Cold War

Cold War

• 1.
  Chapter 30: ThePost War WorldChapter 30: The Post War World and Cold War, 1945-Presentand Cold War, 1945-Present The United States and the SovietThe United States and the Soviet Union vie for superiority, and bothUnion vie for superiority, and both countries extend their control overcountries extend their control over other nations.other nations.
• 2.
  Cold War Timeline,1946-1980Cold War Timeline, 1946-1980
• 3.
  33.1 Cold War:33.1Cold War: Superpowers Face OffSuperpowers Face Off The opposing economic and politicalThe opposing economic and political philosophies of the United States andphilosophies of the United States and the Soviet Union lead to globalthe Soviet Union lead to global competition.competition.
• 4.
  A Postwar PlanAPostwar Plan Yalta and Potsdam Conferences:Yalta and Potsdam Conferences: A Postwar PlanA Postwar Plan  In February 1945, British,In February 1945, British, American, and Soviet leadersAmerican, and Soviet leaders meet at Yalta, a second meetingmeet at Yalta, a second meeting would take place months later atwould take place months later at PotsdamPotsdam  Europe would be split, each zoneEurope would be split, each zone would be occupied by the soldierswould be occupied by the soldiers of one of the main Allied powers.of one of the main Allied powers.  They also agreed that GermanyThey also agreed that Germany would have to repay the Sovietwould have to repay the Soviet Union for damage and loss of life.Union for damage and loss of life.  Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, inSoviet leader Joseph Stalin, in turn, promised free elections inturn, promised free elections in Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.
• 5.
  Churchill, Roosevelt, andStalin at the Yalta Conference
• 6.
  Churchill, Truman, andStalin at the Potsdam Conference
• 7.
  Allies Become EnemiesAlliesBecome Enemies Creation of the United NationsCreation of the United Nations  June 1945, 50 nations form theJune 1945, 50 nations form the UnitedUnited NationsNations—an international organization—an international organization  All members are represented in the GeneralAll members are represented in the General Assembly; 11 nations are on the SecurityAssembly; 11 nations are on the Security CouncilCouncil  Five permanent members have SecurityFive permanent members have Security Council veto powerCouncil veto power
• 8.
  Allies Become EnemiesAlliesBecome Enemies Differing U.S. and Soviet GoalsDiffering U.S. and Soviet Goals  U.S. and Soviets split sharply after WWII endsU.S. and Soviets split sharply after WWII ends  U.S. is world’s richest and most powerfulU.S. is world’s richest and most powerful country after WWIIcountry after WWII  Soviets still recovering from high warSoviets still recovering from high war casualties and had many destroyed citiescasualties and had many destroyed cities
• 9.
  Eastern Europe’s IronCurtainEastern Europe’s Iron Curtain Soviets Build a BufferSoviets Build a Buffer  Soviets control Eastern European countriesSoviets control Eastern European countries after World War IIafter World War II  Stalin installs Communist governments inStalin installs Communist governments in several countriesseveral countries  Truman urges free elections; Stalin refuses toTruman urges free elections; Stalin refuses to allow free electionsallow free elections  In 1946, Stalin says capitalism andIn 1946, Stalin says capitalism and communism cannot co-existcommunism cannot co-exist
• 11.
  Eastern Europe’s IronCurtainEastern Europe’s Iron Curtain An Iron Curtain Divides East and WestAn Iron Curtain Divides East and West  Germany is divided; East Germany isGermany is divided; East Germany is Communist, West Germany democraticCommunist, West Germany democratic  Iron CurtainIron Curtain—Winston Churchill’s name for—Winston Churchill’s name for the division of Europethe division of Europe
• 12.
  The nations onthe eastern side of the “Iron Curtain” were known as the Eastern Bloc
• 14.
  United States Triesto Contain SovietsUnited States Tries to Contain Soviets ContainmentContainment  ContainmentContainment—U.S. plan to stop the spread—U.S. plan to stop the spread of communismof communism The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine  Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine—U.S. supports countries—U.S. supports countries that reject communismthat reject communism  Congress approves Truman’s request for aidCongress approves Truman’s request for aid to Greece and Turkeyto Greece and Turkey
• 15.
  United States Triesto Contain SovietsUnited States Tries to Contain Soviets The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan  Much of Western Europe lay in ruins afterMuch of Western Europe lay in ruins after World War IIWorld War II  Marshall PlanMarshall Plan—U.S. program of assisting—U.S. program of assisting Western European countriesWestern European countries  Congress approves plan after CommunistCongress approves plan after Communist takeover of Czechoslovakiatakeover of Czechoslovakia
• 17.
  Germany is SplitGermanyis Split Following WWII, GermanyFollowing WWII, Germany is split into two differentis split into two different countries.countries. East Germany is influencedEast Germany is influenced by the USSR and theby the USSR and the government is communist.government is communist. West Germany isWest Germany is influenced by the US,influenced by the US, France and the UK andFrance and the UK and their government is atheir government is a democracy.democracy.
• 18.
  The Berlin WallTheBerlin Wall Not only is theNot only is the country split, thecountry split, the capital of Berlin iscapital of Berlin is split as well.split as well. East GermanyEast Germany builds a wall tobuilds a wall to maintain themaintain the separationseparation between the twobetween the two and keeps itsand keeps its citizens confinedcitizens confined within.within. Crossing over isCrossing over is strictly forbidden.strictly forbidden.
• 19.
  The Berlin WallTheBerlin Wall
• 20.
  Fence along theEast/West Border in Germany
• 21.
  Preserved section ofthe border between East Germany and West Germany called the "Little Berlin Wall" at Mödlareuth
• 22.
  Divisions of GermanyDivisionsof Germany
• 23.
  Divisions of BerlinDivisionsof Berlin
• 24.
  United States Triesto Contain SovietsUnited States Tries to Contain Soviets Blockade of Berlin and The Berlin AirliftBlockade of Berlin and The Berlin Airlift  In 1948, U.S., Britain, and France withdraw forcesIn 1948, U.S., Britain, and France withdraw forces from West Germanyfrom West Germany  Their former occupation zones form one countryTheir former occupation zones form one country  Soviets oppose this, stop land and water traffic intoSoviets oppose this, stop land and water traffic into West BerlinWest Berlin  West Berlin, located in Soviet occupation zone, facesWest Berlin, located in Soviet occupation zone, faces starvationstarvation  U.S. and Britain fly in supplies for 11 months until theU.S. and Britain fly in supplies for 11 months until the blockade endsblockade ends
• 25.
  Routes of BerlinAirliftRoutes of Berlin Airlift
• 28.
  The Cold WarDivides the WorldThe Cold War Divides the World The Cold WarThe Cold War  Cold-WarCold-War—struggle of U.S. and Soviet Union using—struggle of U.S. and Soviet Union using means short of warmeans short of war Superpowers Form Rival AlliancesSuperpowers Form Rival Alliances  In 1949, U.S., Canada, and West European countriesIn 1949, U.S., Canada, and West European countries form NATOform NATO  NATONATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization—is a—North Atlantic Treaty Organization—is a defensive military alliancedefensive military alliance  In 1955, Soviets and Eastern nations sign theIn 1955, Soviets and Eastern nations sign the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact alliancealliance  In 1961, Soviets build the Berlin Wall to separate EastIn 1961, Soviets build the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Berlinand West Berlin
• 29.
  NATO Warsaw Pact and Non-aligned nations
• 30.
  Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact NationsNations Note:FederalNote: Federal People’sPeople’s Republic ofRepublic of Yugoslavia isYugoslavia is forced out of theforced out of the Warsaw Pact inWarsaw Pact in 19481948
• 32.
  The Cold WarDivides the WorldThe Cold War Divides the World The Threat of Nuclear WarThe Threat of Nuclear War  Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb inSoviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb in 19491949  U.S. and Soviet Union both develop the moreU.S. and Soviet Union both develop the more powerful hydrogen bombpowerful hydrogen bomb  BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship—policy of willingness to go to—policy of willingness to go to the edge of warthe edge of war  Increasing tensions lead to military buildup byIncreasing tensions lead to military buildup by U.S. and the SovietsU.S. and the Soviets
• 33.
  Nuclear Arms RaceNuclearArms Race During the Cold War, both countriesDuring the Cold War, both countries vie for nuclear superiority andvie for nuclear superiority and increase their arsenals.increase their arsenals. The idea was that by building moreThe idea was that by building more and more bombs; eventually, oneand more bombs; eventually, one side would stand down.side would stand down. This, actually, will never happen.This, actually, will never happen. While it is a little unclear about whoWhile it is a little unclear about who was bigger or stronger, it iswas bigger or stronger, it is speculated that the U.S. had manyspeculated that the U.S. had many more bombs, while the Soviets hadmore bombs, while the Soviets had more destructive ones such as themore destructive ones such as the Tsar (Czar) Bomba.Tsar (Czar) Bomba.
• 34.
  Military parades inRed SquareMilitary parades in Red Square
• 35.
  H Bomb TestsHBomb Tests
• 36.
  Tsar Bomba (KingBomb)Tsar Bomba (King Bomb)
• 38.
  The Space RaceTheSpace Race Not only was the ColdNot only was the Cold War a race to increaseWar a race to increase military prowess, it wasmilitary prowess, it was also a race foralso a race for technological prowess.technological prowess. This included the raceThis included the race to be the first countryto be the first country into space.into space. The Soviets were firstThe Soviets were first to send the satelliteto send the satellite known as Sputnik intoknown as Sputnik into space (1957).space (1957).
• 39.
  A replica ofSputnik 1
• 41.
  The Space RaceTheSpace Race The Soviets bested theThe Soviets bested the United States once againUnited States once again when they sent Sovietwhen they sent Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin ascosmonaut Yuri Gagarin as first human in space on Aprilfirst human in space on April 12, 1961.12, 1961. The U.S. would have beenThe U.S. would have been the first, but instead we sent athe first, but instead we sent a monkey on January 31, 1961.monkey on January 31, 1961.
• 42.
  HamHam
• 43.
  The Cold WarDivides the WorldThe Cold War Divides the World The Cold War in the SkiesThe Cold War in the Skies  In 1960, Soviets shoot down American spyIn 1960, Soviets shoot down American spy plane (a U-2), increasing tensionsplane (a U-2), increasing tensions U-2 spy plane similar to the one shot down over the U.S.S.R.
• 44.
  Francis Gary Powerswith a model of a U-2 spy plane.
• 45.
  Wreckage of GaryPowers’ U-2
• 46.
  33.2 Communists TakePower in China33.2 Communists Take Power in China After World War II, ChineseAfter World War II, Chinese Communists defeat Nationalist forcesCommunists defeat Nationalist forces and two separate Chinas emerge.and two separate Chinas emerge.
• 47.
  Communists vs. NationalistsCommunistsvs. Nationalists World War II in ChinaWorld War II in China  Mao ZedongMao Zedong—leads Chinese Communists—leads Chinese Communists against Japanese invadersagainst Japanese invaders  Jiang JieshiJiang Jieshi (a.k.a.(a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek)—)— leads of Chinese Nationalists in World War IIleads of Chinese Nationalists in World War II  Nationalist and Communist Chinese resumeNationalist and Communist Chinese resume civil war after WWII endscivil war after WWII ends
• 48.
  Communists vs. NationalistsCommunistsvs. Nationalists Mao Zedong Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)
• 50.
  Communists vs. NationalistsCommunistsvs. Nationalists Civil War ResumesCivil War Resumes  Economic problems cause Nationalist soldiersEconomic problems cause Nationalist soldiers to desert to Communiststo desert to Communists  Mao’s troops take control of China’s majorMao’s troops take control of China’s major citiescities  In 1949, People’s Republic of China isIn 1949, People’s Republic of China is createdcreated  Nationalists flee to TaiwanNationalists flee to Taiwan
• 51.
  The Two ChinasAffect the Cold WarThe Two Chinas Affect the Cold War The Superpowers ReactThe Superpowers React  U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan,U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, called Republic of Chinacalled Republic of China  Soviets and China agree to help each other inSoviets and China agree to help each other in event of attackevent of attack  U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion andU.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and spread of communism in Chinaspread of communism in China
• 52.
  The Two ChinasAffect the Cold WarThe Two Chinas Affect the Cold War China Expands under the CommunistsChina Expands under the Communists  China takes control of Tibet and southernChina takes control of Tibet and southern MongoliaMongolia  India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeingIndia welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing revolt against Chineserevolt against Chinese  China and India clash over border; fightingChina and India clash over border; fighting stops but tensions remainstops but tensions remain
• 53.
  The Communists TransformChinaThe Communists Transform China Communists Claim a New “Mandate ofCommunists Claim a New “Mandate of Heaven”Heaven”  Chinese Communists organize nationalChinese Communists organize national government and Communist Partygovernment and Communist Party Mao’s Brand of Marxist SocialismMao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism  Mao takes property from landowners andMao takes property from landowners and divides it among peasantsdivides it among peasants  Government seizes private companies andGovernment seizes private companies and plans production increaseplans production increase
• 54.
  The Communists TransformChinaThe Communists Transform China The Great Leap ForwardThe Great Leap Forward  CommunesCommunes—large collective farms often—large collective farms often supporting over 25,000 peoplesupporting over 25,000 people  Program is ended after inefficiency leads toProgram is ended after inefficiency leads to crop failures and faminescrop failures and famines
• 56.
  The Communists TransformChinaThe Communists Transform China New Policies and Mao’s ResponseNew Policies and Mao’s Response  China and Soviet Union clash over leadershipChina and Soviet Union clash over leadership of communist movementof communist movement  Strict socialist ideas are moderated, MaoStrict socialist ideas are moderated, Mao reduces his role in governmentreduces his role in government  Red GuardsRed Guards— groups of violent and radical— groups of violent and radical youth militia — close schools and execute oryouth militia — close schools and execute or imprison many intellectuals and enforce strictimprison many intellectuals and enforce strict communism in Chinacommunism in China
• 57.
  The Red Guards: China’s Teenage Police Force Between1966 and 1976, students in China’s Red Guard waged a Cultural Revolution on teachers and professionals that left a million people dead and the country in chaos.
• 58.
  The Communists TransformChinaThe Communists Transform China The Cultural RevolutionThe Cultural Revolution  Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution—movement to build—movement to build society of peasants and workerssociety of peasants and workers  In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes,In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles most Red Guards who have beenor exiles most Red Guards who have been labeled by the government “Counterlabeled by the government “Counter Revolutionary.”Revolutionary.”  However, the Cultural Revolution continuesHowever, the Cultural Revolution continues until Mao’s death in 1976until Mao’s death in 1976..
• 59.
  Red Guards holding Mao’s “LittleRed Book” of his sayings during the cultural revolution.
• 60.
  33.3 Wars inKorea and Vietnam33.3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam In Asia, the Cold War flares intoIn Asia, the Cold War flares into actual wars supported mainly byactual wars supported mainly by the superpowers.the superpowers.
• 61.
  The KoreasThe Koreas FollowingWWII, theFollowing WWII, the Korean peninsula isKorean peninsula is divided into twodivided into two separate countries.separate countries. They make theirThey make their border along the 38border along the 38thth Parallel line.Parallel line. North Korea is aNorth Korea is a Communist andCommunist and controlled by thecontrolled by the USSRUSSR South Korea is aSouth Korea is a democracy anddemocracy and influenced by the U.S.influenced by the U.S.
• 62.
  War in KoreaWarin Korea A Divided LandA Divided Land  3838thth parallelparallel—line dividing Korea into North Korea—line dividing Korea into North Korea and South Koreaand South Korea
• 63.
  The Korean WarTheKorean War In 1950, North KoreanIn 1950, North Korean troops invade Southtroops invade South Korea, supported by theKorea, supported by the USSR and the People’sUSSR and the People’s Republic of ChinaRepublic of China South Korea calls for helpSouth Korea calls for help and is backed by the U.S.and is backed by the U.S. and the United Nationsand the United Nations (15 countries).(15 countries). Douglas MacArthurDouglas MacArthur—— leads UN forces againstleads UN forces against North KoreansNorth Koreans
• 64.
  The Korean WarTheKorean War
• 65.
  War in KoreaWarin Korea North Koreans controlsNorth Koreans controls most of the peninsulamost of the peninsula when MacArthur attackswhen MacArthur attacks Half of North Korea’sHalf of North Korea’s army surrenders, thearmy surrenders, the rest retreatrest retreat UN troops push NorthUN troops push North Koreans almost toKoreans almost to Chinese borderChinese border
• 66.
  The UN AdvancesTheUN Advances
• 67.
  The Chinese Jointhe WarThe Chinese Join the War Chinese send 300,000 troops against UN forcesChinese send 300,000 troops against UN forces and capture Seoul.and capture Seoul.
• 68.
  The Chinese AdvanceTheChinese Advance
• 69.
  A Cease FireACease Fire In 1953, a cease fireIn 1953, a cease fire is declared and endsis declared and ends the war.the war. The war does notThe war does not have a clear cuthave a clear cut winner as not muchwinner as not much territory is gained orterritory is gained or lost.lost. The border at the 38The border at the 38thth Parallel is restored.Parallel is restored.
• 70.
  Did You Know?DidYou Know? Even though they signedEven though they signed a cease fire in 1953, thea cease fire in 1953, the Korean War is technicallyKorean War is technically still going on today!still going on today! Even though there is notEven though there is not full outbreak of war,full outbreak of war, tensions remain high andtensions remain high and 2 million soldiers are2 million soldiers are readily available on eachreadily available on each side of the border, readyside of the border, ready to go to war.to go to war.
• 71.
  The Forgotten WarTheForgotten War Many times theMany times the Korean War isKorean War is referred to in thereferred to in the United States as theUnited States as the “Forgotten War” or“Forgotten War” or “Unknown War”“Unknown War” because the issuesbecause the issues were not as clear cutwere not as clear cut as WWII and theas WWII and the Vietnam War.Vietnam War.
• 72.
  The Forgotten WarTheForgotten War
• 74.
  War in KoreaWarin Korea Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War  North Korea builds collective farms, heavyNorth Korea builds collective farms, heavy industry, nuclear weaponsindustry, nuclear weapons  South Korea establishes democracy, growingSouth Korea establishes democracy, growing economy with U.S. aideconomy with U.S. aid  Tension is still high today between the twoTension is still high today between the two countries.countries.
• 75.
  A Divided PeninsulaADivided Peninsula Although a treaty was signed,Although a treaty was signed, tensions remain high even to thistensions remain high even to this day.day. The Koreas create a 2.5 mileThe Koreas create a 2.5 mile wide buffer zone along the 38wide buffer zone along the 38thth Parallel between the twoParallel between the two countries. (De-Militarized Zone)countries. (De-Militarized Zone) The border is heavily guardedThe border is heavily guarded and danger of war always loomsand danger of war always looms as there are 2 million troops areas there are 2 million troops are stationed on each side.stationed on each side. Some talks of reunification haveSome talks of reunification have begun, but the future isbegun, but the future is uncertain.uncertain.
• 76.
  3838thth Parallel – De-militarizedZone (DMZ)Parallel – De-militarized Zone (DMZ)
• 78.
  War Breaks Outin VietnamWar Breaks Out in Vietnam The Road to WarThe Road to War  Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh—— Vietnamese nationalist,Vietnamese nationalist, later Communist leaderlater Communist leader The Fighting BeginsThe Fighting Begins  In 1954, FrenchIn 1954, French surrender to Vietnamesesurrender to Vietnamese after major defeatafter major defeat  Domino theoryDomino theory—U.S.—U.S. theory of Communisttheory of Communist expansion in Southeastexpansion in Southeast AsiaAsia Ho Chi Minh
• 79.
  The War in Vietnam,1957- 1973 Note the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos and Cambodia
• 80.
  War Breaks Outin VietnamWar Breaks Out in Vietnam Vietnam—A DividedVietnam—A Divided CountryCountry  International peaceInternational peace conference agrees on aconference agrees on a divided Vietnamdivided Vietnam  Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem—leads—leads anti-Communistanti-Communist government in Southgovernment in South VietnamVietnam  VietcongVietcong—South—South Vietnamese CommunistVietnamese Communist guerillas fighting againstguerillas fighting against DiemDiemNgo Dinh Diem
• 81.
  Ngo Dinh Diem(1901-1963), President of South Vietnam 1955-1963, with U.S.Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-1963), President of South Vietnam 1955-1963, with U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower at National Airport, Washington, 1957. DirectPresident Dwight Eisenhower at National Airport, Washington, 1957. Direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war began in the mid-1950s, when the U.S.U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war began in the mid-1950s, when the U.S. took over the struggle from the French. The Eisenhower administration begantook over the struggle from the French. The Eisenhower administration began by supporting the Diem regime, and then providing military advisors andby supporting the Diem regime, and then providing military advisors and increased support. However, by the end of the Eisenhower term, the U.S. hadincreased support. However, by the end of the Eisenhower term, the U.S. had fewer than 2000 troops in Vietnam. Diem was murdered in a military coup infewer than 2000 troops in Vietnam. Diem was murdered in a military coup in 1963.1963.
• 82.
  Lyndon B. Johnson,the President of the United States from 1963 to 1970, makes a public statement on the Tonkin Gulf incident, August 4, 1964. When North Vietnam was said to have attacked two U.S. destroyers, Congress hastily passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, giving the president blanket authority to take necessary actions to protect U.S. forces. Subsequently, there have been serious questions as to what actually occurred in the Tonkin Gulf, but with vastly increased U.S. expenditures, the war quickly escalated; by 1969 the U.S. forces totaled almost 550,000 individuals. There was much opposition to the war in the Congress and among the U.S. people, and Johnson's very considerable domestic policy achievements were overshadowed by the criticism of his war policy.
• 83.
  General William C.WestmorelandWilliam C. Westmoreland, McGeorge BundyMcGeorge Bundy and General KanhGeneral Kanh of South Vietnam, photographed at Camp Holloway, South Vietnam, in February 1965. Gen. Westmoreland commanded the U.S. troops in Vietnam 1964-68; Bundy was special assistant for national security to President Johnson from 1961 to 1966, and a key supporter of the Vietnam war.
• 84.
  The United StatesGets InvolvedThe United States Gets Involved U.S. Troops Enter the FightU.S. Troops Enter the Fight  In 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet CongIn 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong and North Vietnameseand North Vietnamese  U.S. fights guerilla war defending increasinglyU.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly unpopular governmentunpopular government  Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh,Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh, China, and Soviet UnionChina, and Soviet Union
• 85.
  The United StatesGets InvolvedThe United States Gets Involved The United States WithdrawsThe United States Withdraws  War grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969,War grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969, Nixon starts withdrawing troopsNixon starts withdrawing troops  VietnamizationVietnamization—Nixon’s plan to withdraw—Nixon’s plan to withdraw U.S. from war graduallyU.S. from war gradually  Last U.S. troops leave in 1973; SouthLast U.S. troops leave in 1973; South Vietnam overrun in 1975Vietnam overrun in 1975
• 86.
  Nixon appeared ontelevision January 23, 1973, to announceNixon appeared on television January 23, 1973, to announce the ceasefire. The agreement ended nearly 12 years ofthe ceasefire. The agreement ended nearly 12 years of warfare in which 58,000 Americans had lost their lives. It didwarfare in which 58,000 Americans had lost their lives. It did not contain an enforceable plan for the peaceable settlementnot contain an enforceable plan for the peaceable settlement of Vietnam's internal problems; within a year, fighting thereof Vietnam's internal problems; within a year, fighting there had resumed. Eventually, the South Vietnamese governmenthad resumed. Eventually, the South Vietnamese government of Thieu was defeated by the Provisional Revolutionaryof Thieu was defeated by the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) of South Vietnamese communist rebelsGovernment (PRG) of South Vietnamese communist rebels and North Vietnamese troops. Even had Nixon wished toand North Vietnamese troops. Even had Nixon wished to intervene, Congress passed, over his veto, a ''War Powersintervene, Congress passed, over his veto, a ''War Powers Act'' that gave Congress the power to prevent him from actingAct'' that gave Congress the power to prevent him from acting without its consent - a consent that Congress would havewithout its consent - a consent that Congress would have been unwilling to extend in 1974 or 1975.been unwilling to extend in 1974 or 1975.
• 87.
  Postwar Southeast AsiaPostwarSoutheast Asia Cambodia in TurmoilCambodia in Turmoil  Khmer RougeKhmer Rouge—— Communist rebels whoCommunist rebels who take control of Cambodia intake control of Cambodia in 19751975  They slaughter 2 millionThey slaughter 2 million people; overthrown bypeople; overthrown by Vietnamese invadersVietnamese invaders  In 1993, Cambodia adoptsIn 1993, Cambodia adopts democracy, holds electionsdemocracy, holds elections with UN helpwith UN help Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge (Cambodian Communist Party, literally “Red Khmers”) in 1977 at the height of his power
• 88.
  Postwar Southeast AsiaPostwarSoutheast Asia The Killing FieldsThe Killing Fields werewere a number of sites ina number of sites in Cambodia where largeCambodia where large numbers of people werenumbers of people were killed and buried by thekilled and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime,Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of theduring its rule of the country from 1975 tocountry from 1975 to 1979, immediately after1979, immediately after the end of the Vietnamthe end of the Vietnam War.War.
• 89.
  Postwar Southeast AsiaPostwarSoutheast Asia At least 200,000 peopleAt least 200,000 people were executed by thewere executed by the Khmer Rouge (whileKhmer Rouge (while estimates of the totalestimates of the total number of deathsnumber of deaths resulting from Khmerresulting from Khmer Rouge policies, includingRouge policies, including disease and starvation,disease and starvation, range from 1.4 to 2.2range from 1.4 to 2.2 million out of a populationmillion out of a population of around 7 million).of around 7 million). A commemorative stupa filled with the skulls of the victims.
• 90.
  Choung Ek Killing Field: Thebones of young children who were killed by Khmer Rouge soldiers.
• 91.
  Mass grave inChoeung Ek.
• 92.
  History in Film:Historyin Film: The Killing FieldsThe Killing Fields (1984)(1984) The Killing FieldsThe Killing Fields is a 1984is a 1984 British drama film about theBritish drama film about the Khmer Rouge regime inKhmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, which is based onCambodia, which is based on the experiences of threethe experiences of three journalists:journalists:  CambodianCambodian Dith PranDith Pran  AmericanAmerican Sydney SchanbergSydney Schanberg  BritishBritish Jon SwainJon Swain.. The film won three AcademyThe film won three Academy Awards, includingAwards, including  Best Supporting Actor for HaingBest Supporting Actor for Haing S. Ngor as Dith Pran.S. Ngor as Dith Pran.  Sam Waterston from Law andSam Waterston from Law and Order stars in the film as SydneyOrder stars in the film as Sydney SchanbergSchanberg
• 93.
  Postwar Southeast AsiaPostwarSoutheast Asia Vietnam after the WarVietnam after the War  Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; VietnamSaigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; Vietnam united as Communist nationunited as Communist nation  About 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, someAbout 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, some settling in the U.S. and Canadasettling in the U.S. and Canada  In 1995, United States normalizes relationsIn 1995, United States normalizes relations with Vietnamwith Vietnam
• 94.
  33.4 The ColdWar33.4 The Cold War Divides the WorldDivides the World The superpowers supportThe superpowers support opposing sides in Latin Americanopposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflictsand Middle Eastern conflicts
• 95.
  Fighting for theThird WorldFighting for the Third World More Than One “World”More Than One “World”  Third WorldThird World—developing nations; often—developing nations; often newly independent, nonalignednewly independent, nonaligned Cold War StrategiesCold War Strategies  U.S., Soviet Union, and China compete forU.S., Soviet Union, and China compete for influence over the Third Worldinfluence over the Third World  They back revolutions and give economic ,They back revolutions and give economic , military and technical aidmilitary and technical aid
• 96.
  Fighting for theThird WorldFighting for the Third World Association of Nonaligned NationsAssociation of Nonaligned Nations  Many countries, like India, want to avoidMany countries, like India, want to avoid involvement in the Cold Warinvolvement in the Cold War  In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and AfricanIn 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African leaders who want neutralityleaders who want neutrality  Nonaligned nationsNonaligned nations—independent countries—independent countries not involved in the Cold Warnot involved in the Cold War
• 97.
  Confrontations in LatinAmericaConfrontations in Latin America Fidel Castro and the Cuban RevolutionFidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution  Fidel CastroFidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba against—leads revolt in Cuba against dictator supported by the U.S.dictator supported by the U.S.  By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizesBy 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes economy, takes U.S. propertyeconomy, takes U.S. property  In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained CubanIn 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigsexiles at the Bay of Pigs
• 98.
  Fidel Castro
• 99.
  Confrontations in LatinAmericaConfrontations in Latin America Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile CrisisNuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis  In 1962, U.S. demands removal of SovietIn 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet missiles in Cubamissiles in Cuba  Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises notSoviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not to invade Cubato invade Cuba  Cuban economy is left dependent on SovietCuban economy is left dependent on Soviet supportsupport
• 100.
  The Cuban MissileCrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis After the CubanAfter the Cuban Revolution in the earlyRevolution in the early 1960’s, the new Cuban1960’s, the new Cuban government adoptedgovernment adopted communism.communism. Shortly thereafter, theShortly thereafter, the Soviets started buildingSoviets started building nuclear missile silos onnuclear missile silos on the island.the island. Through secret, spyThrough secret, spy photographs, the U.S.photographs, the U.S. found out about thefound out about the missiles.missiles.