The document provides an overview of various chemical elements, detailing their production methods and applications. It covers elements such as polonium, bismuth, and germanium, emphasizing their uses in fields like electronics, medicine, and industry. The summary highlights the importance of these elements, their properties, and associated health risks.

2. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
POLONIUM
/ Po
Is produced today
in gramme
quantity from
bismuth in
nuclear reactors.
Used as source of
alpha radiation.
BISMUTH
/ Bi
Has been used in
forensic work and
also used in
cosmetic to give
pearly effect.
GERMANIUM
/ Ge
Is a very
important
semiconductor.
It’s pure elements
are dropped with
other elements
and used as
transistor.

3. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
ASTATINE /
At
Dangerously
radioactive
element made in
nuclear reactors,
its half life is
only eight hours.
SELENIUM
/ Se
Is used in photo-
electric cells,
photocopiers,
solar cells and
semiconductors.
TELLERIUM
/ Te
It’s compound are
to be avoided
because not only
are they
poisonous but
contact with even
the tiniest
amounts lead to
unpleasant body
odors.

4. INDIUM
/ In
Is used in low
melting alloys for
firesplinker systems
in shops and
warehouses. It has
no known biological
role but is
teratogenic.
THALLIUM
/ Tl
Was once used in rat
poison and hair
removers but it is
now banned.
CADMIUM
/ Cd
Is a silvery metal
produced a by-
product of zinc
refining. It is a
poison and also
known to cause birth
defects and cancer.
COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES

5. PALLADIUM
/ Pd
Resist corrosion, but
dissolves in
oxidizing acids and
fused alkalis and
used as catalysts in
the chemical
industry.
RHODIUM
/ Rh
Is the rarest of all
metal on Earth.
World production is
only three tones a
year, mainly for
catalyst in the
chemical industry.
IRIDIUM
/ Ir
Is used in special
alloys, for the
contact in spark
plugs, hardening
agent for platinum.
COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES

6. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
RUTHENIUM
/ Ru
Is used to harden
plaatinum, palladium
and as a catalysts in
the chemical
industry. Like gold,
this metal can be
found in the free
state.
OSMIUM
/ Os
Is as rare as gold, like
gold it can be found
as the free metal. It is
used in making high
quality pen nibs.
MANGANESE
/ Mn
Decomposes in cold
water slowly and will
burn in oxygen. It is
an essential element
for all living things.

7. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
TECHNITIUM
/ Tc
Is today obtained as
grey powder and in
tonne quantities
from spent nuclear
fuel rods. It is also
an excellent
superconductor at
11k and below.
RHENIUM
/ Re
Is used in filaments
and for catalyst in
the chemical
industry.
CHROMIUM
/ Cr
Is used in alloys,
ceramics and
essential element
for human because
it helps us to use
glucose and also
added to steel to
produce stainless
steel.

8. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
MOLYBDENUM
/ Mo
It’s metal produced
and solid as grey
powder and used in
alloys, catalysts,
electrodes. Also used
in valves and boiler
plates.
TUNGSTEN
/ W
Is used for the
filaments of light
bulbs. It is alloyed
with other metals to
strenghten them,
example: military
armour and cutting
tools.
VANADIUM
/ V
Is used in alloy, steel
and coloured
television screens.

9. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
NIOBIUM
/ Nb
Resists corrosion due
to an oxide film and
added in small
amounts to improve
stainless steels and
also used in plating
and coins.
TANTALUM
/ Ta
Is very resistant to
corrosion and so
finds use in
equipment for
handling corrosive
materials and used in
making medical skull
plates.
TITANIUM
/ Ti
Is used to make
lightweight alloys in
replacement of hip
joints and chemical
plants.

10. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
ZIRCONIUM
/ Zr
Is used in nuclear
reactors, briccks,
ceramics and
abrasives. Scissors
and knives can be
made from it.
HAFNIUM
/ Hf
Alloys are used to
make control rods for
nuclear reactors
because it will absorb
neutrons and has a
very high melting
point.
YTTRIUM
/ Y
Is used in television
screen to produce the
colour red and also in
radar technology. It is
employed in
superconductors,
metal oxides that
conduct electricity
without any loss of
energy.

11. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
BERRYLIUM
/ Be
Is so reactive t is
stored under oil and
also used in gear and
cogs.
STRONTIUM
/ Sr
Is used to make
special glass for
television, but its best
known as the brilliant
red salts used to fire
works and flares.
BARIUM
/ Ba
A soft silvery metal
that rapidly tarnishes
in air and reacts with
water and also used
to patients suffering
digestive disorders.

12. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
RADIUM
/ Ra
Radiation source;
Self luminous points;
Radiotherapy device.
LITHIUM
/ Li
Lubricants, dry cells;
Storage batteries;
glass and
Pharmaceuticals.
RUBIDIUM;
/ Rb
Gas scavenger in
vacuum. Photocell
component;
Thermoelectric
generator.

13. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
URANIUM
/ U
Nuclear fuel; X-ray;
“Vaseline”; Glass
production.
GALLIUM
/ GA
Quartz thermometers;
transistors; alloy
component.
PLATINUM
/ Pt
Grudbles, wire,
jewelleries,
Thermocouple; jet
nozzles; Lighters.

14. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
THORIUM
/ Th
Laboratory crucibles
Wels Bach mantle;
Alloying element
SCANDIUM
/ Sc
Spacecraft materials;
High intensity lights;
Tracing agent for
refinary.
CESIUM
/ Cs
Photoelectric cells;
“Getter” in electron
tubes; atomic clocks.

15. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
OXYGEN
/ O
Air supply; Oxy-
acetylene welding;
Steel making agent.
ANTIMONY
/ Sb
Bearings; Batteries;
Tracer bullets; cables;
Ceramic enamels.
SILICON
/ Si
Solar cells;
transistors; Rectifiers;
Lubricants.

16. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
TIN
/ Sn
Cans; Panel Lighting;
Super conductive
magnets.
LEAD
/ Pb
Batteries; cable
cover; Drain pipes;
Paints; Radiation
shield.
ZINC
/ Zn
Gutter; Pipes; Paints;
Cosmetics; Soaps;
Inks; Textiles; Roofs.

17. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
SILVER
/ Ag
Used for Silverware;
Utensils;
Photographic
materials; Coins;
jewelleries; Medals.
NICKEL
/ Ni
Used for Coins;
Stainless making
Catalyst for
hydrogenation for oil
MAGNESIUM
/ Mg
Used for Bicycle
parts; Brick for
farces; medicine;
propellants

18. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
POTTASIUM
/ K
Fertilizers; Heat
transfer agent; “Strike
anywhere” matches;
fireworks; explosives.
KRYPTON
/ Kr
Fluorescent lamps;
Photographic flash
lamps; Basis of meter
length.
BORON
/ B
Tennis rockets;
Glasses; Arthritis
treatment;
Pyrotechnic flares.

19. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
COBALT
/ Co
Razor Blades, “
Alnico” alloy: Jet
turbines:
electroplating
BROMINE
/ Br
Photographic films;
Gasoline antiknock;
Flame proofing
agents
PHOSPHORUS
/ P
Matches; fireworks
pesticides; fertilizers
water softener

20. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
RADON
/ Rn
Therapeutic use
Fluorine
/ F
Toothpaste additive;
High temperature
plastics; refrigerant
ARGON
/ Ar
Light bulbs; Arc
welding;; flourescent
light

21. COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES
XENON
/ Xe
Sun lamps; UV
lamps; vacuum and
electron tubes; bubble
chambers
IODINE
/ I
Disinfectant;
photographic
materials; radioactive
tracer
ARSENIC
/ As
Hardening shots;
laser materials;
poisons; insecticides;
doing agents