2. Theory of Personality
• A Person’s charachteristic pattern of
thinking, feeling and acting
Personality
• all mental activities associated with
thinking, knowing, remembering and
communicating
Thinking or Cognition
• Cognitive therapy perceives psychological
problems as stemming from commonplace
processes such as faulty thinking making
incorrect inferences on the basis of
inadequate or incorrect information and
failing to distinguish between fantasy and
reality..
CT on Personality
3. July 18, 1921 Providence, Rhode Island
“Tim”
His parents were Jewish Immigrant
His family suffered the loss of first two children.
At age 7, Broke his arm and developed acutely
serious bone infection which required surgery
He missed being promoted into
Second grade
Bad case of whooping cough, chronic
Childhood asthma
Interest in Nature
4. SignificantChildhood Events
Event:
His mother was too emotional
Broke his arm; developed serious bone
infection
Interest in Nature
Repercussions:
He became sensitive to others with
strong Emotions
He developed blood and injury phobia
Became his primary motivation in
entering medical school
Piqued his interest in knowing “ what
makes people tick; what makes them
happy or sad and confident or insecure
5. Cognitive Therapy at Present
Short Term Approach
Most number of research published
Cured Thousands for Depressions and other
psychological disorder
Scientific
Active
Present Focus
Learning Focus
6. Aaron T. Beck M.D
“Father of Cognitive Therapy”
Professions: Psychiatrist, Psychologist,
Researcher, Professor, Author
President Emeritus of Beck Institute of Cognitive
Behavior Therapy
Recognized as one of the 10 individuals who
shaped the face of American Psychiatry
Known for:
Psychotherapy, Psychopathology, Suicide
And Psychometrics
7. Development of Theory
• Results from anger
turned inward
against the self,
emerging outwardly
as the patient’s “need
to suffer”
Psychoanalytic
View of
Depression
Beck’s Experiment
The
Conclusio
n
• “There’s still the unconscious
hostility, but the way it’s showing up
in the dreams is that the patient has
a need to suffer and the need to
suffer is then being expressed in
these negative dreams.”
Depressed Person
Dreams with more
themes of hostility
Dreams of being the
subject of an
unpleasant occurrence
8. Development of Theory
• Results from anger
turned inward
against the self,
emerging outwardly
as the patient’s
“need to suffer”
Psychoanalytic
View of
Depression
Beck’s Experiment
The
Conclusion
• “The motivation was not to suffer but to get
positive reinforcement of some type.”
• “Dreams are representations of the way the
patient perceives himself or herself, and the
way they perceive their experiences, and
that this could be rock bottom.”
Depressed Person
Will be upset by success
Reacted positively to successful
outcomes
9. View on Human Nature
1. An organism needs to process information in an
adaptive way in order to survive
10. View on Human Nature
2. Psychological distress is the ultimate consequence of the interaction of
the innate, biological, developmental and environmental factors.
Biological Psychological Social
Mentally Healthy / Psychopathology
11. View on Human Nature
3. It is our cognitions,
which include our
thoughts, beliefs and the
manner in which we
perceive a situation, that
are the basis for what we
believe, how we act and
how we feel.
Action
Thoughts
Emotion
Vision
12. Cognitive Model
Core Belief
Intermediate
Beliefs
Automatic
Thoughts
Reactions:
Emotional
Behavioral
Physiological
Situation
I am
incompetent
Attitude: It’s terrible
to fail
Rule: I should give
up if a challenge
seems great.
Assumption: If I try
do something
difficult, I’ll fail. If I
avoid doing it, I’ll be
okay
Sit: Reading a new
text
AT: This is just too
hard. I’m so dumb.
I’ll never master
this. I’ll never make
it as a therapist
Emotional:
Discouragement
Behavioral: Avoids
tasks and watches TV
instead
Physiological:
Heaviness in body
13. View on Human Nature
4. The Cognitive model proposes that dysfunctional
thinking ( which influences the patient’s mood and
behavior) is common to all psychological
disturbances
18. Therapeutic Approach
• Therapy involves formulating the case of the clients in “cognitive
terms.” (Cognitive Conceptualization)
3. Educating the client about the Cognitive Model
Essential Techniques
Initial
Questions To
Ponder On
• What is the patient diagnosis(es)?
• What are his current problems? How did these problems
develop and how are they maintained?
• What dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs are associated with
the problems? What reactions (emotional, physiological, and
behavioral) are associated with his thinking?
19. Therapeutic Approach
• “… the first step … is to help clients identify their automatic thoughts and
images. These thoughts and images are the most readily understood aspect
of the cognitive model because clients can easily “catch” them, and because
clients can quickly see the direct connection between their thoughts and
their negative feelings and dysfunctional behaviors.”
4. Identifying and Challenging Automatic Thoughts and
Images
Essential Techniques
Are you aware of
anything that you are
saying to yourself
that may be causing
you to feel this
badly?
Can you imagine
what kinds of self-
statements,
thoughts, or images
you are having that
could cause you to
feel this way?
Have you noticed
any thoughts or
images you have that
kind of drift through
your mind while you
have been feeling
this way?
20. Therapeutic Approach
• This is important because automatic thoughts are often based on
cognitive distortions
5. Identifying and Challenging Cognitive Distortions
Essential Techniques
Example: Decatastrophizing/ Scaling
21. Therapeutic Approach
6. Identifying and Challenging Intermediate Beliefs
7. Identifying and Challenging Core Beliefs
8. Homework
Essential Techniques
22. Commonly Used Techniques
1. Thought-stopping
Replacing a
negative
thought with a
newly
identified
positive one
Yelling to
oneself or out
loud, “Stop
it!” when a
negative
thought is
identified
Placing a
rubber band
on one’s writs
and snapping
it whenever
one has a
negative
thought
Actively
diverting
one’s thoughts
to more
pleasant
thoughts
Participating
in a relaxation
exercise in
order to
“move” one’s
thoughts to a
different place
23. Commonly Used Techniques
2. Imagery-changing
Following Images
to Completion
Jumping Ahead
in Time
Coping in the
Image
Changing the
Image
Reality-Testing
the Image
Repeating the
Image
Image-stopping
Image-
Distracting
24. Commonly Used Techniques
3. Rational-emotional role play
It allows the client to debate between the rational and emotional parts of themselves
25. Commonly Used Techniques
4. Behavioral and Emotive Techniques
Example:
Case
A mother who
insists that she is
a bad mother
because she yells
too much
Behavioral
Approach
To develop
additional
parenting skills
such as the use of
a sticker chart
Emotive Technique
To yell into a
pillow every time
she becomes
overwhelmed
with her children
26. Recent Activities:
Becks Institute current researches focuses on:
Cognitive Therapy for
schizophrenia
Cognitive Therapy for suicide
prevention
Dissemination of cognitive
therapy to community settings
27. References:
David G. Myers Psychology 10th Edition
Theory and Practice of Counseling and
Psychotherapy – Gerald Corey
Cognitive Therapy – Gale
Neukrug, Edward. Counselling theory and practice.
Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning: Belmont. CA. 2011
Annual Reviews Conversations: A Conversation with
Aaron T. Beck
Thank You!
Editor's Notes
** Introduction
Brief
As you saw in the previous reports: Traditional Behavior therapy has broadened and largely moved in the direction of cognitive behavior therapy.
**
CBT –
Rational Emotive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Behavior Modification
**Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Gerald Corey
Cognitive Behavior Therapy, which combines both cognitive and behavioral principles and methods in a short-term treatment approach, has generated more empirical research than any other psychotherapy model
Selling!!!
Personality
**David G Meyers Chapter 13 personality
A Person’s charachteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
Theory
Role of cognitive therapy
**David G Meyers Chapter 9 Thinking and Language
Thinking or cognition , refers to all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating.
Cognitive psychologist studies these activities including the logical and sometimes the illogical ways in which we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions and form judgement.
Emotions
** David G Myers Psychology
Chapter 12
Theories of Emotion * James Lange Theory *Schachter-Singer Theory
Cognition and Emotion
**David G Meyers Chapter 16 Social Psychology
Attitudes are feelings often influenced by our beliefs
Role of cognitive therapy
Cognitive therapy perceives psychological problems as stemming from commonplace processes such as faulty thinking making incorrect inferences on the basis of inadequate or incorrect information and failing to distinguish between fantasy and reality..
**Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Gerald Corey
Cognitive Behavior Therapy, which combines both cognitive and behavioral principles and methods in a short-term treatment approach, has generated more empirical research than any other psychotherapy model
All of the cognitive behavioral approaches share the same basic characteristics and assumptions of traditional behavior therapy.
A collaborative relationship between client and therapist
The premise that psychological distress is largely a function of disturbances in cognitive processes
A focus in changing the cognitions to produced desired changes in affect and behavior
Generally time – limited and educational treatment focusing on specific and structured target problems
Active, Directive, Time-limited, present centered, problem oriented, collaborative, structured, empirical, make use of homework and require explicit identification of problems and situations in which they occur
Cognitive therapy is an insight-focused therapy that emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs, thus it is a psychological education model of therapy. Cognitive therapy is based on the theoretical rationale that the way people feel and behave is determined by how they perceive and structure their experience
**Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Gerald Corey
Family Dynamics
Significant Childhood Events
Educational Background and experience
Marriage and family
Psychotherapy
Psychopathology
Suicide
Psychometrics
**Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Gerald Corey
Beck attempted to validate freud’s theory of depression but his research resulted in his parting company with freud’s motivational model and the explanation of depression as self- directed anger.
** interview with Aaron T. Beck
Emotions
** David G Myers Psychology
Chapter 12
Theories of Emotion * James Lange Theory *Schachter-Singer Theory
Cognition and Emotion
**David G Meyers Chapter 16 Social Psychology
Attitudes are feelings often influenced by our beliefs
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Gerald Corey
Neukrug
Biopsychosocial approach
3.1
**Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Gerald Corey
Cognitive therapy initially gained recognition as an approach to treating depression, but extensive research has also been devoted to the study and treatment of anxiety disorders.
**David G Meyers Chapter 14 Psychological Disorder
Social Cognitive Theory
Explanatory Style
Depression Vicious Cycle
**David G Meyers Chapter 15 Therapy ,646 Cognitive Therapies
Essential Techniques
1. Building a Strong Therapeutic Alliance
Being Collaborative
The counselor is expected to be an expert in terms of collecting appropriate data and using them in therapy. It involves testing the hypothesized specific underlying assumptions that trigger the patient’s emotional pain and motivational difficulties (Collaborative Enterprise or Collaborative Empiricism)
Demonstrating empathy, caring and optimism
Adapting one’s therapeutic style
Romans 12:1
I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God , that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy , acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service