strong, weak, or nonelectrolytes is performing a conductivity test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsGBcP4alDo
- 10. pH AND pOH • Substances can be identified acid or base using the color change observed with litmus paper. • A universal paper indicator may give a more detailed description of the acidity and basicity of a given compound.
- 12. • There is another indicator that is commonly used is litmus paper.
- 13. EXAMPLE OF ACID AND BASES CHEMICAL COMPOUND