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2.cold war
- 1. Cold War; Rise ofUnited States and Soviet Union, Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War.
- 2. Concepts Communism A systemwhere government owns natural and capital resources of a nation by controlling production for classless and stateless society. Socialism A social and economic system characterized by social/collective owner ship and democratic control of resources. Capitalism A system based on private ownership of resources, goods and services.
- 3. Outcomes of WWII Emergence of Two Superpowers – USA & USSR Incompatibilities b/w two Ideologies. Containment policy of USA Vs. USSR Marshall Plan (5 $Bil. 16 European countries)– first move towards NATO
- 4. Cold War WhyCold? – neither war nor peace b/w US capitalist and Soviet communist blocs after WWII. Great power rivalry stopped short of war. Arms race, ally-seeking, ideological antagonism, interventionism etc.
- 5. Roots of ColdWar Communist Revolution of November 1917 was viewed as challenge to American Exceptionalism. USA also tried to prevent the revolution in Russia. First ‘red-scare’ 1919-1920 in USA.
- 6. Roots of ColdWar “Soviet states would not co-exist with capitalist states”, Lenin 1919. After WWII USSR & USA became super powers. During WWII, Stalin, Roosevelt, & Churchill discussed the future of the world in the aftermath of WWII.
- 7. Roots of ColdWar After WWII, Germany was to be divided into two; 1. East Germany under USSR 2. West Germany under USA Berlin into four sectors – USA, France, UK and USSR. Germany was also to be de-militarized & de-nazify.
- 8. US, British andSoviet views; FDR wanted economic supremacy through – Bretton Wood System and victory in Asia. Churchill wanted to maintain colonies. Stalin wanted to retain East Europe and Germany divided.
- 9. Roots of ColdWar These Soviet goals brought mutual suspicions. Overall world was also transforming – decolonization, Chinese awakening, Indo-Pak independence etc.
- 10. Cold War –shaped the world Cold War (1945-1991) was the centre point of world politics. It dominated the FPs of the whole world – affecting their societies, politics, economies, and military institutions. Education, literature, and philosophy as well.
- 11. Who Started theCold War – two interpretations Traditional view: Former allied within few months, engaged in a global — military, political, economic, and ideological struggle. Creeping sovietisation of the region b/w 1945-1948 was the source of Cold War. Josef Stalin was an evil dictator, guided by evil Communist ideology for world domination.
- 13. Who Started theCold War – interpretations? Revisionist View: In the 1960s, a new generation of historians — sceptical about the Vietnam War — offered a different interpretation; Economic expansionist policies of Washington were responsible. “Stalin was more interested in protecting the Soviet Union than in dominating the world.”
- 14. Who Started theCold War – interpretations? Americans erroneously interpreted Stalin’s concerns for a security buffer in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania as a desire for global conquest. American efforts to contain Soviet influence, soviet intimidation with atomic bomb, and to pursue American economic interests around the globe were primarily responsible for starting the Cold War.
- 15. Stages of CW: Tight Bipolarity (1946- 1969) Iron Curtain (1946) Churchill used this phrase in his 1946 speech, speech, “from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended upon the continent”. He called for a Western alliance against communist threat. Effectively requested and welcomed US diplomatic and military support and protection.
- 17. Tight confrontational Bipolarity(1947- 1969) The cold war in Europe reflected the failure to implement the principles agreed at the wartime conferences of Yalta & Potsdam of 1945. The future of Germany and Poland were issues of growing tension between USA & USSR.
- 18. Containment Policy Truman Doctrine1947 and Containment Policy of US “to support the free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.” Truman requested congress 400 million US$ for Turkey and Greece so they could fight against communism. The largest US aid program in peace time history.
- 20. Containment Policy Itwas the beginning of US invention into other countries. Under this doctrine, US was committed to oppose the spread of communism and to intervene, even by military force if necessary. NATO & Marshall Plan - two elements of containment strategy, “Two halves of the same walnut” said Truman.
- 21. Containment Policy Truman Doctrineand Containment Policy of US US elite had divided the world into “good” and “bad” states – based on human rights record…. Whoever was in communist camp - fell into the bad category and a target of US.
- 22. Tight confrontational Bipolarity(1947- 1969) In East, nationalists and socialists were also considered as Marxists, loyal to Moscow. e.g. ZA. Bhutto First confrontation between US and USSR came when in June 1948 Stalin cut road and rail communications. West Berlin’s population was kept alive by a massive airlift.
- 23. Tight confrontational Bipolarity(1947- 1969) Blockade prompted the deployment of US long-range bombers in Britain, described as ‘atomic-capable’, though not. US consolidated its military commitment by forming NATO in April 1949. USA took the responsibility of the protection of the Europe.
- 24. Tight confrontational Bipolarity(1947- 1962) In 1949, thirty-year-long Chinese civil war ended with victory for the communists under Mao Zedong. USSR also broke the nuclear monopoly of USA in 1949. 1950 North Korea attacked SK, USA intervened so did communist China.
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- 26. NATO &west German armament of 1954 resulted in Warsaw Pact in 1955. By the 1960s, there were some 7,000 nuclear weapons in Western Europe alone. NATO deployed nuclear weapons to balance Soviet conventional superiority, Soviet deployed ‘theatre nuclear’ to counter US nuclear superiority.
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- 28. Cold war andthe Middle East Israel came into being in 1948 - Nazi genocide. Both USSR and USA supported the creation of a Jewish state on Arab lands. But, in 1950s, Soviets supported Arabs Vs. Pro US Israel. Though Jamal Nasser was a nationalist not communist.
- 29. Suez Canal Crisis,1956 On July 26, 1956 Jamal Nasser announced to nationalize Suez Canal. Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt. This brought a serious rift in the ‘special relationship’ between Britain and the US.
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- 31. Eisenhower stronglyopposed and forced UK abandon the operation and support of French and Israel. In those days, US compromised their commitment democracy and national self-determination because of Cold War. Supported Dictators instead of democrats, e.g. Gen. Ayub and Gen. Zia in Pakistan and Arab Monarchs.
- 32. Cuban missile Crisis,1962 In October 1962 the world was about to witness a nuclear Armageddon. Soviets has deployed Nuclear missiles in Cuba aiming at US cities. Britain in 1952, France in 1960, and China in 1964 became nuclear powers. Concerns about the spread or nuclear proliferation led to the negotiation of the NPT in 1968.
- 33. Détente - LooseBipolarity, 1969 - 1979 Easing of tensions between US and USSR, tentatively started from Nixon/Kissinger initiative in 1972/1973. A shift from animosity to a flexible diplomacy. Change was being observed in post WWII super power relations. Causes – communist China, and consensus b/w USA & USSR to keep the status quo in Europe.
- 34. Détente Loose Bipolarity.1969 - 1979 America was stuck in Vietnam, China-Soviet war in 1969. Détente helped reconciliation between China & US. Both Washington and Moscow also looked towards Beijing while making their calculations. The question of how far the superpowers could control their friends.
- 35. Détente - LooseBipolarity. 1969 - 1979 After 1973 Arab-Israel war both USA and USSR helped create Egyptian-Israeli rapprochement. Egypt switched its allegiance from Moscow to Washington. For Israel, fear of a war was lifted.
- 36. Détente - LooseBipolarity. 1969 - 1979 Americans viewed Moscow’s support for communists in Ethiopia in 1975 and in Angola in 1978 killed détente. The overthrow of the Shah of Iran in 1979 resulted in the loss of an important US ally in the region. Dec. 1979, USSR invaded Afghanistan, US supported Mujahideen.
- 37. Revival of theCold War 1980 - 1988 Carter Doctrine ( January 1980) “Any attempt by outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf will be regarded as an assault on vital US interests and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force”. Doctrine was a response to Iranian Revolution and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. It was a mini Monroe Doctrine in its essence.
- 38. After 1980 Reaganwas not in favour of arms control agreements. He initiated ‘Star Wars’, a research programme for space - based defence against ballistic missiles. Reagan claimed to regain the nuclear monopoly of the 1950s. In Western Europe and the Soviet Union, there was real fear of nuclear war.
- 39. Reagan Doctrine 1980-1988 Reagan viewed Détente as a bad policy, that strengthened USSR. The essence of the doctrine is – the active destabilization of selected target states following soviet ideologies. Reagan called Détente period as “decade of neglect”.
- 40. Reagan Doctrine Itspurpose was to stop the expansion of USSR. This was reflected in Afghanistan & Nicaragua to suck Soviet military in Vietnam style. Reagan’s policy lost its relevance as in last years both superpowers moved towards better relations.
- 41. Conclusion There aredisagreements about when and why the cold war began, and who was responsible. Distinct phases can be seen in East-West relations, during which tension and the risk of direct confrontation grew and receded. Some civil and regional wars were intensified and prolonged by superpower involvement; others may have been prevented or shortened. The end of the cold war has not resulted in the abolition of nuclear weapons.
- 42. Conclusion Nuclear weaponswere an important factor in the cold war. How far the arms race had a momentum of its own is a matter of debate. Various international crises occurred in which there was the risk of nuclear war. Judging how close world came to nuclear war at these times remains open to speculation.
- 43. Questions Throughout thehistory of the Cold War the US used and manipulated the soviet threat to secure its leadership over the Western world. Discuss. To what extent was US foreign economic policy of a case of ‘containment by other means’? What impact did the end of Cold War have on US foreign policy?
Editor's Notes
- #6 American exceptionalism refers to the special character of the United States as a uniquely free nation based on democratic ideals and personal liberty.
- #7 “Soviet” is derived from a Russian word signifying council or assembly.
- #35 Detente: (French) Literally, loosening; the relaxation of tension between previously antagonistic states.
- #36 Anwar Sadaat expelled 20,000 Soviet advisors and invited Americans in 1973.