Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma.
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), a lecture for medical lab technicians at Baquba Technical Institute, Middle Technical University. All theoretical and practical notes about the test.
Blood is a fluid tissue with a complex structure.
Blood consists of plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%).
Blood cells are of three types. i.e.
RBC, WBC & Platelets.
WBC: WBC also known as Leucocytes.
Do not possess any pigment, they appear colorless.
Provide immunity to the body, is the main function of WBC.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), a lecture for medical lab technicians at Baquba Technical Institute, Middle Technical University. All theoretical and practical notes about the test.
Blood is a fluid tissue with a complex structure.
Blood consists of plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%).
Blood cells are of three types. i.e.
RBC, WBC & Platelets.
WBC: WBC also known as Leucocytes.
Do not possess any pigment, they appear colorless.
Provide immunity to the body, is the main function of WBC.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
about the red blood cell.helpful for slide presentation.thank you all.
Ayub Ali
B,pharm (Hons.)
State University Of Bangladesh
ayubthecriminalgenious@gmail.com
: Hemostasis is a complex process which causes the bleeding process to stop.
It refers to the process of keeping blood within a damaged blood vessel.
The endothelial cells of intact blood vessels prevent blood coagulation
It is fluid which is present in
the abdominal cavity.
The peritoneal cavity is a potential
space lined by mesothelium of the
visceral n parietal peritoneum.
It is fluid which is present
in the pericardial cavity of
heart b/w parietal pericardium n visceral pericardium.
The pericardial cavity is a
potential space lined by
mesothelium of the visceral n parietal pericardium.
It is fluid which is present in the pleural cavity of
lungs b/w parietal pleura n visceral pleura.
The pleural cavity is a potential space lined by
mesothelium of the visceral n parietal pleura.
Semen is a “ thick, viscous, creamy, slightly yellowish or grayish” substance made up of spermatozoa — commonly known as sperm — and a fluid called seminal plasma, secret from the male reproductive organs.
The function of seminal plasma are:
To provide motility to sperm
To provide nutrition to spermatozoa
Stool/feces is the end product of digestive system of the body. Following digestion and absorption of the essential food ingredients in the stomach and intestine, the undigested food and unabsorbed secretions of stomach, liver, pancreas and intestine appear in stool.
The microscopic elements present in urine are collected into the form of deposit by centrifugation. A small drop of sediment is examined by making a cover slip preparation under microscope
Urine is a waste product that is produced by the kidneys in their process of cleaning the blood and is made up of water and dissolved waste products.
The waste products are substances that the body does not need and that can be harmful to our organs if accumulated in the body.
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
An immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained.
Reticulocytes are the immature RBC that contain nucleus.
They are originally seen at the site of their formation i.e. bone marrow. They take 2-3 (lays for maturation only about 1-2% of circulating RBCs are Reticulocytes.
Abnormalities in WBC & Their clinical significance
Most of the abnormalities in white cells are seen in neutrophils, only the most common ones have been discussed here.
Differential count is the % distribution of various white cells in the peripheral blood. It is determined from a blood smear stained with a polychromatic stain & alters examination of the stained smear by using oil-immersion objective. The stained blood smear also helps to study abnormal morphology of leucocytes & red cells. Study of blood smear helps in the diagnosis of various anaemia's, leukaemia & detection of blood parasites.
ESR IS ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMATATION RATE.When anticoag ulated blood is allowed to stand in an undisturbed condition for a period of time the erythrocyte tends to sink to the bottom. Two layers are formed, the upper plasma layer & lower one of red cells. The rate at which the red cells fall is known as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Surat @ℂall @Girls ꧁❤8527049040❤꧂@ℂall @Girls Service Vip Top Model Safe
Rbc
1. RBC
Ms Ankita R Bhatiya
Assistant Professor
Shree P.M.Patel COLLEGE OF PARAMEDICAL
SCIENCE N TECHNOLOGY
2. It include:
1.What is RBC?
2.Function of RBC.
3.Production of RBC
4. Method for detection of RBC
3. RBC
INTRODUCTION :
RBC - red cells / red blood corpuscles / haematids /
erythroid cells / erythrocytes.
Derived from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for
"hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern
usage.
Non-nucleated formed elements in the blood.
It lacks cytoplasmic organelles such as nucleolus,
mitochondria & ribosome.
5. RBC
Advantages of Biconcave Shape of RBCs:
Greater surface area for exchange of gases.
Flexibilty of RBC
Minimal tension when the volume of cell alters.
How is the shape maintained?
Spectrin - a contractile protein - maintains shape and
flexibility of RBC
6. Composition of RBC
COMPOSITION :
62.5% water
35% Hemoglobin
2.5% : - Sugar – glucose
Lipids – Cephalin, Cholesterol & Lecithin Protein –
Glutathion : insoluble
protein which acts as a reducing agent and prevents
damage of hemoglobin
7. FUNCTIONS
Respiratory
Acid Base balance
Maintain viscosity
Pigment: various pigments are derived from
hemoglobin after disintegration of RBC.
8. VARIATION
Physiologic causes of increase count:
Age
Gender
High altitude
Exercise
Temperature
Meal Decrease in count: High barometric pressure,
Pregnancy, sleep
9. ERYTHROPOIESIS
The process of origin, development and
maturation of erythrocytes.
Site of erythropoiesis:
In fetal life: - Mesoblastic stage
Hepatic stage - Myeloid stage
In newborns, children and adults
11. Function of RBC
It carries the oxygen from lungs to the tissue & carbon
dioxide from tissue to the lungs.
It also maintains the acid base balance; it is carried out
by buffering action of Hb & other intracellular buffer.
Red cell maintain ion balance by semi permeability of
cell membrane. Thus they help in maintaining the
balance between positive & negative ions in blood.
The RBC helps to maintain the viscosity of blood.
12. Method for counting of Rbc
Aim: Determination of Total erythrocyte counts by
haemocytometly.
Clinical Significance: At birth total RBC varies from 6.5 to
7.25 million /cumm. An increase in total RBC count is
observed in condition such as haemoconcentration due to
burns, cholera etc. in chronic heart disease, emphysema & in
polycythemia. Decrease in RBC count is observed in old age,
pregnancy, & anaemia.
Normal Range:
13. Method for counting of Rbc
Requirements: Microscope, Neubauer's chamber, Hb
pipette
RBC diluting fluid:
It is prepared as follow:
Sodium citrate (3.8 gm/dl): It prevents coagulation of blood
& provides osmotic pressure.
Formalin (5 ml): It act as a preservative & checks the
bacterial & fungal growth.
D/ w (95 ml): This solution is stable at room temp. for at
14. Method for counting of Rbc
Principle: The blood specimen is
diluted 1:200 with the RBC diluting
fluid & the cells are counted under
high power by using counting
chamber. The number of cells in
undiluted blood are calculated &
15. Procedure:
1. Identify the right patient.
2. Collect all the Requirements.
3.Do the labelling
4. Collect required amount of blood by capillary or vein puncture.
5. In a labelled test tube take 3.98 ml RBC Diluting fluid.
6. Add 0.02 ml blood sample with the help 0fHb pipette. Wipe
excess blood outside the pipette by using cotton.
7.Mix well & keep it for 5 min.
16. 8.Charge the Neubauer's chamber allow the cells to settle
for 2 to 3 minutes.
9. Place the counting chamber on the stage of the
microscope.
10. Switch to low power objective. Adjust light & locate the
large square in the centre with 25 small squares.
11. Now switch to high power objective. The RBC in the four
corner square & in the centre square
(RI + R2 R5) are counted.
12. Do calculation.
13. Clean the working area.
17. Method for counting of Rbc
Calculation: RBC million/cumm=
RBC= RI + R2+ R3+ R4+ R5 x 10,000 cells/ cumin
18. Method for counting of of
Rbc
Precaution:
The counting chamber should be clean & dry.
Diluting fluid is drawn up to the mark & care is taken not
to allow air bubbles to enter.
The filling of the chamber should be done in one
application or the tip or the pipette.
Air bubbles should not be present under the coverslip.
The diluting fluid should not over run the coverslip.
Longer waiting leads to drying of the fluid and disturb the
cells.
Before the counting the condenser & mirror of the
microscope should be properly adjusted.