Cognitive theory views learning as a process of mentally organizing and relating new information to prior knowledge. It emphasizes mental processes over behaviorism's stimulus-response model. Major contributors include Chomsky, Bruner, and Ausubel. Cognitive theory informs teaching methods by viewing students as active information processors and problem solvers. Teachers should grasp attention, plan instruction, and develop cognitive skills. Recommended methods include graphic organizers, discussions, and audiovisual aids to help students encode and retrieve information. Applying cognitive theory in EFL, teachers may use pictures to teach vocabulary or plays to teach stories.