Most activities involve energy in different forms. Sound, light, heat, and chemical/mechanical energies are used from waking up until moving around. Forces like gravity, wind, water, electricity, and magnetism can push or pull objects to cause motion. Motion is the change in position of an object due to force. Forces can make objects move, change their speed and direction of movement, stretch or compress, or cause up and down motion through balanced or unbalanced opposing forces.

1. ENERGY

2. Most of the activities you do every day involve
the use of energy.
From the time you wake up in the morning you
will see different forms of energy being used.
The clock’s alarm goes off, producing sound
energy. You switch on the lamp and use light
energy and electricity.
Your father uses heat energy as he cooks the
breaksfast.
For every move you make, you use chemical
and mechanical energies.
Which are related to force and motion.

3. Force and Motion

4. Do you play basketball?
Do you enjoy watching basketball games?
Have you ever wondered why the ball
bounces?
The ball exerts a downward force when it
hits the floor, and exerts an upward force
in reaction to gravity when it bounces
back.
This phenomenon was explained by Sir
Isaac Newton, and English scientist. He
stated that for every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction.
The ball hitting the floor is the action, and
the ball bouncing back is the opposite
reaction.

5. Factors that make the objects move:

6. Position and Reference Point
• Position - a place where someone or something is located or has
been put.
• Reference Point - a place or object used for comparison to
determine if something is in motion. An object is in motion if it
changes position relative to a reference point.

7. The position of a person or an object
in relation to a reference point can
be described using the following:
a. Chair
1. The boy sits on the chair.
2. The ball is behind the chair.
3. The box is in front of the
chair.

8. Position and Reference Point
1. The table is beside the door
2. The shoe is under the table.
3. The basket is on the table.

9. Force
- push or pull that you exert to
make the objects move in certain
way.
 Push –moving the objects away
from you.
 Pull – moving the objects
toward you.

10. Kinds of Forces

11. 1. Gravity
- a force that pulls objects
toward the ground.
- This force is the reason why the
leaves of trees fall off and why
you fall back to the floor after
jumping.

12. 2. Wind
- force that makes kites fly and
the leaves and branches if trees
sway.

13. 3. Flowing or running water
- force that carries boats, logs,
and leaves to different places.

14. 4. Electricity
- force that enables some
machines, some toys, and
household appliances to
function.

15. 5. Magnetism
- force that acts on objects made
of iron, such as paper clips,
nails, and safety pins, and
makes them move.

16.  Magnets have two poles: north
and south pole.
 Same poles N-N or S-S placed
close to each other, they repel
or push each other away.
 Opposite poles N-S or S-N
placed close to each other, they
attract or pull each other
together.

17. Effects of Force

18. Motion
- Change of position because of force that pushed or pulle the
object.
- It is one of the common effects of force.

19. 1. Force and movement
• When force is applied to an object (either be at rest or in motion),
it will cause for them to move, or to stop/continue moving.
• It demonstrate Inertia. It states that an object at rest will remain
at rest unless a force is applied to make it move. Likewise, a
moving object will continue moving unless force is applied to
make it stop.
• Ex
• Book in the table
• Rolling ball

21. 2. Fast and Slow Motion
• Force can also speed up and slow down the movement of an
object.
• Increase amount of force makes the object moves faster. Decrease
amount of force makes the object moves slower.
• Amount of force required to move an object depends on the
weight of the object.

22. Which of the two needs a
greater force to push the
cart?
- Heavier object requires
greater force
- Lighter object requires
lesser force

24. 3. Forward and Backward Movement
• Do you know why some objects do not
move at all, while other objects move
in a certain direction in relation to
other objects, after forces are applied
to them?
• In the illustration, it shows that the
man exerts in pushing is balanced by
the force of the wall. Thus, no
movement takes place. This activity
shows how forces act against each
other.

25. 3. Forward and Backward Movement
• In the illustration, boys exert in pushing
each other are not equal, resulting in
either one of them being pushed back.
• Therefore, movement takes place. When
one of he forces acting on each other is
greater than the other, the movement goes
to the direction of the greater force.
• Therefore, the person with lesser force is
made to move a certain distance from his
starting point and moves backward. A
person with a greater force moves forward.

26. There is unbalanced force acting each other.

27. 4. Stretching and Compressing Movement
• There are objects with elastic properties.
• Applying a pull force to an object, it will
stretch or expand up to a particular point
or distance.
• Upon releasing, it will compress or go back
to their starting point.
• Ex: rubber band, garter, and other objects
made of rubber

28. 5. Up and Down Movements
• In our daily activities, we experience a
corresponding opposite and equal reaction
to every action we do.
• Ex: riding a seesaw – a child at one end
pushes down (action), the child at the
other end goes up (reaction). As the child
who drops to the ground pushes up
(action), the child at the other end goes
down (reaction).