This document contains 26 slides presented by Dr. Rizwan S A on cohort studies. It defines cohort studies as prospective longitudinal studies that follow healthy populations over time to determine the causes of diseases. Key aspects covered include classifying cohort studies as prospective, retrospective or combined; describing the elements of cohort studies such as selecting and following subjects, measuring exposure and outcomes, and analyzing results using measures like relative risk, risk difference and attributable risk. Examples of famous cohort studies on smoking, heart disease and oral contraceptives are also provided.
Study designs, Epidemiological study design, Types of studiesDr Lipilekha Patnaik
Study design, Epidemiological study designA study design is a specific plan or protocol
for conducting the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one.
Study designs, Epidemiological study design, Types of studiesDr Lipilekha Patnaik
Study design, Epidemiological study designA study design is a specific plan or protocol
for conducting the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one.
An epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups to receive and not receive an experimental preventive or therapetuic procedure, maneuver, or intervention .
An epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups to receive and not receive an experimental preventive or therapetuic procedure, maneuver, or intervention .
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. Cohort study
Dr. Rizwan S A, M.D.,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Community Medicine,
VMCH&RI, Madurai.
10.11.2014
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 1
2. Classification of research methods
Research
methods
Observational
Descriptive
Case series,
case reports,
CS, cohort
Analytical
Ecological Cross-sectional
Experimental
Controlled Uncontrolled
Cohort Case control
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 2
3. Procedures in descriptive epidemiology
1. Define the population
2. Define and describe the disease
3. Measure the disease
4. Compare
5. Formulate hypothesis
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 3
4. Association
• Defined as the co-occurrence of two or more
variables at a frequency which is more than
that expected by chance
• Association does not mean causation
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 4
6. Introduction
• Synonyms – prospective, forward looking,
longitudinal, incidence
• Features – healthy people, follow up, cause to
effect
• Cohort – a group of people with common
characteristics
• E.g., birth cohort, marriage cohort
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 6
7. Dogma of cohort study
Healthy people Exposure occurs Exposed &
unexposed
Disease
occurs
Diseased &
non-diseased
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 7
8. A 2 by 2 table
Diseased Non-diseased Total
Exposed A B A+B
Non-exposed C D C+D
Total A+C B+D A+B+C+D
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 8
9. Indications for cohort
• Good evidence of association
• Exposure is rare but incidence among
exposure is common
• When loss to follow up can be minimised
• Funds are ample
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 9
10. General considerations
• Cohort must be free from disease under
consideration
• Both exposed and non-exposed groups should
be equally susceptible to disease
• Both exposed and non-exposed groups should
be comparable
• Eligibility criteria should be defined
beforehand
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 10
11. Types of cohort study
1. Prospective
2. Retrospective
3. Combined - Amphi
Nov 2013 Nov 2014 Nov 2015
Past Present Future
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 11
12. Elements of a cohort study
1. Selection of subjects
2. Obtain data on exposure
3. Selection of comparison
4. Follow up and measure outcome
5. Analysis
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 12
13. 1. Selection of subjects
• General population
• Special groups
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 13
14. 2. Obtain data on exposure
• Clearly define exposure
• How?
– Direct interview
– Medical examination
– Record review
– Environmental survey
• Classify into exposed and non-exposed
• Among exposed degree of exposure
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 14
15. 3. Selection of comparison
• Internal comparison
• External comparison
• General population
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 15
16. 4. Follow up and measure outcome
• Clearly define outcome
• Periodic interview or examination
• Loss to follow up
– Denial of consent
– Death
– Migration
• Ideal follow up is >95%
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 16
17. 5. Analysis
• Incidence of disease in exposed =
• Incidence of disease in non-exposed =
• Relative risk (RR) =
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 17
18. Measures of association
• Relative risk (RR) = I (e) / I (ue)
• Risk difference = I (e) - I (ue)
• Attributable risk = [I (e) – I (ue)]/ I (e)
• Population attributable risk
= Pe (RR-1) / Pe (RR-1) + 1
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 18
21. Example of calculations
Lung cancer Normal Total
Smoker 70 6930
Non-smoker 3 2997
Total
• Incidence of disease in exposed = 0.01 or 1%
• Incidence of disease in non-exposed = 0.001 or 0.1%
• Relative risk = 10
• Risk difference = 0.009 or 0.9%
• Attributable risk = 0.9 or 90%
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 21
22. Example of calculations
• Population attributable risk (PAR) = Pe (RR-1) / Pe (RR-1) + 1
• Pe = Prevalence of exposure in the population = 20% of the
population smoke
• PAR = 0.20 (10) / 0.20 (10) + 1
= 2/2+1
= 2/3
= 0.66 or 66%
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 22
23. Advantages
• Incidence and RR can be calculated
• One exposure and multiple outcomes
• Dose response ratios
• Recall bias reduced
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 23
24. Disadvantages
• Unsuitable for rare outcomes
• Long duration
• Administrative problems
• Loss to follow up
• Selection of representative groups
• Diagnostic criteria may change over time
• Expensive
• People may alter their behaviour
• Ethical problems
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 24
25. Examples of famous cohort studies
• British doctors study on smoking and lung
cancer
• The Framingham heart study
• Oral contraceptives study
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 25
26. Email your doubts to: sarizwan1986@outlook.com
You can download these slides at http://www.slideshare.net/RizwanSa
THANKS FOR LISTENING
II MBBS, Epidemiology series 26