The Anatomy of Discovery in Psychotherapy: "Something So Familiar, It is Stra...James Tobin, Ph.D.
Â
In this talk, presented at the Western Psychological Association Annual Convention in April, 2014, Dr. Tobin cautions that the current environment of empirically-based treatment may foreclose on the discovery process psychotherapy affords. According to Dr. Tobin, psychotherapy is most successful when the patient's self-observing capacities are supported by the therapist. If the therapist can avoid narcissistic ambitions and instrumental fictions employed to understand the patient prematurely, the conditions may allow for the patient to connect with dissociated memories, cognitions, and affects. Dr. Tobin utilizes movie clips from the feature films "Ordinary People" and "9 1/2 Weeks" to illustrate his perspective.
In this presentation, Dr. Tobin utilizes Alice Miller's characterization of the "gifted child" to suggest that many graduate students in clinical psychology and psychotherapy trainees have suffered early emotional trauma. A consequence of this trauma is a psychological and emotional investment in the mental healthcare professions as a means of continuing to adhere to a particular relational role. For Dr. Tobin, what is problematic about this professional aspiration is the characterological residue from early deprivations which often emerges in trainees' narcissistic and/or co-dependent tendencies as they begin to engage in the therapeutic role. Breaking from these tendencies affords greater perceptional and relational freedoms, an important training and supervisory milestone for trainees and early-career psychotherapists.
The Anatomy of Discovery in Psychotherapy: "Something So Familiar, It is Stra...James Tobin, Ph.D.
Â
In this talk, presented at the Western Psychological Association Annual Convention in April, 2014, Dr. Tobin cautions that the current environment of empirically-based treatment may foreclose on the discovery process psychotherapy affords. According to Dr. Tobin, psychotherapy is most successful when the patient's self-observing capacities are supported by the therapist. If the therapist can avoid narcissistic ambitions and instrumental fictions employed to understand the patient prematurely, the conditions may allow for the patient to connect with dissociated memories, cognitions, and affects. Dr. Tobin utilizes movie clips from the feature films "Ordinary People" and "9 1/2 Weeks" to illustrate his perspective.
In this presentation, Dr. Tobin utilizes Alice Miller's characterization of the "gifted child" to suggest that many graduate students in clinical psychology and psychotherapy trainees have suffered early emotional trauma. A consequence of this trauma is a psychological and emotional investment in the mental healthcare professions as a means of continuing to adhere to a particular relational role. For Dr. Tobin, what is problematic about this professional aspiration is the characterological residue from early deprivations which often emerges in trainees' narcissistic and/or co-dependent tendencies as they begin to engage in the therapeutic role. Breaking from these tendencies affords greater perceptional and relational freedoms, an important training and supervisory milestone for trainees and early-career psychotherapists.
Summary of the books "The Perspeceives of Psychiatry" and "Systematic Psychiatric Evaluation: A Step-by-Step Guide to Applying The Perspectives of Psychiatry"
Evidence-Based Treatments and Integrative PsychotherapyKevin Rushton
Â
A comparison of reactions within the mental health treatment community to the "Dodo Bird Verdict", the idea that virtually all treatment modalities are comparable in efficacy.
Understanding Psychosis and Schizophrenia Royal EdinburghJames Coyne
Â
Offers evidence that group of UK clinical psychologists offer misinformation to persons seeking information about services for serious mental problems.
Socializing the Psychotherapist-in-Training to an Alternative Form of Related...James Tobin, Ph.D.
Â
According to Dr. Tobin, the supervision of psychologists-in-training must facilitate a central transition for the trainee. A major aspect of the trainee is socially-normed attitudes and tendencies which infiltrate the clinical situation and typically impede the development of a distinct "space" or interpersonal field on which psychotherapy relies. Dr. contends that the the supervisory situation and the unfolding dynamics between the supervisor and trainee should optimally support the trainee's capacity to experience him- or herself, and the other, in a more refined mode that liberates the dyad from the psychological and emotional restraints and inhibitions associated with social conventionality.
Objective: Spirituality has been shown to be associated with various aspects of health. It has also been discussed as an aid in coping with adversities.
Methods: The present investigation examined four dimensions of spirituality â belief in God, mindfulness, quest for meaning and feeling of security â as possible mediators between childhood adversities and adult adaptation. Two samples of n â 500 were examined via internet in a retrospective survey.
Results: Two pathways from childhood to adult adaptation via spirituality were detected, one via mindfulness and one via feeling of security. Both pathways began at maternal love, the opposite of emotional neglect. Childhood abuse or physical neglect was not associated with the development of spirituality. Associations were not only linear in nature, but also displayed interactions.
A synopsis of the book "Collaborative Therapeutic Neuropsychological Assessment". See website http://www.amazon.com/Collaborative-Therapeutic-Neuropsychological-Assessment-Gorske/dp/0387754253
Summary of the books "The Perspeceives of Psychiatry" and "Systematic Psychiatric Evaluation: A Step-by-Step Guide to Applying The Perspectives of Psychiatry"
Evidence-Based Treatments and Integrative PsychotherapyKevin Rushton
Â
A comparison of reactions within the mental health treatment community to the "Dodo Bird Verdict", the idea that virtually all treatment modalities are comparable in efficacy.
Understanding Psychosis and Schizophrenia Royal EdinburghJames Coyne
Â
Offers evidence that group of UK clinical psychologists offer misinformation to persons seeking information about services for serious mental problems.
Socializing the Psychotherapist-in-Training to an Alternative Form of Related...James Tobin, Ph.D.
Â
According to Dr. Tobin, the supervision of psychologists-in-training must facilitate a central transition for the trainee. A major aspect of the trainee is socially-normed attitudes and tendencies which infiltrate the clinical situation and typically impede the development of a distinct "space" or interpersonal field on which psychotherapy relies. Dr. contends that the the supervisory situation and the unfolding dynamics between the supervisor and trainee should optimally support the trainee's capacity to experience him- or herself, and the other, in a more refined mode that liberates the dyad from the psychological and emotional restraints and inhibitions associated with social conventionality.
Objective: Spirituality has been shown to be associated with various aspects of health. It has also been discussed as an aid in coping with adversities.
Methods: The present investigation examined four dimensions of spirituality â belief in God, mindfulness, quest for meaning and feeling of security â as possible mediators between childhood adversities and adult adaptation. Two samples of n â 500 were examined via internet in a retrospective survey.
Results: Two pathways from childhood to adult adaptation via spirituality were detected, one via mindfulness and one via feeling of security. Both pathways began at maternal love, the opposite of emotional neglect. Childhood abuse or physical neglect was not associated with the development of spirituality. Associations were not only linear in nature, but also displayed interactions.
A synopsis of the book "Collaborative Therapeutic Neuropsychological Assessment". See website http://www.amazon.com/Collaborative-Therapeutic-Neuropsychological-Assessment-Gorske/dp/0387754253
Francisco G. Barroso-Tanoira - Helping others to learn: preparing for career ...ACBSP Global Accreditation
Â
Francisco G. Barroso-Tanoira - Helping others to learn: preparing for career success through effective case study design and implementation in real job contexts
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to express my strong interest as a Civil Draftsman for the position recently posted on your website. I did civil Draftsman from Government Technical College, Sahiwal, Pakistan. I had 3 years of experience as a draftsman & 3Ds max including site supervision.
I worked in Continental Overseas Construction Services, Lahore, Pakistan as Site Supervisor (Infrastructure work and execution work). I am currently working as an Architectural Draftsman at Aamer Fayyaz & Associates, Lahore, Pakistan. As you will see from my resume, I have the requisite skills you are looking for to be successful in this position. More importantly, I have the passion and drive the relevant experience in the field of architecture and civil engineering with the well renowned companies like Continental Overseas Construction Services and Aamer Fayyaz & Associates, Lahore, Pakistan. Combined with this passion and my knowledge, I am very comfortable with site execution, drawing preparation and report writing. It will be worth writing to mention as I worked with Aamer Fayyaz & Associates and some projects in Lahore before joining them, so itâs not new for me and is also not time consuming to understating the working environment here. I can be reached by phone or email, both listed on my resume. Thank you for your time and consideration; I look forward to speak with you soon.
Sincerely,
Amer Hasan
+92 300 5510084
"Badiou, the Event, and Psychiatry. Part I: Trauma and Event" - Di Nicola - A...UniversitĂŠ de MontrĂŠal
Â
"Badiou, the Event, and Psychiatry" by Vincenzo Di Nicola Part I: Trauma and Event. Part II: Psychiatry of the Event This online blog of the American Philosophical Association is an overview of my work with French philosopher Alain Badiou for my doctoral dissertation ("Trauma and Event: A Philosophical Archaeology," Di Nicola, 2012) and my subsequent elaboration of his theory of the event to announce an "Evental psychiatry."
Link: https://blog.apaonline.org/2017/11/23/badiou-the-event-and-psychiatry-part-1-trauma-and-event/
A critique of outcome research in psychotherapy, and a proposal that more weight should be put on the ability fo therapists and clients to continue in relationships for as long as therapy remains active and mutative
Clinical Case Studies8(6) 417 â423Š The Author(s) 2009.docxgordienaysmythe
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Clinical Case Studies
8(6) 417 â423
Š The Author(s) 2009
Reprints and permission: http://www.
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/1534650109351930
http://ccs.sagepub.com
Psychotherapy of
Schizophrenia: A Brief History
and the Potential to Promote
Recovery
Paul H. Lysaker1 and Steven M. Silverstein2
Abstract
With growing awareness of the likelihood of recovery from schizophrenia, interest has
arisen about the potential role of psychotherapy within emerging treatment regimens. Could
psychotherapy uniquely promote recovery by addressing symptoms, the achievement of
psychosocial milestones, and/or helping to enhance the extent to which persons diagnosed with
schizophrenia experience themselves as meaningful agents in the world? As an introduction to
a set of case studies of how psychotherapy can promote recovery this article briefly reviews
the history of the psychotherapy of schizophrenia. In particular the appearance and course
of psychoanalytically oriented treatments, as well as cognitively and interpersonally based
treatments are detailed. Evidence supporting these approaches and remaining questions for
research are discussed.
Keywords
schizophrenia, recovery, psychotherapy, psychosis
Recent reviews have suggested that contrary to long-standing pessimistic views, most people with
schizophrenia do not experience lifelong dysfunction. Instead, most with this condition move
meaningfully toward or achieve recovery over the course of their lives (Bellack, 2006; Lysaker &
Buck, 2008; Silverstein, Spaulding, & Menditto, 2006). They may not only experience improve-
ments with regard to symptoms or function, but also positive changes in how persons think about
and experience themselves as individual human beings in the world (Resnick, Rosenheck, &
Lehman, 2004; Roe, 2001; Silverstein & Bellack, 2008). As a result of growing awareness of this
possibility, interest has arisen in whether some forms of psychotherapy could play an important
role in treatment. Given literature suggesting psychotherapy may help a wide range of people
without psychosis to develop both a richer sense of self and a more adaptive self-concept
(Hermans & Dimaggio, 2005), it is now asked whether it could do the same for many with schizo-
phrenia and thereby uniquely promote recovery (Lysaker & Lysaker, 2008).
To explore this question and a wide range of related concerns, this issue of Clinical Case Stud-
ies is devoted to case studies of the processes by which individual psychotherapy can promote
recovery. Therapies which range from office to community based and from existential to
1Indiana University School of Medicine
2University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway
Corresponding Author:
Paul H. Lysaker, 1481 West 10 street, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
Email: [email protected]
418 Clinical Case Studies 8(6)
metacognitive to cognitive behavioral are presented with the unifying q.
Clinical Case Studies8(6) 417 â423Š The Author(s) 2009.docxvernettacrofts
Â
Clinical Case Studies
8(6) 417 â423
Š The Author(s) 2009
Reprints and permission: http://www.
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/1534650109351930
http://ccs.sagepub.com
Psychotherapy of
Schizophrenia: A Brief History
and the Potential to Promote
Recovery
Paul H. Lysaker1 and Steven M. Silverstein2
Abstract
With growing awareness of the likelihood of recovery from schizophrenia, interest has
arisen about the potential role of psychotherapy within emerging treatment regimens. Could
psychotherapy uniquely promote recovery by addressing symptoms, the achievement of
psychosocial milestones, and/or helping to enhance the extent to which persons diagnosed with
schizophrenia experience themselves as meaningful agents in the world? As an introduction to
a set of case studies of how psychotherapy can promote recovery this article briefly reviews
the history of the psychotherapy of schizophrenia. In particular the appearance and course
of psychoanalytically oriented treatments, as well as cognitively and interpersonally based
treatments are detailed. Evidence supporting these approaches and remaining questions for
research are discussed.
Keywords
schizophrenia, recovery, psychotherapy, psychosis
Recent reviews have suggested that contrary to long-standing pessimistic views, most people with
schizophrenia do not experience lifelong dysfunction. Instead, most with this condition move
meaningfully toward or achieve recovery over the course of their lives (Bellack, 2006; Lysaker &
Buck, 2008; Silverstein, Spaulding, & Menditto, 2006). They may not only experience improve-
ments with regard to symptoms or function, but also positive changes in how persons think about
and experience themselves as individual human beings in the world (Resnick, Rosenheck, &
Lehman, 2004; Roe, 2001; Silverstein & Bellack, 2008). As a result of growing awareness of this
possibility, interest has arisen in whether some forms of psychotherapy could play an important
role in treatment. Given literature suggesting psychotherapy may help a wide range of people
without psychosis to develop both a richer sense of self and a more adaptive self-concept
(Hermans & Dimaggio, 2005), it is now asked whether it could do the same for many with schizo-
phrenia and thereby uniquely promote recovery (Lysaker & Lysaker, 2008).
To explore this question and a wide range of related concerns, this issue of Clinical Case Stud-
ies is devoted to case studies of the processes by which individual psychotherapy can promote
recovery. Therapies which range from office to community based and from existential to
1Indiana University School of Medicine
2University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway
Corresponding Author:
Paul H. Lysaker, 1481 West 10 street, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
Email: [email protected]
418 Clinical Case Studies 8(6)
metacognitive to cognitive behavioral are presented with the unifying q ...
Clinical Case Studies8(6) 417 â423Š The Author(s) 2009.docxmccormicknadine86
Â
Clinical Case Studies
8(6) 417 â423
Š The Author(s) 2009
Reprints and permission: http://www.
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/1534650109351930
http://ccs.sagepub.com
Psychotherapy of
Schizophrenia: A Brief History
and the Potential to Promote
Recovery
Paul H. Lysaker1 and Steven M. Silverstein2
Abstract
With growing awareness of the likelihood of recovery from schizophrenia, interest has
arisen about the potential role of psychotherapy within emerging treatment regimens. Could
psychotherapy uniquely promote recovery by addressing symptoms, the achievement of
psychosocial milestones, and/or helping to enhance the extent to which persons diagnosed with
schizophrenia experience themselves as meaningful agents in the world? As an introduction to
a set of case studies of how psychotherapy can promote recovery this article briefly reviews
the history of the psychotherapy of schizophrenia. In particular the appearance and course
of psychoanalytically oriented treatments, as well as cognitively and interpersonally based
treatments are detailed. Evidence supporting these approaches and remaining questions for
research are discussed.
Keywords
schizophrenia, recovery, psychotherapy, psychosis
Recent reviews have suggested that contrary to long-standing pessimistic views, most people with
schizophrenia do not experience lifelong dysfunction. Instead, most with this condition move
meaningfully toward or achieve recovery over the course of their lives (Bellack, 2006; Lysaker &
Buck, 2008; Silverstein, Spaulding, & Menditto, 2006). They may not only experience improve-
ments with regard to symptoms or function, but also positive changes in how persons think about
and experience themselves as individual human beings in the world (Resnick, Rosenheck, &
Lehman, 2004; Roe, 2001; Silverstein & Bellack, 2008). As a result of growing awareness of this
possibility, interest has arisen in whether some forms of psychotherapy could play an important
role in treatment. Given literature suggesting psychotherapy may help a wide range of people
without psychosis to develop both a richer sense of self and a more adaptive self-concept
(Hermans & Dimaggio, 2005), it is now asked whether it could do the same for many with schizo-
phrenia and thereby uniquely promote recovery (Lysaker & Lysaker, 2008).
To explore this question and a wide range of related concerns, this issue of Clinical Case Stud-
ies is devoted to case studies of the processes by which individual psychotherapy can promote
recovery. Therapies which range from office to community based and from existential to
1Indiana University School of Medicine
2University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway
Corresponding Author:
Paul H. Lysaker, 1481 West 10 street, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
Email: [email protected]
418 Clinical Case Studies 8(6)
metacognitive to cognitive behavioral are presented with the unifying q ...
Clinical Case Studies8(6) 417 â423Š The Author(s) 2009CruzIbarra161
Â
Clinical Case Studies
8(6) 417 â423
Š The Author(s) 2009
Reprints and permission: http://www.
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/1534650109351930
http://ccs.sagepub.com
Psychotherapy of
Schizophrenia: A Brief History
and the Potential to Promote
Recovery
Paul H. Lysaker1 and Steven M. Silverstein2
Abstract
With growing awareness of the likelihood of recovery from schizophrenia, interest has
arisen about the potential role of psychotherapy within emerging treatment regimens. Could
psychotherapy uniquely promote recovery by addressing symptoms, the achievement of
psychosocial milestones, and/or helping to enhance the extent to which persons diagnosed with
schizophrenia experience themselves as meaningful agents in the world? As an introduction to
a set of case studies of how psychotherapy can promote recovery this article briefly reviews
the history of the psychotherapy of schizophrenia. In particular the appearance and course
of psychoanalytically oriented treatments, as well as cognitively and interpersonally based
treatments are detailed. Evidence supporting these approaches and remaining questions for
research are discussed.
Keywords
schizophrenia, recovery, psychotherapy, psychosis
Recent reviews have suggested that contrary to long-standing pessimistic views, most people with
schizophrenia do not experience lifelong dysfunction. Instead, most with this condition move
meaningfully toward or achieve recovery over the course of their lives (Bellack, 2006; Lysaker &
Buck, 2008; Silverstein, Spaulding, & Menditto, 2006). They may not only experience improve-
ments with regard to symptoms or function, but also positive changes in how persons think about
and experience themselves as individual human beings in the world (Resnick, Rosenheck, &
Lehman, 2004; Roe, 2001; Silverstein & Bellack, 2008). As a result of growing awareness of this
possibility, interest has arisen in whether some forms of psychotherapy could play an important
role in treatment. Given literature suggesting psychotherapy may help a wide range of people
without psychosis to develop both a richer sense of self and a more adaptive self-concept
(Hermans & Dimaggio, 2005), it is now asked whether it could do the same for many with schizo-
phrenia and thereby uniquely promote recovery (Lysaker & Lysaker, 2008).
To explore this question and a wide range of related concerns, this issue of Clinical Case Stud-
ies is devoted to case studies of the processes by which individual psychotherapy can promote
recovery. Therapies which range from office to community based and from existential to
1Indiana University School of Medicine
2University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway
Corresponding Author:
Paul H. Lysaker, 1481 West 10 street, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
Email: [email protected]
418 Clinical Case Studies 8(6)
metacognitive to cognitive behavioral are presented with the unifying q ...
Borderline Personality Disorder Ontogeny Of A DiagnosisDemona Demona
Â
On April 1, 2008, the U.S. House of Representatives
unanimously passed House Resolution 1005 supporting
the month of May as borderline personality disorder
awareness month. The resolution stated that âdespite its
prevalence, enormous public health costs, and the dev-
astating toll it takes on individuals, families, and com-
munities, [borderline personality disorder] only recently
has begun to command the attention it requires.â House
Resolution 1005, which was the outcome of public advo-
cacy efforts, drew attention to the disproportion between
the high public health significance of borderline person-
ality disorder and the low levels of public awareness,
funded research, and treatment resources associated
with the disorder. A recurrent theme in this review is the
persistence of borderline personality disorder as a sus-
pect category largely neglected by psychiatric institu-
tions, comprising a group of patients few clinicians want
to treat.
Symbolic Interactionism Theory - PHDessay.com. (PDF) Symbolic Interactionism. Symbolic Interactionism In Sociology Pdf - slide share. Symbolic Interactionism | PDF | Sociology | Gender. Compare and contrast two of the following: functionalism, conflict .... Symbolic Interactionism as a Tool for Conveying Ideas: Dissecting the .... 10 Symbolic Interactionism Examples (And Easy Definition).
Therapies13Enduring Issues in TherapiesInsight Therapi.docxssusera34210
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Therapies13
Enduring Issues in Therapies
Insight Therapies
⢠Psychoanalysis
⢠Client-Centered Therapy
⢠Gestalt Therapy
⢠Recent Developments
Behavior Therapies
⢠Therapies Based on
Classical Conditioning
⢠Therapies Based on Operant
Conditioning
⢠Therapies Based on Modeling
Cognitive Therapies
⢠Stress-Inoculation Therapy
⢠RationalâEmotive Therapy
⢠Beckâs Cognitive Therapy
Group Therapies
⢠Family Therapy
⢠Couple Therapy
⢠Self-Help Groups
Effectiveness
of Psychotherapy
⢠Which Type of Therapy Is
Best for Which Disorder?
Biological Treatments
⢠Drug Therapies
⢠Electroconvulsive Therapy
⢠Psychosurgery
Institutionalization
and Its Alternatives
⢠Deinstitutionalization
⢠Alternative Forms of
Treatment
⢠Prevention
Client Diversity and
Treatment
⢠Gender and Treatment
⢠Culture and Treatment
O V E R V I E W
IS
B
N
1-256-37427-X
Understanding Psychology, Ninth Edition, by Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright Š 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.
For most new mothers, giving birth results in an instant bondand feelings of immediate and unconditional love for theirnew baby. Many describe motherhood as the happiest time
in their lives and cannot imagine a life without their children.
However, for some, another reaction occursâone of sadness
and apathy, and withdrawal from the world around them.
Brooke Shields, the well-known actress and model, was one of
these women.
In Down Came the Rain: My Journey Through Postpartum
Depression, Shields (2006) writes that she had always dreamed
of being a mother. Although she and her husband, Chris Henchy,
initially had trouble conceiving, Shields eventually became
pregnant through in vitro fertilization and gave birth to a daugh-
ter in 2003. Just as her attempt at conceiving wasnât without
effort, easing into life as a mother wasnât effortless, either.
Almost immediately after returning home from the hospital,
Shields began to experience symptoms of postpartum depres-
sion. Once referred to as the âbaby blues,â postpartum depres-
sion has recently come to be considered a very legitimate type
of depression. Symptoms range from anxiety and tearfulness to
feelings of extreme detachment and even being suicidal.
Shields notes that her âbaby bluesâ rapidly gave way to full-
blown depression, including thoughts of self-harm and frighten-
ing visions of harm coming to her baby. In addition to the birth of
her child, Shields was also coping with the recent death of her
father, as well as the ongoing struggle of coping with the suicide
of a close friend 2 years prior. Doctors note that postpartum
depression can be exacerbated by events such as these.
425
As Shieldsâs mental health began to decline, she felt more
anxious and panicky. She felt sadness greater than sheâd ever
experienced, and began thinking that it would never go away.
She felt completely detached from the baby she had gone
through so much to have. This detachment depressed her fur-
ther. It beca ...
Therapies13Enduring Issues in TherapiesInsight Therapi.docx
Â
CT Paper
1. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 1
Cognitive Therapy
Theoretical Modality Paper
By Matt Littlefield
HSC â 510 Theories of Counseling
National Louis University â Lisle
2. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 2
Abstract
While learning about the different kinds of theoretical orientations to psychotherapy, I was both
inspired and anxious about choosing only one that best fits my persona. After a great deal of
reflection and deliberation, I have chosen to focus on Cognitive therapy [CT]. Even though CT
utilizes some behavioral techniques, and can also be referred to as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
[CBT], for simplicityâs sake, I will refer only to CT throughout this paper. It best fits my
personality in part due to the importance placed on the quality of the client-therapist relationship.
CT also fits the way I look at people in need of help. I do not see people as whatever their
possible technical diagnosis might be; I see them as suffering from symptoms largely due to
erroneous beliefs about themselves and cognitive misinterpretations regarding their life
experiences. This paper explores various sources, in order to present the historical background
and founder, view of human nature in relation to the client-therapist relationship, main
interventions utilized, and specific reasons why I chose the CT modality. I will also portray my
own personal theory of counseling by taking the liberty of employing what I view as the best
techniques from other modalities.
3. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 3
Cognitive Therapy
âI think, therefore I amâ is perhaps the most famous quote about cognition in the history
of the world (Descartes, 1637). In a preview of his recent book titled The Gap: The Science of
What Separates Us From Other Animals, Thomas Suddendorf states that he has repeatedly
âfound two major features that set us apart: our open-ended ability to imagine and reflect on
different situations, and our deep-seated drive to link our scenario-building minds togetherâ
(Suddendorf, 2014). He went on to assert that development of these two qualities have turned
âmemory into mental time travel, social cognition into theory of mind, problem solving into
abstract reasoning, social traditions into cumulative culture, and empathy into moralityâ
(Suddendorf, 2014).
Cognitive therapy [CT] best fits my persona because it addresses thinking and how it
affects feeling and doing. CT allows the client to become empowered by taking an active role in
achieving insight into why one thinks in a certain way. The client is not considered sick or ill,
but rather as suffering from dysfunctional thinking by way of making flawed interpretations of
events. Just like when you hear the same song repeated over-and-over, self-defeating, negative,
and inaccurate thoughts can play on-an-on in oneâs mind. If one repeats something harmful over
a long period of time, even if it is absolutely not based in fact, one can start to believe it as fact.
The main objective of this paper is to detail what makes CT unique among the many
modalities. I will also describe why I have chosen to focus on this model primarily, although I
do plan to use effective tools from other theories whenever appropriate. CT has proven to be
effective and popular among therapists within the counseling community. According to Corey
(2015), CT has become âone of the most influential and empirically validated approaches to
psychotherapyâ (p. 289).
4. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 4
Historical background and founder
Dr. Aaron T. Beck founded CT during the 1960âs. According to Weishaar (2002), Beck
is âa lot like cognitive therapy â active, direct, pragmatic, creative, and optimistic about changeâ
(p. 1). Corey (2015) adds that Beck has a âvision for the cognitive therapy community that is
global, inclusive, collaborative, empowering, and benevolentâ (p. 289). As stated on the Beck
Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy website, it has been âstudied and demonstrated to be
effective in treating a wide variety of disorders. More than 1,000 studies have demonstrated its
efficacy for psychiatric disorders, psychological problems, and medical problems with a
psychiatric componentâ (Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 2015).
Dr. Beck has made an indelible mark on the field of psychotherapy. Weishaar (2002)
described a young man, who had a remarkable childhood. He was the youngest of three sons,
although another son and their only daughter passed away before he was born. These tragedies
may have led his mother to become more anxious, depressed, and over-protective. Her fears
were exacerbated by a childhood accident that nearly killed the little 7-year-old Aaron (p. 2).
Hollon (2010) described that âa broken bone in his arm became infected and he developed
septicemia, an infection of the blood that was nearly always fatal at that timeâ (p. 66). Weishaar
(2002) picked-up the story from there: âHe was told that he would be briefly separated from his
mother to have x-rays taken and instead was taken to surgery, where the surgeon began cutting
before the anesthesia had taken effectâ (p. 2).
Because he missed so much time recovering, he was held back in school. However, that
did not deter him from not only catching-up, but from excelling past his peers. âHe believes this
experience taught him the value of persistence and how to turn a disadvantage into an
advantageâ (Weishaar, 2002, p. 3) He went on to graduate magna cum laude from Brown
5. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 5
University, before matriculating to medical school at Yale. While he had some interest in
psychiatry, he chose to specialize in neurology. He was skeptical of the psychoanalytic
approach, but quite by chance due to a shortage of psychiatrists, he was forced to take a six
month rotation in the field. That experience served as a springboard, launching him into a career
as a psychoanalytic therapist. In making this leap, he decided to undergo therapy himself, as part
of his attempt to better understand the foundational principles of the approach (Weishaar, 2002,
p. 3).
He was hired as a psychiatry professor at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School
in 1954. He was given a grant in 1959, which allowed him to perform research on the value of
dreams. Since he still had suspicions about the premise that depressed people intended to focus
their anger upon themselves, this opportunity afforded him the chance to test his alternate theory.
The evidence he found became the foundation of CT. âThe dreams were not motivated by a
need to suffer, but rather were a reflection of a personâs thinking. The model of depression was
thus reformulated, no longer based on motivation but on how a person processes information in a
negatively biased wayâ (Weishaar, 2002, p. 4). Corey (2015) described how Beckâs new theory
was received at the time. âAs a result of this decision, Beck endured isolation and rejection from
many in the psychiatric community for many yearsâ (p. 288).
However, he made a real breakthrough in 1977, which changed everything. The study of
41 depressed patients proved, for the first time, that CT was more effective than taking
medication:
âCognitive therapy resulted in significantly greater improvement that did
pharmacotherapy on both a self-administered measure of depression (Beck
Depression Inventory) and clinical ratings (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
6. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 6
and Raskin Scale). Moreover, 78.9% of the patients in cognitive therapy showed
marked improvement or complete remission of symptoms as compared to 22.7%
of the pharmacotherapy patientsâ (Rush, Beck, Kovacs, & Hollon, 1977, p. 17)
View of Human Nature
As Beck continued his dream research, he was surprised to discover that depressed
patients had what he called automatic thoughts. âThese thoughts (cognitions) tended to arise
quickly and automatically, as though by reflex; they were not subject to volition or conscious
control and seemed perfectly plausible to the individualâ (Beck, 1991, p. 369). Beck contends
that cognitive distortions are âsystematic errors in reasoning that lead to faulty assumptions and
misconceptions. By encouraging clients to gather and weigh the evidence in support of their
beliefs, therapists help clients bring about enduring changes in their mood and their behaviorâ
(Corey, 2015, p. 303).
Corey (2015) presented seven specific cognitive distortions, which are principles of
Beckâs approach. He identified arbitrary inferences, which ârefer to making conclusions
without supporting or relevant evidence,â selective abstraction, which âconsists of forming
conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event,â overgeneralization, which is the âprocess of
holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to
dissimilar events or settings,â magnification and minimization, which consists of âperceiving a
case of situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves,â personalization, which is a
âtendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for
making this connection,â labeling and mislabeling, which involves â portraying oneâs identity on
the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define oneâs true
identity,â dichotomous thinking, which consists of âcategorizing experiences in either-or
7. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 7
extremesâ (pp. 303-304). Once these faulty assumptions have been identified, explored, and
changed, then the client has a real chance of experiencing long-term improvement.
These cognitive distortions fall under the broader phenomenological scope of the basic
core beliefs of an individual. âA key aspect of the therapeutic process involves restructuring
distorted beliefs (or schema), which has a pivotal impact on changing dysfunctional behaviorsâ
(Corey, 2015, p. 310). CT operates on the premise that once clients understand that their faulty
thinking patterns are the root cause of why they feel and act the way they do, they can become
empowered to dispute and replace those inaccurate beliefs. The real underlying power in this
discovery is that the client has the ability to change these thoughts, in order to produce a
healthier outlook and more constructive behaviors.
There is a real self-help underpinning to this theory, which helps clients view themselves
in a more proactive and positive way. In my opinion, it is not by accident that Dr. Martin
Seligman, widely considered to be the founder of the Positive Psychology movement, also
served as a professor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1970. In fact, Dr. Seligman stated that
âAaron T. Beck and Albert J. Stunkard were teachers and sources of stimulation. I learned a
great deal about psychopathology that year; it was then that I actually began to write this book
(Helplessness)â (Seligman, 1975, p. xiii).
Client-Therapist Relationship
One of the most attractive features of the CT approach is the importance it places on the
quality of the client-therapist relationship. I firmly believe that a collaborative relationship is
essential in helping any client make progress toward his/her goals. Collaborative empiricism is
defined by Corey (2015) as a process by which:
8. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 8
âThe therapist attempts to collaborate with clients in testing the validity of their
cognitions. CT places more emphasis on helping clients identify their
misconceptions for themselves. Although CT often begins by recognizing the
clientâs frame of reference, the therapist continues to ask for evidence for a belief
systemâ (p. 305).
In their commentary on the importance of the relationship in the effectiveness of
psychotherapy, Norcross & Lambert (2014) concluded:
âEven when âdeliveredâ via distance or on a computer app, psychotherapy is an
irreducibly human encounter. Some will judge that relationship a precondition of
change and others a process of change, but all agree that it is a relational
enterprise. How we create and cultivate that powerful human relationship, can be
informed by researchâ (p. 402)
Main Interventions
CT employs many behavioral techniques, which is why it is often referred to as CBT.
According to Corey (2015), some of the techniques utilized are âactivity scheduling, behavioral
experiments, skills training, role playing, behavioral rehearsal, and exposure therapyâ (p. 308).
CT practitioners also use Socratic questioning to encourage clients come to their own insightful
answers. Bibliotherapy is another technique which helps clients take action towards better
understanding why they think a certain way. It goes along with the self-help and
psychoeducational approach that helps empower clients towards more self-discovery.
Homework is another specific technique, which can be tailored to different clients for many
different reasons.
9. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 9
Beck became first known for his work on depression, which was inspired by his own life
experiences. Weishaar (2002) reported that he became depressed after a bout with hepatitis, as
well as after losing his campus office following the loss of grant funding. While working from
home, he published two books on depression (p. 5). In 1961, Beck created the Beck Depression
Inventory, which is still widely used as a self-report tool in order to determine the presence of
depression; in 1974, he developed both the Hopelessness Scale and the Suicide Intent Scale; in
1978, he created the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale; in 1980, he developed a way to evaluate the
effectiveness of cognitive therapists with his Cognitive Therapy Scale; and finally, he developed
the Scale for Suicidal Ideation in 1997, which helps to predict risk and assesses for the potential
of suicide (Hollon, 2010, p. 71).
He termed the pattern that leads to depression as the cognitive triad. âDepressed patients
have a negative view of themselves (seeing themselves as worthless, inadequate, unlovable,
deficient), their environment (seeing it as overwhelming, filled with obstacles and failure), and
their future (seeing it as hopeless, no effort will change the course of their lives). This negative
way of thinking guides oneâs perception, interpretation, and memory of personally relevant
experiences, thereby resulting in a negatively biased construal of oneâs personal world, and
ultimately, the development of depressive symptomsâ (McGinn, 2000, p. 257).
Beck also had personal experience with working with troops who returned from battle
with PTSD, struggling with his own phobias (blood and injury, public speaking, suffocation,
heights, and abandonment), and began researching suicide since the early 1970âs (Weishaar,
2002). Corey (2015) also added that CT has proven to be effective in treating people with
generalized anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse problems, anger problems,
borderline and narcissistic personality disorders, schizophrenic disorders, chronic pain, other
10. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 10
medical illnesses, crisis intervention, child abusers, divorce counseling, skills training, and stress
management. It has also succeeded not only with individuals, but also with couples and families
(p. 307).
Conclusion
I am most impressed with the evidence-based success of CT, the way clients are viewed,
how they are treated, and due to the common-sense techniques used to elicit change. I place a
premium on addressing the thinking construct first, in order to bring about healthier behaviors
and more positive feelings within the client. I get excited thinking about collaborating on plans
with my clients, so that they can come to believe more in their capacity to change for the better.
My plan is to use the Motivational Interviewing [MI] technique with teenagers and young adults,
but more of a Socratic dialogue with older adults.
It was still a difficult decision for me to choose only one theoretical modality to focus on,
because I see the value in parts of other psychotherapies. I was also drawn to consider Adlerian,
Existentialism, Person-Centered, Gestalt, and Reality therapy approaches due to their belief in
the power of the client-therapist relationship. I was not surprised to read that Adler was one of
the primary influences on Beck during the 1960âs. I really admire their view of clients, the
flexibility with which they can tailor specific techniques to clients, the focus on turning insight
into action, and their curiosity in birth order.
When it came down to the finish line, Gestalt therapy finished a close second for me.
The here and now, what and how, unfinished business, nonverbal cues, importance of awareness,
choice, and responsibility all made a powerful impression on me. However, I found that I really
11. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 11
find it valuable to also explore the âwhyâ of issues. It may very well be that someone might
mistake me for a Gestalt therapist someday and that would be just fine with me, too.
While I appreciate the search for meaning, the awareness, freedom, and personal
responsibility, and the belief that we are constantly recreating ourselves in the Existential model,
I feel that I can employ those issues via CT. My personal experience with the Person-Centered
approach leads me to want to use this as a technique in crisis situations, especially. Reality
therapy is intriguing to me due to the WDEP framework and the value placed on choice theory.
Surprisingly, I also found that the Feminist analysis of both the gender and power roles has value
for me to consider exploring whenever appropriate.
Since I have always had an interest in positive psychology, I plan to incorporate
optimism into my therapeutic approach. I also plan to study Dialectical Behavior Therapy
[DBT], Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction [MBSR], Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
[MBCT], and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy [ACT] further. I have found peace and
comfort through prayer, meditation, guided mediation, and yoga, so I would like to learn more
about those approaches. I am looking forward to crafting my own perspective through more
research and reflection on my values.
12. C O G N I T I V E T H E R A P Y P a g e | 12
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