2. What is haematology
Haem-blood
Logous-study
Haematology is the branch of biology, concerned with
the study of blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.
3. Physiology of blood
Blood is a specialized bodily fluid in animals that
delivers necessary substance such as nutrients and
oxygen to the cell and transports metabolic waste
product away from those same cells.
It has four main components
i. Plasma
ii. Red blood cell
iii. White blood cell
iv. Platelets
4. Function of blood
1. Gas transport: blood carries oxygen from lung
to the tissues and carbon dioxide in reverse direction.
2. Transport of nutritional
substances for all cells:(glucose, amino
acid, fatty acid vitamins,ketone bodies, micro
element, uric acid,billirubin,creatinin etc.) from
tissue o kidney wherefrom they excreted with urine.
5. Cont…..
3. Regulation of different processes:
Blood creates and carries local hormones
(hormonoids) to the target organs.
4. Thermoregulation: heat change between
and blood.
5. Osmotic function: Maintain of osmotic
pressure in blood vessels.
6. CONT….
6. Protective function: blood has antibodies
and leucocyte,which perform phagocytosis.
7. Detoxification: blood enzyme can neutralize
(split) different toxic substances.
7. Properties of blood
1. Color: Blood is red in color, Arterial blood is
scarlet red because it contain more oxygen and
venous blood is purple red because of more carbon
dioxide.
2. Volume: Average volume of blood in a normal
adult is 5 L in a newborn baby, the volume is 450 ml
.it increase during growth and reach 5 L at the time
of puberty. In female, it is slightly less and is about
4.5 L it is about 8% of the body weight in a normal
young healthy adult, weighing about 70 kg.
8. Cont….
3. Reaction and PH: Blood is slightly alkaline
and its pH in normal condition is 7.4.
4. Specific gravity:
Specific gravity of total blood :1.025 to 1.061
Specific gravity blood cells: 1.092 to 1.101
Specific gravity of plasma: 1.022 to 1.026
.
9. Cont…
5. Viscosity: Blood is five time more viscous than
water. It is mainly due to red blood cells and plasma
protein
10. Composition of blood
Liquid and formed elements
liquid plasma
( volume 55-60%)
Formed elements
( volume 40-45%)
11. Whole blood
The blood that runs through the veins,arteries,and
capillaries is known as whole blood,
A mixture of blood 55 percent and 45 percent blood
cells
About 7 to 8 percent of your total body weight is blood
An average-sized man has about 12 pints blood in his
body, and an average-sized woman has about 9 pints.
12. Where do blood cell come form
Blood cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells and
are formed in the bone marrow through the highly
regulated process of hematopoiesis.
Hematopoietic stem cell are capable of transforming in
to red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
13. Cont….
These stem cells can be found circulating in the blood
and bone marrow in people of all ages, as well as in the
umbilical cords of new born babies
14. Components of blood
The liquid components of blood is called plasma, a
mixture of water ,sugar fat protein and salts
The main job of plasma is to transport blood cells
through out your body along with nutrients, waste
products, antibodies, clotting protein chemical
messengers such as hormones and proteins that help
maintain the body fluid balance.
15. Red Blood cells (RBCs)
The most abundant cell in the blood, accounting for
about 40-45 percent volume
The shape of a red blood cell is a biconcave disk with a
flattened center – in other words, both faces of the
disk have shallow bowl-like indenati0n.
Red blood cells start as immature cells in the bone
marrow and after approximately seven days of
maturation are released into the bloodstream.
16. Hemoglobin
Which help carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of
the body and then returns carbon dioxide from the
body to the lungs so it can be exhaled.
Blood appear red because of the large number of red
blood cells which get their color from the hemoglobin
The percentage of whole blood volume that is made up
of red blood cells is called the hemocrite and is a
common measure of red blood cell levels.
17. White blood cell
White blood cell protect the body from infection. they
are much fever in number than red blood cell,
according for about 1 percent of your blood.
Granulocyte and Agranulocyte
Neutrophil: Bacteria
Eosinophil : Allergic condition
Basophil: Allergic condition hypersensitive
reaction
Lymphocytes: viral infection
19. Platelets
Fragments of cell
Platelets help the blood clotting process ( or
coagulation) by gathering at the site of an
injury,stickining to the lining of the injured blood
vessels,and forming a platform on which blood
coagulation can occur.
20. Cont….
This result in the formation of blood clots, which cover
the wounds and prevents blood from leaking out.
Fibrin also form the initial sc of folding upon which
new tissue forms, thus promoting healing.
