In this lesson, we will go through the origins of the Cold War, going right back to the Russian Revolution all the way to the events that followed the end of WWII.
02. SOVIET CONTROL OF EASTERN EUROPE: Soviet takeover of the regionGeorge Dumitrache
In the aftermath of the Second World War, Eastern Europe, along with Western Europe, with the United States, sees in the USSR, which liberated it from Nazism, its savior. For this reason, the USSR, which enjoys immense prestige with the countries of Eastern Europe, as the United States with the countries of Western Europe, is a model and guide to follow and imitate. But while in the United States the model is capitalism, in the USSR the model is communism. That is why, between 1945 and 1949, the Eastern countries converted to communism: some quickly, others less spontaneously. Yugoslavia and Albania in 1945 are the first two Eastern European countries led by communist governments: the first in the hands of Josip Broz, called Tito, the second between those of Enver Hoxha, two heroic resistants having liberated their country from Nazism without the support of the Soviet Red Army. Bulgaria in 1946, Poland and Romania in 1947, after having been led for several months by provisional governments called National Front governments, bringing together anti-Nazi resistance on all sides, constitute the second wave of nations to pass under the influence Communist governments. Czechoslovakia in 1948 surrendered itself to communism after a show of force known as the “coup de Prague”. On February 25, 1948, in fact, after the resignation of the National Front government of liberal ministers who judge excessive Communist influence, the President of the Republic, Benes, soon resigning, for lack of being communist, is imposed by the Party. Communist Czechoslovak, author of a show of force through the parade of armed labor militias to spread fear, the formation of a communist government under the orders of Prime Minister Klement Gottwald. Hungary in 1949, also insensitive to the sirens of communism the first years, finally be convinced by the tactics of salami. According to Matyas Rakosi, leader of the Hungarian Communist Party, and the inventor of the term, the salami’s tactic is to divide the political opponents “slice by slice” and then cut them out of politics “one by one” until that there is not one left. As a result, the Hungarian Communist Party, after having used threats against its most distant political opponents (liberals), offers its closest political allies (socialists) no choice but to dissolve their political party in order to to join the Communist Party, which became the only legal party at the same time as the only ruler of the country. Germany, finally, in 1949, is the last country of Eastern Europe passed to communism. As a result of the blockade of West Berlin and the division of Germany into two countries, the birth of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) allows the German Communist Party to seize power and entrust its direction to its most High Representative, Wilhelm Pieck. The USSR, on the other hand, is considered by all these popular democracies as the “big brother” to whom we obey and from whom we receive our orders.
In this lesson, we will go through the origins of the Cold War, going right back to the Russian Revolution all the way to the events that followed the end of WWII.
02. SOVIET CONTROL OF EASTERN EUROPE: Soviet takeover of the regionGeorge Dumitrache
In the aftermath of the Second World War, Eastern Europe, along with Western Europe, with the United States, sees in the USSR, which liberated it from Nazism, its savior. For this reason, the USSR, which enjoys immense prestige with the countries of Eastern Europe, as the United States with the countries of Western Europe, is a model and guide to follow and imitate. But while in the United States the model is capitalism, in the USSR the model is communism. That is why, between 1945 and 1949, the Eastern countries converted to communism: some quickly, others less spontaneously. Yugoslavia and Albania in 1945 are the first two Eastern European countries led by communist governments: the first in the hands of Josip Broz, called Tito, the second between those of Enver Hoxha, two heroic resistants having liberated their country from Nazism without the support of the Soviet Red Army. Bulgaria in 1946, Poland and Romania in 1947, after having been led for several months by provisional governments called National Front governments, bringing together anti-Nazi resistance on all sides, constitute the second wave of nations to pass under the influence Communist governments. Czechoslovakia in 1948 surrendered itself to communism after a show of force known as the “coup de Prague”. On February 25, 1948, in fact, after the resignation of the National Front government of liberal ministers who judge excessive Communist influence, the President of the Republic, Benes, soon resigning, for lack of being communist, is imposed by the Party. Communist Czechoslovak, author of a show of force through the parade of armed labor militias to spread fear, the formation of a communist government under the orders of Prime Minister Klement Gottwald. Hungary in 1949, also insensitive to the sirens of communism the first years, finally be convinced by the tactics of salami. According to Matyas Rakosi, leader of the Hungarian Communist Party, and the inventor of the term, the salami’s tactic is to divide the political opponents “slice by slice” and then cut them out of politics “one by one” until that there is not one left. As a result, the Hungarian Communist Party, after having used threats against its most distant political opponents (liberals), offers its closest political allies (socialists) no choice but to dissolve their political party in order to to join the Communist Party, which became the only legal party at the same time as the only ruler of the country. Germany, finally, in 1949, is the last country of Eastern Europe passed to communism. As a result of the blockade of West Berlin and the division of Germany into two countries, the birth of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) allows the German Communist Party to seize power and entrust its direction to its most High Representative, Wilhelm Pieck. The USSR, on the other hand, is considered by all these popular democracies as the “big brother” to whom we obey and from whom we receive our orders.
A revision presentation covering the Cold War topic for GCSE History on the AQA B course. Brief notes on each area of the Cold War needed. Hope this helps :)
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 4 - COLD WAR. A comprehensive revision presentation including: causes of the cold war, Yalta Conference, Postdam Conference, salami tactics, the events in 1946-1948, the Berlin blockade, the Korean War, Khrushchev succeeded Stalin, Hungary 1956, U2 crisis, Berlin Wall and Cuban Missile Crisis.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLVED. THE PERSONALITIES OF THE PEACEMAKERS. Content: Potsdam location, participants: leaders and countries, post Yalta discussions, how to handle Germany, American position, agreements, changes in German society, Potsdam declaration, the atomic bomb, challenging negotiation, Churchill, Atlee, Truman and Stalin.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 6 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - TRAD...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 6 WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - TRADITIONALISTS VIEWS. A presentation containing: a view over traditionalism, hero vs. villain scenario, the policy of containment, the dominant vision, views of Arthur Schlesinger, Michael Hart, Paul Wolfowitz, Christopher Andrew, Eugene Rostow, et all.
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - USA CONTAINING COMMUNISM: THE K...George Dumitrache
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - USA CONTAINING COMMUNISM: THE KOREAN WAR.
The Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war unofficially ended on 27 July 1953 in an armistice.
A revision presentation covering the Cold War topic for GCSE History on the AQA B course. Brief notes on each area of the Cold War needed. Hope this helps :)
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 4 - COLD WAR. A comprehensive revision presentation including: causes of the cold war, Yalta Conference, Postdam Conference, salami tactics, the events in 1946-1948, the Berlin blockade, the Korean War, Khrushchev succeeded Stalin, Hungary 1956, U2 crisis, Berlin Wall and Cuban Missile Crisis.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLVED. THE PERSONALITIES OF THE PEACEMAKERS. Content: Potsdam location, participants: leaders and countries, post Yalta discussions, how to handle Germany, American position, agreements, changes in German society, Potsdam declaration, the atomic bomb, challenging negotiation, Churchill, Atlee, Truman and Stalin.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 6 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - TRAD...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 6 WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - TRADITIONALISTS VIEWS. A presentation containing: a view over traditionalism, hero vs. villain scenario, the policy of containment, the dominant vision, views of Arthur Schlesinger, Michael Hart, Paul Wolfowitz, Christopher Andrew, Eugene Rostow, et all.
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - USA CONTAINING COMMUNISM: THE K...George Dumitrache
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - USA CONTAINING COMMUNISM: THE KOREAN WAR.
The Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war unofficially ended on 27 July 1953 in an armistice.
this presentation contyain information about the second cold war betweend russia that has been started after us decision to deploy missiles in eastern europe countries. for more mail to mhasanyousaf@gmail.com
Edexcel, GCSE History: The Cold War 1945-91 Amy Davidson
These flash cards are specially made for those studying History A: The Making of the Modern World, Unit 1: Peace and War 1900-91, Sections 4- 6, Exam board: Edexcel. Or for anyone who wants a quick overview of the cold war.
Good luck, I hope they treat you well and bring you a great grade :) !
Origins of the Cold War - Yalta Conference, Potsdam, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin Blockade & Airlift, China, NATO http://curriculumglobal.blogspot.com
This PowerPoint covers how Germany was divided into four zones after WW2, what happened within those zones and how it became two separate Germanies by 1949.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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2. Differences in ideologies
The USSR (Soviet Union) The USA
The USSR was a Communist state The USA was a Capitalist state
It was a one-party dictatorship The USA was a democracy
Many people were opposed to
Capitalism
Many people were opposed to
Communism
The rights of the individuals < good of
the whole society
Being free of control by the
government > everyone being equal
It was an economic superpower but
the general standard of living was low
It was the world’s richest state
3. Why couldn’t the Big Three get on after
World War two?
They had lost their common enemy – Hitler
Stalin felt that he had sacrificed more than the others
The USA was afraid of the USSR’s Communist policies
The USSR had been attacked in both of the world wars and were afraid of
being attacked again
In the Russian Civil War (1920s) the USA and Britain had sent soldiers to fight
against the Communists
4. Policy of appeasement
1930s: Stalin thought Britain was happy to see Germany grow in power so
Hitler could attack the USSR
August 1939: Nazi Soviet Pact – Germany would not fight. The USSR and
Germany secretly agreed to attack Poland together and divide between
them
1941: Hitler broke the pact, and invaded the USSR
5. The Yalta conference
February 1945
Stalin, Churchill and FDR met to discuss what to do about Hitler
Met in Yalta in Ukraine
6. The Yalta conference: positives
They agreed that as countries were liberated from the Germans, they
would be allowed to hold free elections to choose the government they
wanted.
They all agreed to join the United Nations (UN) Organisation, which would
keep peace after the war.
They agreed to divide Germany into four zones: American, French, British,
and Soviet.
Berlin would also be divided into four zones.
Stalin was concerned about the future security of the USSR and they
agreed that eastern Europe would be seen as a Soviet Sphere of influence.
7. The Yalta conference: positives
Churchill persuaded FDR to accept Stalin’s plan for Poland as long as the
USSR agreed not to interfere in Greece, where Britain was attempting to
stop the Communists from taking over. Stalin accepted that.
They agreed to hunt down and punish war criminals who were responsible
for the genocide in the concentration camps in Germany.
Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan once Germany had
surrendered.
8. The Yalta conference: negatives
Churchill and FDR did not approve of Stalin’s plan for Poland, but they
knew they couldn’t do much about it as Stalin’s red army was in control of
Poland
They disagreed about what to do with Poland. Stalin wanted the border of
the USSR to move westwards into Poland.
Churchill was worried that FDR was too friendly with the Russians.
British army chiefs, in a top-secret memo, planned how they would impose
the will of the USA and Britain on the Russians. This was called Operation
Unthinkable and was eventually rejected by Churchill.
Stalin thought that the Polish border could be moved into German territory.
This would not make the Germans or the USA or UK happy.
9. The Potsdam conference
July 1945 in Potsdam in Germany
Yalta had shown how difficult it was for the Allies to reach agreement
By this point, Soviet troops had liberated the whole of Eastern Europe from
Nazi control
The USA and Britain hoped that there would be free elections to set up
democratic governments. Instead Soviet troops remained in the liberated
countries
By the time the conference got underway the Americans had successfully
tested an atomic bomb
Truman (USA president) informed Stalin and Clement Attlee (Prime Minister)
that his country now had the bomb
10. The Potsdam conference: positives
Germany would be divided as agreed at Yalta, and the Allies would
receive reparations
Poland’s eastern border would be moved west to the rivers Oder and
Neisse
The Nazi Party was banned and its leaders were to be tried as war criminals
Germans living in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia would be sent
back to Germany
11. The Potsdam conference: negatives
The Soviet Union wanted to impose severe reparations on Germany to
cripple it for years to come. Truman blocked this
The Soviet Union wanted to share in the occupation of Japan once it was
defeated. Truman refused
After the conference, Stalin ordered his scientists to work flat out to develop
a Soviet atomic bomb
12. Lublin and London poles
Lublin Poles: a Russian government in exile, ready to take over Poland
London Poles: a strongly anti-communist group, who were aiming to gain
part of Poland before Stalin’s Red Army took full control
By January 1945, the Lublin Poles had full control of Poland
13. Soviet expansion
Czechoslovakia: a left-wing coalition won elections in 1945. in 1946
Communists became the largest single party, but still in a coalition. In 1948,
when their position was threatened, they banned other parties and made
Czechoslovakia a Communist, one-party state
East Germany: the Allies had given the USSR control of the eastern sector of
Germany. It was run by the USSR effectively under Red Army control until
the creation of the German Democratic Republic in 1949
Poland: after the war the Communists joined a coalition government, then
became outright leaders in 1947 when they forced the non-Communist
leader into exile
14. Soviet expansion
Hungary: Communists became the largest single party in the 1947 election.
They imprisoned opposition politicians, and attacked Church leaders
Albania: Communists gained power immediately after the war. There was
little opposition
Yugoslavia: Marshall Tito had led war-time resistance to the Nazis. He was
elected President in 1945. Although Communist, he was determined to
apply Communism in his own way, not Stalin’s, and was expelled from
Cominform in 1948
15. The Iron Curtain
5th March 1946
Winston Churchill gave a speech in Fulton in America
He said that Eastern Europe was cut off from the free by ‘an iron curtain’
and was ‘subject to Soviet influence’
The message of the speech was so clear that Stalin claimed Churchill’s
speech was a declaration of war
16. Greece
In 1944, there were two rival groups in Greece, the monarchists and the
Communists, who wanted to rule the country
Churchill sent British troops to Greece in 1945, supposedly to help restore
order and supervise free elections. In fact, the British supported the
monarchists and the king was returned to power
In 1946, the USSR protested to the UN that British troops were a threat to
peace in Greece. The UN took no action and so the Communists tried to
take control of Greece by force. This triggered a civil war
The British could not afford this cost and announced they were withdrawing
their troops
Truman paid for them to stay instead
17. The Truman Doctrine
A speech made by Truman on 12th March 1947
It officially announced the policy of containment
The policy of containment was the plan to stop the spread of Communism
“USA is prepared to give help to any country under threat from
communism”
18. Marshall Aid
The Truman Doctrine in action
Congress agreed to fund this after Czechoslovakia turned Communist in
1948
1948-52: $13 billion given to 16 European states, mostly Britain and France
Also offered funds to Communist satellite states, but Stalin prevented
Marshall Aid from reaching the East
Stalin thought they were using economic imperialism to bribe other
countries to unite against the USSR
As a response, Stalin formed COMINFORM in September 1947. This
strengthened ties between Communist countries
The Communist countries in Western Europe were ordered to wreck
Marshall Aid by going on strike
19. NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
It was formed in April 1949
This was a military alliance that promised to help if any of the members
were attacked
It consisted of the USA, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway and Portugal
Greece and Turkey joined in 1952
West Germany joined in 1955
20. The Berlin Blockade: causes
The American, British and French zones had merged to form Trizonia
They had introduced a new currency into Western Berlin and West
Germany on 23rd June
The USSR wanted to keep Germany weak but the USA and UK wanted to
rebuild the German economy
West Berlin became a show piece of capitalism and showed that Marshall
Aid worked, which was an embarrassment to Stalin
21. The Berlin Blockade: what happened
24th June 1948: Stalin blocked all routes in and out of Berlin – road, rail and
canal
The Allies would not give into Stalin but didn’t want to provoke a war. Their
response was to fly supplies into West Berlin
This caused the Berlin Airlift
For 11 months, food and other supplies were flown into Berlin. At its peak,
one plane landed every three minutes
May 1949 – Stalin called off the Blockade
22. The Berlin Blockade: results
In May 1949, Trizonia became the Federal Republic of Germany
The USSR’s zone was formed into the German Democratic Republic in
October 1949
At the height of the crisis of the Berlin Blockade, the Western powers met in
Washington and signed an agreement to work together. NATO was formed
in April 1949