Coasts
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Erosional coasts are formed through the removal of coastal material by various land and sea processes like stream erosion, glaciers, storms, and marine organisms. Over time, erosional coasts can evolve into depositional coasts through the addition of coastal material, creating features like beaches, barrier islands, deltas, and coral reefs. Barrier islands are narrow sandbars that run parallel to land, protecting the coastline, while coral reefs are formed through biological activity and come in fringing, barrier, and atoll reef types.
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Coasts
There are two main types of coasts: erosional and depositional. Erosional coasts experience removal of material from land attacks like erosion and sea attacks like storms. Depositional coasts experience addition of material, forming features like beaches, barrier islands, coral reefs, and wetlands. Coral reefs can be fringing, barrier, or atoll reefs depending on their location relative to land.
Coasts
There are two main types of coasts: erosional and depositional. Erosional coasts experience removal of material from land attacks like erosion and sea attacks like storms. Depositional coasts experience addition of material, forming features like beaches, barrier islands, coral reefs, and wetlands. Coral reefs can be fringing, barrier, or atoll reefs depending on their location relative to land.
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Coasts
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Coasts
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Coastal areas face problems of erosion and flooding due to rising sea levels and increased storm activity. This threatens homes, businesses and tourism. Coastal defenses use hard engineering like seawalls and groynes, or soft engineering like beach nourishment and managed retreat, to protect coastlines. However, all methods have disadvantages such as visual impacts or increasing erosion elsewhere. Coastal resorts also struggle with declining visitor numbers from overseas competition and require solutions like improving attractions to revitalize their economies.
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Coastal areas face problems of erosion and flooding due to rising sea levels and increased storm activity. This threatens homes, businesses and tourism. Coastal defenses use hard engineering like seawalls and groynes, or soft engineering like beach nourishment and managed retreat, to protect coastlines. However, all methods have disadvantages such as visual impacts or increasing erosion elsewhere. Coastal resorts also struggle with declining visitor numbers from overseas competition and require solutions like improving attractions to revitalize their economies.
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Estuaries are coastal bodies of water where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the sea. They exist in a transitional zone where tidal effects and freshwater inputs influence the environment. Estuaries come in different forms depending on their geological origin and range from coastal plain and bar-built systems to tectonic and fjord-type estuaries. India has many economically and ecologically important estuaries located mainly along its eastern coastline that are threatened by pollution, development, and other human impacts.
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This document discusses marginal marine depositional environments including deltas, beaches, barrier island systems, and estuaries. Deltas form where rivers enter standing bodies of water, depositing topset, foreset, and bottomset beds. Beaches have foreshores, backshores, and berms that change with seasons. Barrier islands are long and narrow, separated from the mainland by lagoons. Estuaries are coastal waters where rivers meet the sea, and can be wave-dominated or tide-dominated based on wave and tidal energy influences on sediment transport.
GCSE Geography Coasts Revision
The document discusses various coastal processes and landforms. It describes the processes of swash and backwash that create different types of waves. It also discusses various erosional processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, and corrosion that lead to cliff recession. Coastal landforms like wave-cut platforms, headlands and bays, stacks and stumps are formed through these erosional processes. Coastal management techniques like groynes, sea walls, and beach replenishment are used to reduce coastal erosion.
Coastal Geomorphology Landforms Of Wave Erosion & Deposition
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It defines coastal geomorphology and describes how waves, longshore currents, rip currents, and tides shape coastal areas and transport sediment. It then lists and describes specific coastal landforms like headlands, bays, sea cliffs, beaches, bars, spits, tombolos, sand dunes, salt marshes, and more. For each landform, it provides a brief definition and example photo. Coastal erosion processes like abrasion, hydraulic action, corrosion, and attrition are also outlined.
Coastal Revision Ppt
A large presentation based on the full AS level coastal environments course with a little bit of everything for revision purposes
Coastal
The coastline marks the meeting point between land and sea which is constantly changing due to erosion, transport and deposition processes driven by wave energy. Waves transfer energy from wind to water, changing shape as they reach shallow areas, and can both erode coastlines through processes like abrasion or build them up through deposition. Sediment is transported alongshore and across shorelines by processes like longshore drift, forming coastal features such as beaches, spits and bars. Coastal management uses various methods like sea walls, beach replenishment or groynes to protect shorelines from erosion.
Coadstal Landforms
This document provides an overview of coastal landforms and the geomorphological processes that form them. It discusses the key forces that shape coastlines, including waves, tides, climate, and human impacts. Erosional landforms like cliffs, wave-cut platforms, sea caves and stacks are formed by hydraulic action, abrasion and other processes. Depositional landforms include beaches, bars, spits and tombolos that are built up by sediment movement. Examples of these landforms in India such as beaches in Puri and Mumbai are also outlined. The document concludes by emphasizing the variety of coastal landforms globally and importance of coastal geomorphology as a field of study.
Igcse coastal geomorph
Constructive waves tend to build up sediment on beaches through stronger swash movements that transport material upwards. Destructive waves erode beaches through stronger backwash movements that transport material downwards. Coastal sediments are transported alongshore through repeated up and down movement by swash and backwash in a zig-zag pattern that gradually moves the material in the direction of the prevailing waves and winds.
5. Islands_mbk.pptx
There are two main types of islands: continental islands and oceanic islands. Continental islands are connected to or have been connected to a continental landmass in the past, such as through changing sea levels. They sit upon the continental shelf. Oceanic islands are not and have never been connected to a continent. Most are volcanic in origin such as islands in the Pacific, but some are formed from coral reefs over thousands of years. Oceanic islands can also be divided into volcanic islands and coral islands.
Seawater
1) Seawater is composed of about 95% water and 5% other elements like sodium and chloride which make up salt. Most of the world's oceans are saline due to these dissolved elements.
2) Ocean currents circulate heat and transfer it between regions, influencing the climate near coasts. The Coriolis effect, caused by the Earth's rotation, causes currents and winds to deflect right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere.
3) Waves are caused by wind, tidal changes, or seismic activity. Breakers occur when waves interact with the seafloor in shallow water, and can be spilling, plunging, or surging depending on the seafloor slope
Weathering and erosion pack
Erosion shapes the land in different ways depending on the agent of erosion:
Rivers erode valleys by carrying away eroded material downstream. Over long periods of time this can carve deep V-shaped valleys. Fast flowing water is very erosive and can undercut cliffs/banks causing collapse. Meanders are formed as the river erodes the outside of bends more than the inside.
Glacial erosion grinds away rock as ice flows under its own weight. Glaciers pick up and carry rock fragments, abrading the land beneath. This forms U-shaped valleys with steep sides. Cirques, arêtes and horn peaks are characteristic landforms of glacial erosion.
Sea waves
Similar to Coasts (20)
Coastal land forms .erosional and depositional landforms
Coastal land forms .erosional and depositional landforms
Coastal Geomorphology Landforms Of Wave Erosion & Deposition
Coastal Geomorphology Landforms Of Wave Erosion & Deposition
More from mswilliams
Hurricanes
Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters between 15 and 200 latitude from the equator when low pressure systems allow warm, humid air to rise and condense. They have a circular structure with counterclockwise spinning winds in the Northern Hemisphere that can be hundreds of miles wide. Hurricanes strengthen over warm ocean waters but weaken when making landfall or interacting with strong upper level winds or cooler waters. They can cause extensive wind damage, flooding from heavy rains, and storm surges that become especially destructive during high tides.
History of Ocean Adventures
This document provides a brief history of notable figures and expeditions that advanced ocean exploration from the 1500s to present day. It describes Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan's leadership of the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe in the 1500s. In the 1700s, Benjamin Franklin mapped the Gulf Stream current. Charles Darwin in the early 1800s described how coral reefs form and introduced the theory of natural selection. The multi-year Challenger Expedition in the late 1800s conducted the first truly oceanographic research cruise. More recent pioneers include Jacques Cousteau who developed modern SCUBA gear and Sylvia Earle who is a renowned marine biologist and conservationist.
Impacts of Temperature and Salinity on Marine Animals
Marine animals are either ectothermic or endothermic, with ectothermic animals like fish having body temperatures dependent on their environment while endothermic animals like mammals and birds can regulate their internal temperatures. All marine animals also must regulate salt levels in their bodies through osmoregulation as temperature and salinity of water can impact animals' physiology and survival.
Plankton PowerPoint
Plankton are tiny organisms that drift or float in the waters of seas, lakes, and rivers. They can be either autotrophs, which produce their own food through photosynthesis (phytoplankton like diatoms and dinoflagellates), or heterotrophs, which consume other organisms for food (zooplankton like tiny crustaceans). Phytoplankton are the base of the oceanic food web and are found in the photic zone where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Some phytoplankton can bloom rapidly and be dangerous. Plankton play an important role in marine ecosystems.
Introduction to biological oceanography notes
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in biological oceanography, including evolution, causes of evolution, and evidence of evolution. It defines evolution as change over time that occurs between species through processes like mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, and non-random mating. The document also discusses concepts like overproduction, competition, genetic variation, adaptation, natural selection, speciation, classification, and the criteria used to place organisms into kingdoms.
Marine flowering plants
This document summarizes three groups of marine flowering plants: seagrasses, mangroves, and salt marsh grasses. Seagrasses grow in coastal waters and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Mangroves are woody trees found in tropical and subtropical intertidal zones that reproduce sexually. Salt marsh grasses are found along coasts and reproduce sexually and asexually. All three play an important role as nursery habitats for young marine organisms.
Marine algae
This document provides information about marine algae. It describes the different parts of an algae's thallus including the holdfast, blade, and stipe. It notes that algae can have air bladders to assist with buoyancy. It states that algae are autotrophs that belong to the kingdom Protista or Plantae. There are three main types of algae - green algae, red algae, and brown algae - which differ in their pigments, habitats, and examples. It compares key differences between algae and land plants such as their access to water, support structures, anchoring mechanisms, and reproductive organs.
Waves notes
This document discusses different types of waves, including their causes, characteristics, and behaviors. It defines key wave terminology like crest, trough, wavelength, and period. Wave size is determined by wind strength, duration, and fetch. Deep water waves travel in orbits while shallow water waves feel the bottom and change shape as they reach shore. Breakers come in spilling, plunging, and surging types. Longshore currents move sand along beaches, while rip currents pull water back out to sea. Tsunamis and rogue waves present unique wave hazards.
Fisheries notes
This document summarizes key concepts regarding fisheries management. It defines important terms like fish stocks, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and mechanisms for harvesting fish. It discusses challenges like bycatch, overfishing, and factors contributing to declining fish populations. Strategies for conservation are outlined, such as gear restrictions, catch limits, and protecting essential fish habitat. The document also reviews agencies and laws involved in fisheries management, such as the Magnuson-Stevens Act and its goals of preventing overfishing while achieving sustainable yields.
Light in the ocean
Most life in the oceans depends on sunlight that autotrophs are able to capture through pigments to photosynthesize and produce food. Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, allowing autotrophs to live at varying depths where certain wavelengths penetrate deepest. The rate of photosynthesis must exceed the rate of respiration for phytoplankton to survive, setting a compensation depth above which they can thrive. Coastal waters often have higher turbidity than the open ocean due to sediment and inputs that cloud the water and limit sunlight penetration.
Some equipment used by chemical oceanographers
This document describes several pieces of equipment used by chemical oceanographers to sample and measure various water parameters. It discusses Niskin and Nansen bottles, rosettes, thermometers, hydrometers, refractometers, CTDs, Secchi disks, DO meters, SONAR, and side scan SONAR, and provides brief explanations of how each tool is used.
Composition of seawater
The document summarizes the chemical composition of seawater. It states that seawater is mostly water, but also contains all naturally occurring elements on Earth. The main ions found in seawater are 55% chloride, 31% sodium, 8% sulfate, 4% magnesium, and 1% each of calcium and potassium. These ratios remain relatively constant in oceans around the world according to the law of constant proportions. Exceptions can occur where rivers meet the sea since river water contains more calcium. Salt enters the oceans through weathering that carries eroded rocks and minerals into rivers and seas, and also through underwater volcanic vents. Salt is removed through sea spray, sediment deposits that bind minerals, and biological activity of marine life.
Salinity notes
Salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved ions in water, measured in parts per thousand (‰). Average ocean salinity is 35‰ but it varies depending on evaporation, precipitation, and water sources. Salinity is higher in enclosed seas like the Red Sea (40‰) and Mediterranean Sea (38‰) due to limited freshwater input and high evaporation. It is lower in semi-enclosed seas connected to oceans by narrow straits, like the Black Sea (18‰) and Baltic Sea (8‰), which receive more freshwater from rivers. Temperature, pressure, and density can also impact ocean salinity.
Properties of seawater
Water is a polar molecule with slightly positively and negatively charged ends, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. This polarity gives water properties of adhesion, sticking to other substances, and cohesion, sticking to other water molecules. Water has relatively low viscosity and density compared to other liquids, with density highest at 4°C and lower in seawater due to salt content. Its solid form, ice, floats due to having a less dense crystalline structure. Water also has a high specific heat capacity, requiring a lot of energy to change its temperature, which allows oceans to act as a heat buffer for the planet.
12 plate tectonics notes
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how convection currents in the asthenosphere cause tectonic plates to move horizontally at the surface. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new seafloor is created, convergent boundaries where plates move together and seafloor is destroyed forming trenches and volcanic islands, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other forming faults. Examples given are the San Andreas fault and the Ring of Fire around the Pacific plate.
9 zonation in the ocean
The document describes different zones of the ocean based on depth.
The Neritic Zone extends from the shoreline to depths of less than 200 meters over the continental shelf. The Oceanic Zone is the area beyond 200 meters depth and further offshore. The Photic Zone, also known as the Euphotic Zone, extends from the surface to a depth of around 200 meters where sunlight is available for photosynthesis. Below the Photic Zone are the Disphotic Zone from 200-1000 meters with low light, and the Aphotic Zone below 1000 meters with no light.
Sea turtles
There are 8 species of sea turtles that visit areas like Long Island, including the Kemp's Ridley turtle, which is the most endangered with only 400-500 individuals remaining today from a population of 42,000 in 1947. Sea turtles have a three-chambered heart, scales, and lay eggs on land that incubate for around 2 months before hatchlings head to the water. They face numerous threats including humans, predators, habitat loss, and getting caught in fishing nets or ingesting plastic waste which has led to all species being endangered or threatened.
Whales
Whales evolved from land mammals and are related to horses and sheep. They have adaptations like blubber for insulation and temperature regulation, blowholes for breathing, and streamlined bodies. Whales communicate using echolocation and songs, have excellent hearing, and can slow their heart rates while diving. There are two main types of whales: toothed whales that hunt for food and baleen whales that filter feed krill. Whaling nearly wiped out many whale species until laws like the Marine Mammal Protection Act and International Whaling Commission were passed to regulate and protect whales.
Fish morphology
This document discusses the diversity of body shapes and tail fin morphologies in fish and how these adaptations help fish survive in their environments. It describes the main body shapes as fusiform for fast open water swimmers, compressiform for quick bursts of speed, and depressiform for bottom-dwelling fish. It also outlines different tail fin shapes including homocercal forms that are rounded, truncate, forked, or lunate and the heterocercal tail of sharks, and explains how each tail type relates to the fish's swimming ability, speed, maneuverability and environment.
Meet the arthropoda
This document provides an overview of arthropods, which are segmented invertebrates with jointed appendages and an external skeleton. It describes their anatomy, including a chitinous exoskeleton, jointed limbs, segmented bodies, and open circulatory and nervous systems. Arthropods reproduce through external fertilization and development of planktonic larvae. The phylum includes two subphyla: chelicerates like sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, and crustaceans such as lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. Arthropods are mostly benthic or epifaunal and found worldwide, representing the largest number of species on Earth.
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Impacts of Temperature and Salinity on Marine Animals
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Coasts
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