Communication - Meaning, Nature, Characteristics, objectives and importance
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The document is an introduction to communication from Dr. NGPASC in Coimbatore, India. It defines communication as the exchange of facts, ideas, opinions, and understanding between two or more people. It lists some key characteristics of communication, including that it is a two-way process, has a purpose, takes different forms, and is dynamic. It also outlines some objectives of business communication, such as exchanging information to achieve goals, maintaining coordination, planning, facilitating direction and motivation, and solving problems.
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Communication: An Overview
Hi Dear viewers,
This presentation is about the Meaning of communication, process of communication,form of communication, objectives of communication, formal & informal channel of communication, and with this i also tried to explain the advantage and disadvantage of oral & written, upward, downward, vertical & horizontal, grapevine communication.
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Types of Reliability
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Validity
“The soundness or appropriateness of a test or instrument in measuring what it is designed to measure”
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Is the experimenter measuring the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable?
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Logical Validity
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Infers that a test is valid by definition
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Statistical Validity
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Effective communication requires a clear message from the speaker, an active listener, and shared understanding. The benefits include quicker problem solving, better decision making, steady workflow, and strong business relationships.
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This document provides an introduction to communication, outlining key objectives and concepts. It describes the stages in the communication cycle, including information, encoding, transfer, decoding, feedback. It also distinguishes between different levels (intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public) and methods (verbal, non-verbal, written, visual) of communication. Barriers to effective communication are also discussed.
Unit 5 validity and reliability
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Prepared by - Marudhar
Definition of Terms
Types of Validity
Threats to Validity
Types of Reliability
Threats to Reliability
Validity
“The soundness or appropriateness of a test or instrument in measuring what it is designed to measure”
(Vincent 1999)
“Degree to which a test or instrument measures what it purports to measure”
(Thomas & Nelson 1996)
Reliability
“…the degree to which a test or measure produces the same scores when applied in the same circumstances…”
(Nelson 1997)
Types of Validity
Internal
Is the experimenter measuring the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable?
External
Can the results be generalised to the wider population?
Logical Validity
Face Validity
Infers that a test is valid by definition
It is clear that the test measures what it is supposed to
Content Validity
Infers that the test measures all aspects contributing to the variable of interest
Statistical Validity
Concurrent Validity
Infers that the test produces similar results to a previously validated test .
Predictive Validity
Infers that the test provides a valid reflection of future performance using a similar test
Construct Validity
Infers not only that the test is measuring what it is supposed to, but also that it is capable of detecting what should exist, theoretically
Therefore relates to hypothetical or intangible constructs
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The document discusses the 7C's of communication, which are principles for effective communication. The 7C's are completeness, concreteness, clarity, correctness, consideration, conciseness and courtesy. Each C is defined in 1-2 sentences. For example, completeness means providing all necessary information without omissions, and clarity means conveying the intended message without ambiguity. The document provides examples and tips for achieving each C to ensure effective transmission of information between parties.
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The document discusses the importance of communication in effective teaching. It defines communication and identifies different means of communication including vocal, non-vocal, verbal, and non-verbal. Effective classroom communication involves speaking, listening, writing, and reading. Key aspects of speaking effectively include posture, pausing when questioning, and using voice dynamics. Active listening is also emphasized as important for understanding students and enhancing the learning environment. Barriers to communication and strategies for effective teaching through strong communication are outlined.
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This document discusses noise in the communication process. It defines noise as any interference that prevents a message from being understood correctly, which can come from external environmental sources or internal mental states. The document outlines several types of noise including contextual, mechanical, physical, psychological, physiological, and semantic noise. It also discusses how noise can impact the communication process and identifies some common sources of noise such as a lack of feedback, cultural differences, information overload, distractions, poor channel choice, and status effects. Finally, it provides recommendations for overcoming noise through active listening, adopting an audience-centered approach, managing information overload, encouraging feedback, fostering open communication, reducing filtering, and using appropriate communication channels.
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Forces Fueling e-commerce
E-commerce is the process of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, and information via electronic networks and computers. It allows consumers to exchange goods and services without barriers of time or distance. Key drivers of e-commerce growth include economic, technological, market, and social factors. Economically, e-commerce enables lower-cost interactions between businesses and partners, cheaper advertising and customer service, and higher profits through reduced overhead.
Inter Organizational e-commerce
This document discusses interorganizational systems (IOS) and e-commerce. It defines IOS as occurring between two or more organizations collaborating and sharing information. It describes different levels of IOS including individual organizations, networks themselves, and wider communities. It also outlines types of IOS at different technological stages from pre-internet to modern web 2.0 systems. Key benefits of IOS include enabling efficient supply chain management, facilitating technology exchange, allowing for global communication, and reducing business risks.
Factors for the success of m-commerce
This document discusses five factors that influence the adoption of mobile commerce (m-commerce): perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived trust, perceived cost, and perceived privacy. It provides definitions and explanations of each factor, describing how researchers have proposed that higher perceptions of usefulness, ease of use, trust, and privacy as well as lower perceptions of cost would positively influence consumers' adoption of m-commerce.
Advantages of E-Commerce
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce. Some key advantages include low financial costs to start an e-business, the ability to operate 24/7 globally, and easily gaining customer data. However, disadvantages include sites crashing and customers being unable to try products before buying. Additionally, e-commerce faces high competition, potential quality issues, and security/technical challenges from poor implementation or evolving standards.
Types of E-Commerce
This document outlines 7 types of e-commerce business models:
1) Business-to-Business (B2B) where businesses sell products to other businesses for resale.
2) Business-to-Consumer (B2C) where businesses sell directly to consumers through websites like Amazon and Flipkart.
3) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) where individuals sell used goods to other consumers through sites like OLX and Quickr.
E-Commerce and E- Businesss
E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services, and the transfer of funds and data, over the internet. It allows for commercial transactions between businesses and consumers with no barriers of time or distance. While e-commerce involves commercial transactions via the internet, e-business relies entirely on the internet for all company activities from procurement to marketing to sales. E-commerce has grown exponentially in recent decades, emerging in the 1970s on private networks and accelerating with the creation of the world wide web and first online stores in the early 1990s.
RFID
This document discusses several topics related to mobile computing and m-commerce. It begins with an overview of RFID technology, including the basic components and types of RFID tags. It then covers WiMAX and how it provides wireless broadband connectivity over large areas. Finally, it discusses SMS and its use for short text messages. The document also outlines some security issues and safety measures for mobile computing.
Electronic Data Interchange & Internet
The document discusses electronic data interchange (EDI) and the internet. It defines EDI as the electronic exchange of business documents between organizations in a standardized format. Common documents exchanged via EDI include invoices, purchase orders, and shipping notices. The document also outlines several benefits of EDI for industries like retail, manufacturing, and automobiles. It provides a brief history of the internet and defines key terms like protocols and the world wide web. EDI is useful for regular exchanges between business partners in industries like supply chain management.
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- 1. Introduction to Communication Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA Dr. N.G.P. ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE (An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Bharathiar University, Coimbatore) Approved by Government of Tamil Nadu and Accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade (2nd Cycle) Dr. N.G.P.- Kalapatti Road, Coimbatore-641048, Tamil Nadu, India Web: www.drngpasc.ac.in | Email: info@drngpasc.ac.in | Phone: +91-422-2369100 RAJAKRISHNAN M Assistant Professor in Commerce CA
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