Multiple Regression and Logistic RegressionKaushik Rajan
1) Multiple Regression to predict Life Expectancy using independent variables Lifeexpectancymale, Lifeexpectancyfemale, Adultswhosmoke, Bingedrinkingadults, Healthyeatingadults and Physicallyactiveadults.
2) Binomial Logistic Regression to predict the Gender (0 - Male, 1 - Female) with the help of independent variables such as LifeExpectancy, Smokingadults, DrinkingAdults, Physicallyactiveadults and Healthyeatingadults.
Tools used:
> RStudio for Data pre-processing and exploratory data analysis
> SPSS for building the models
> LATEX for documentation
The test used to ascertain whether the difference between estimator & parameter or between two estimator are real or due to chance are called test of hypothesis.
T-test.
Chi-square (휒^2)- test.
F-Test.
ANOVA.
This presentation will address the issue of sample size determination for social sciences. A simple example is provided for every to understand and explain the sample size determination.
Multiple Regression and Logistic RegressionKaushik Rajan
1) Multiple Regression to predict Life Expectancy using independent variables Lifeexpectancymale, Lifeexpectancyfemale, Adultswhosmoke, Bingedrinkingadults, Healthyeatingadults and Physicallyactiveadults.
2) Binomial Logistic Regression to predict the Gender (0 - Male, 1 - Female) with the help of independent variables such as LifeExpectancy, Smokingadults, DrinkingAdults, Physicallyactiveadults and Healthyeatingadults.
Tools used:
> RStudio for Data pre-processing and exploratory data analysis
> SPSS for building the models
> LATEX for documentation
The test used to ascertain whether the difference between estimator & parameter or between two estimator are real or due to chance are called test of hypothesis.
T-test.
Chi-square (휒^2)- test.
F-Test.
ANOVA.
This presentation will address the issue of sample size determination for social sciences. A simple example is provided for every to understand and explain the sample size determination.
Multiple Linear Regression II and ANOVA IJames Neill
Explains advanced use of multiple linear regression, including residuals, interactions and analysis of change, then introduces the principles of ANOVA starting with explanation of t-tests.
Lecture of Respected Sir Dr. L.M. BEHERA from N.I.H. KOLKATA in a workshop at G.D.M.H.M.C. - Patna in the Year 2011.
SUBJECT : BIOSTATISTICS
TOPIC : 'INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS'.
Multiple Linear Regression II and ANOVA IJames Neill
Explains advanced use of multiple linear regression, including residuals, interactions and analysis of change, then introduces the principles of ANOVA starting with explanation of t-tests.
Lecture of Respected Sir Dr. L.M. BEHERA from N.I.H. KOLKATA in a workshop at G.D.M.H.M.C. - Patna in the Year 2011.
SUBJECT : BIOSTATISTICS
TOPIC : 'INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS'.
following topics are discussed inside the PPT:
Introduction
Objective
Motivation
Literature Survey
Some Key Features of Disease
Plan of Action
Methodology Adopted
Data Collection
Steps to be Performed
Functional Architecture
How evidence affects clinical practice in egyptWafaa Benjamin
Evidence based medicine is the gold standard for clinical care.
It implies the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
There is still a wide gap between availability of evidence and its incorporation into routine practice in our country.
Barriers to implementation could be personal, social, institutional, financial and legal barriers.
True practice of evidence based care can only occur where evidence based decisions coincide with patients’ beliefs and clinicians’ preferences.
Continuing medical education programs should be set with integrating evidence based medicine teaching and learning within clinical training.
The importance of presence of local national guidelines which need to take into account variation in expertise, resources and patient preferences across our geographical and cultural contexts .
Customisation of a guideline to meet the local needs of a target patient population is critical to successful implementation.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Pharma Pcd Franchise in Jharkhand - Yodley Lifesciences
A introduction to non-parametric tests
1. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Non-parametric tests
An introduction
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.,
Public Health Specialist,
Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine,
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
1Nov 2019
2. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Outline
• Some common terms
• Difference between parametric and
nonparametric tests
• When to use NPT
• Advantages & disadvantages
• Commonly used NPT
• Take home messages
2Nov 2019
3. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Introduction
• Parametric methods
– They are based in means, standard deviations or
parameters of distributions
• The Normal distribution is not always appropriate
– To study variables with a few observations
– Non-symmetrical distributions
3Nov 2019
4. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Parametric & nonparametric concept
• Most of the statistical methods referred to as parametric
require the use of interval- or ratio-scaled data.
• Nonparametric methods are often the only way to analyze
nominal or ordinal data and draw statistical conclusions.
• Nonparametric methods require no assumptions about the
population probability distributions.
• Nonparametric methods are often called distribution-free
methods.
4Nov 2019
5. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Parametric test procedures
• Involve population parameters (mean)
• Have stringent assumptions (normality)
• Examples: Z test, t test
5Nov 2019
6. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Nonparametric test procedures
• Do not involve population parameters
• Data measured on any scale (ratio or interval, ordinal or
nominal)
• Example: Wilcoxon rank sum test
6Nov 2019
7. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Assumptions of t test
• The sampling distribution is normally distributed
– For N <30 if the sample data is normally distributed then
the sampling distribution will also be normal
• The data should come from an interval or ratio scale
• In practice an ordinal scale with 5 or more levels is ok
7Nov 2019
8. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Examples of nonnormal distributions
8Nov 2019
9. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Assumptions of t test (contd.)
• There should not be extreme scores or outliers, because these
have a disproportionate influence on the mean and the
variance
• For the independent samples t test the variance in the two
samples should be approximately equal
– This assumption is more important if sample size < 30 and / or sample
sizes are unequal
– As a rule of thumb, if the variance of one group is 3 or more times
greater than the variance of the other group, then use non-parametric
9Nov 2019
10. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
What are nonparametric tests?
• ‘Non-parametric’ tests were developed for these situations
where fewer assumptions have to be made.
• Sometimes called distribution-free tests.
• NP tests can be applied to Normal data but parametric tests
have greater power if assumptions are met.
10Nov 2019
11. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
How to check for normality of data?
1. Thumb rules
a) Mean & Range & SD
b) Skewness and kurtosis
c) Compare mean, median &
mode
d) Trimmed mean
e) Outliers
2. Graphs
a) Histogram with theoretical
normal curve
b) QQ plot
c) Box plot and outlier
detection
d) Stem and leaf plot
3. Formal statistical tests
a) W/S test
b) Jarque-Bera test
c) Shapiro-Wilks test
d) Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
e) D’Agostino test
f) Grubbs and Dixon test (for
outliers)
4. Comparing non-parametric
and parametric test results
11Nov 2019
12. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Distribution-free tests
• Distribution-free tests are statistical tests that do not rely on
any underlying assumptions about the probability distribution
of the sampled population.
• The branch of inferential statistics devoted to distribution-free
tests is called nonparametrics.
• Nonparametric statistics (or tests) based on the ranks of
measurements are called rank statistics (or rank tests).
12Nov 2019
13. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Ranks
• Practical differences between parametric and NP are that NP
methods use the ranks of values rather than the actual values
• E.g.
– 1,2,3,4,5,7,13,22,38,45 - actual
– 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 - rank
13Nov 2019
14. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Rules for NPT
• In general, for a statistical method to be classified as
nonparametric, it must satisfy at least one of the
following conditions.
– The method can be used with nominal data.
– The method can be used with ordinal data.
– The method can be used with interval or ratio data when
no assumption can be made about the population
probability distribution.
14Nov 2019
15. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Parametric / Nonparametric tests
Parametric Tests Non-parametric Tests
Single sample t-test Wilcoxon-signed rank test
Paired sample t-test Paired Wilcoxon-signed rank
2 independent samples t-test Mann-Whitney test (Wilcoxon Rank Sum)
One-way Analysis of Variance Kruskal-Wallis
Pearson’s correlation Spearman Rank
Repeated Measures Friedman
… many more … many more
15Nov 2019
16. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Types of NPT
16Nov 2019
17. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Advantages of nonparametric tests
• Used with all scales
• Easier to compute, developed originally before wide
computer use
• Make fewer assumptions
• Need not involve population parameters
• Results may be as exact as parametric procedures
17Nov 2019
18. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Disadvantages of nonparametric tests
• May waste information
– Parametric model more efficient if data permit
• Difficult to compute by hand for large samples
• Tables not widely available
• Used only to test hypotheses, not for estimation purposes
18Nov 2019
19. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Limitations of nonparametric methods
• Converting ratio level data to ordinal ranked data entails a loss
of information
• This reduces the sensitivity of the non-parametric test
compared to the parametric alternative in most circumstances
– sensitivity is the power to reject the null hypothesis, given that it is
false in the population
– lower sensitivity gives a higher type 2 error rate
• Many parametric tests have no non-parametric equivalent
– e.g. Two way ANOVA, where two IV’s and their interaction are
considered simultaneously
19Nov 2019
20. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
Take home messages
• Fewer assumptions than parametric tests
• So useful when these assumptions not met
• Often used when sample size is small and difficult to tell if
normally distributed
• Ragbag of tests developed over time with no consistent
framework
20Nov 2019
21. Saudi Board of Preventive Medicine, Riyadh Ministry of Health, KSA
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.Demystifying statistics series: Meta-analysis course
THANK YOU
Kindly email your queries to sarizwan1986@outlook.com
21Nov 2019