Factors determine number of species on island
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This document discusses factors that determine the number of species found on islands. It outlines both abiotic factors like island size, habitat harshness, and isolation, as well as biotic factors like community age and structure. Abiotic factors that influence species numbers include the size of the island habitat, the spatial variation in resources, the severity of the environment, levels of disturbance, and the island's distance from mainland sources of colonization. Biotic factors refer to the maturity of the ecological community and the complexity of species interactions and food webs within the community. Understanding these abiotic and biotic determinants of island biodiversity can help explain variations in species richness between different islands.
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This document summarizes coral reef biology and threats facing coral reef ecosystems. It describes the structure and formation of coral reefs, the requirements for coral growth, and different types of reefs. Corals reproduce both sexually and asexually. While coral reefs support significant biodiversity and provide economic value, they are threatened by overfishing, pollution, coastal development, climate change, and other human impacts. Protecting coral reefs through marine protected areas is important for conserving these fragile ecosystems.
Coral reefs theory, types, formation
Coral reefs are built from the limestone skeletons of stony corals and cover around 100,000 square miles globally. They are located in shallow, tropical waters and grow gradually as coral polyps multiply and their skeletons accumulate. There are three main types of reefs - fringing reefs adjacent to land, barrier reefs separated from land by lagoons, and atolls which are ring-shaped reefs surrounding a central lagoon. Reefs support tremendous biodiversity but are threatened by human impacts like pollution, coastal development, overfishing, and climate change which can cause coral bleaching or increase ocean acidification.
2 ecological history
1. The Gulf of Maine has low biodiversity because it is relatively young geologically, limiting time for species accumulation.
2. Few species can withstand its temperature extremes from warm and cold currents.
3. North American glaciers during the last ice age compressed habitats and caused local extinctions, further reducing biodiversity.
Marine biology |Marine benthos
Marine biology Marine organisms that live on or inside the bottom, different types of beaches, and biodiversity in these different types of beaches
#Environment
SEA FEATURES
The sea covers over 70% of the Earth's surface. It is very deep in some areas, with ocean bottoms over 6 miles below the surface. The sea is dominated by tides, currents, and waves. It is generally salty, containing dissolved salts and nutrients essential for marine life. Temperature varies greatly between polar and tropical waters, and the sea is stratified into different zones based on depth and temperature. Estuaries, mangroves, and coral reefs are important marine ecosystems. Coral reefs face threats from human activities like pollution, dynamite fishing, and tourism that can drive corals to extinction if not addressed.
Marine Ecology
Marine ecology is the study of relationships between marine organisms and their physical and biological environments. Key features of marine ecology include the vast size of the ocean, its depth and continuous circulation. Marine environments can be divided horizontally into coastal, neritic and oceanic zones, and vertically into euphotic, mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. Estuaries are productive ecosystems where freshwater mixes with saltwater, supporting diverse biota and acting as nurseries for many species. Mangroves and coral reefs are biologically rich ecosystems that protect coastlines and build land.
2 ecological history
The Gulf of Maine has relatively low biodiversity for several reasons:
1. It is geologically young, so it has had limited time to develop diverse ecosystems.
2. Its location results in temperature extremes that few species can tolerate.
3. Glaciation during the last ice age compressed habitats and caused local extinctions.
2 ecological history
The Gulf of Maine has relatively low biodiversity for several reasons:
1. It is geologically young, so it has had limited time to develop diverse ecosystems.
2. Its location results in temperature extremes that few species can tolerate.
3. Glaciation during the last ice age compressed habitats and caused local extinctions.
Analysis Of Silver Creek Wetland Complex
The document analyzes the Silver Creek Wetland Complex, a rare coastal wetland located along the Nottawasaga Bay Shoreline in Ontario, Canada. It discusses the wetland's classification and protection under environmental laws. The wetland acts as important habitat for fish and bird species and provides flood control and water purification functions. Monitoring and stewardship of the wetland is conducted by various conservation authorities.
Marine ecosystem, complex of living organism in the ocean enviroment
This document provides an overview of marine ecosystems. It discusses the origins of life in the oceans, the geography and physical properties of oceans, ocean currents, and the major types of organisms found in marine ecosystems, including plankton, nekton, benthos, and unique organisms found in deep sea hydrothermal vents that rely on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis. The document covers a wide range of topics related to marine biology and oceanography.
2 ecological history
1. The Gulf of Maine is relatively young geologically so it has had limited time to develop biodiversity.
2. Few species can withstand the temperature extremes in the Gulf of Maine between warm southern currents and cold northern currents.
3. North American glaciers advanced into the Gulf of Maine during the last ice age, compressing habitats and causing local extinctions.
Water biomes and succession
Biomes are large groups of ecosystems that share similar climax communities. There are terrestrial and aquatic biomes. Aquatic biomes include marine and freshwater biomes. Marine biomes can be divided into photic and aphotic zones. Estuaries are where freshwater and saltwater mix, containing salt marshes that provide nursery habitats. Freshwater biomes include lakes and ponds with different zones based on depth and sunlight availability.
Ecosystems
The document discusses different types of ecosystems including kelp forests, deserts, tundra, poles, cities, islands, rivers, and rocky shores. It provides details on the key characteristics of each ecosystem, such as how kelp grows in cool waters and provides habitat, how deserts have extreme temperatures but some plants and animals have adapted to survive, and how poles have freezing temperatures but species have adapted to the cold. It emphasizes that while ecosystems vary widely in their conditions, the living things within each ecosystem have adapted to their surroundings and work together to maintain a functioning system.
Daniels Coral Reefs Daniel Tate
The document discusses various threats to coral reefs from pollution and environmental factors. Warm water temperatures, pollution from industrial and residential waste, oil spills, fishing practices, and an overabundance of nutrients can all damage coral reefs. Climate change and rising ocean temperatures also contribute to bleaching and diseases that are devastating reefs. If coral reefs continue to be destroyed, it will have negative economic and environmental consequences for humans. Protecting coral reefs requires addressing issues like global warming and better waste management practices.
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Factors determine number of species on island
- 1. BY KISESA HAMISI{GUMZO} Email: kisesahamis@gmail.com Or kisesahamis@arpf.or.tz Website: www.arpf.or.tz Mobile:+255717797536 Or +255762655283
- 2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ISLAND CONCEPT BIOTIC FACTORS ABIOTIC FACTORS CONCLUSION
- 3. INTRODUCTION According to Simberloff and Wilson (1968), Island is a body of land surrounded by water small but with covering less than half a hectare (one acre). Example Greenland, the largest island. There are countless islands in the ocean, lakes, and rivers around the world. They vary greatly in size, climate, and the kinds of organisms that inhabit them.
- 4. INTRODUCTION An island also varies in the nature of formation some are under volcanic eruption, rising of the sea level, shifting or broke of the continent etc. Some islands are cold and ice-covered all yea such as the Aleutian Islands in the U.S. state of Alaska.
- 5. INTRODUCTION Others lie in warm tropical waters such as Tahiti. Example of the famous island of Mont Saint- Michel, in France
- 6. INT….. Therefore the isolated populations on islands can lead to smaller, as well as larger, species depending on the factors. Therefore depending on Wilson (2016) explained that , the number of species found on island is determined via abiotic factors and biotic factors.
- 7. THE ABIOTIC FACTORS THAT DETERMINE NUMBER OF SPECIES ON ISLAND Size of habitat on island The size of the habitat on island affects the number of species which can live in it. E.g., a large island can support more species than a small island. The spatial patchiness on island The spatial patchiness allows organisms with different requirements to live together. E.g., an island with more nutrients or food provides more macro habitats than an island with little or no food.
- 8. ABI….. The harshness of habitat on island The harshness of habitat affects the number of species that are able to survive in the island E.g., island that frequently scoured by storms has low species diversity. Disturbances on island Occasional severe or frequent low level disturbances affect population size on island E.g., organisms that found on Winter Island may be encountered with storms and tsunami affects species diversity
- 9. ABI…….. Isolation of island with mainland The large distance between one islands with mainland there are fewer species can colonize it. This is seen on those islands that are large distance from the mainland.
- 10. THE BIOTIC FACTORS THAT DETERMINE NUMBER OF SPECIES ON ISLAND Age of community type on island The length of time the community type has existed affects the species diversity. The longer it has existed the more species will have the opportunity to join the community. Community structure on island Many island have simple structure since there are no predators instead there are only preys. Therefore affect the size of organisms in a particular island.
- 11. REFERENCES Simberloff, D & Wilson. E. (1968). Experimental zoogeography of islands: the colonization of empty islands. "Ecology."50:278-296. Wilson, R. (2016). Theory of island biogeography. Princeton
- 12. WELCOME AGAIN FOR MORE COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY MATERIALS FOLLOW AND SHARE kisesahamis/slideshare