Coal 18 cache in Assembly Programming
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This document discusses cache memory policies and virtual memory. It covers write-through and write-back cache policies, as well as cache read policies on cache misses. Virtual memory works similarly to cache, using pages stored between main memory and disk. Address translation techniques for virtual memory include direct mapping, associative mapping, and set-associative mapping.
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Mapping
There are three main methods to map main memory addresses to cache memory addresses: direct mapping, associative mapping, and set-associative mapping. Direct mapping is the simplest but least flexible method, while associative mapping is most flexible but also slowest. Set-associative mapping combines aspects of the other two methods, dividing the cache into sets with multiple lines to gain efficiency while remaining reasonably flexible.
Cache memory principles
This document discusses cache memory principles and provides details about cache operation, structure, organization, and design considerations. The key points covered are:
- Cache is a small, fast memory located between the CPU and main memory that stores frequently used data.
- During a cache read operation, the CPU first checks the cache for the requested data. If present, it is retrieved from the fast cache. If not, the data is read from main memory into cache.
- Cache design considerations include size, mapping function, replacement algorithm, write policy, line size, and number of cache levels.
- Modern CPUs use hierarchical cache designs with multiple levels (L1, L2, etc.) to improve performance.
Cache memory
Cache memory is a small, fast memory located close to the CPU that stores frequently accessed instructions and data. It aims to bridge the gap between the fast CPU and slower main memory. Cache memory is organized into blocks that each contain a tag field identifying the memory address, a data field containing the cached data, and status bits. There are different mapping techniques like direct mapping, associative mapping, and set associative mapping to determine how blocks are stored in cache. When cache is full, replacement algorithms like LRU, FIFO, LFU, and random are used to determine which existing block to replace with the new block.
04 cache memory.ppt 1
This document discusses cache memory organization and characteristics. It begins by describing cache location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, and physical characteristics. It then covers the different mapping techniques used in caches, including direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping. The document also discusses cache performance factors like hit ratio, replacement algorithms, write policies, block size, and multilevel cache hierarchies. It provides examples of specific processor cache designs like those used in Intel Pentium processors.
Cache coherence
Cache coherence is a technique used in multiprocessing systems to maintain consistency between caches and shared memory. When a processor modifies a variable in its cache that is also stored in another processor's cache, inconsistency arises. There are three main techniques to maintain cache coherence: snoopy-based protocols invalidate or update other caches when a write is observed; directory-based protocols use a directory to control access to shared data and update or invalidate caches; and snarfing-based protocols allow caches to watch addresses and data to update copies when writes are seen. Cache coherence aims to ensure data consistency across caches for shared resources.
Cache performance considerations
- A key objective of computer systems is achieving high performance at low cost, measured by price/performance ratio.
- Processor performance depends on how fast instructions can be fetched from memory and executed.
- Caches improve performance by storing recently accessed data from main memory closer to the processor, reducing access time compared to main memory. This can increase hit rates but requires managing cache misses and write policies.
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The translation look aside buffer (TLB) is a cache for page table entries. It works in much the same way as the data cache: it stores recently accessed page table entries. It also relies on locality of reference.
It is cumbersome and time consuming to calculate the physical address from linear address for every memory location. A Translation Look-aside Buffer (TLB) simplifies the process. TLB is a page table cache, which stores the 32 recently accessed page table entries.
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There are three main methods to map main memory addresses to cache memory addresses: direct mapping, associative mapping, and set-associative mapping. Direct mapping is the simplest but least flexible method, while associative mapping is most flexible but also slowest. Set-associative mapping combines aspects of the other two methods, dividing the cache into sets with multiple lines to gain efficiency while remaining reasonably flexible.
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- Cache design considerations include size, mapping function, replacement algorithm, write policy, line size, and number of cache levels.
- Modern CPUs use hierarchical cache designs with multiple levels (L1, L2, etc.) to improve performance.
Cache memory
Cache memory is a small, fast memory located close to the CPU that stores frequently accessed instructions and data. It aims to bridge the gap between the fast CPU and slower main memory. Cache memory is organized into blocks that each contain a tag field identifying the memory address, a data field containing the cached data, and status bits. There are different mapping techniques like direct mapping, associative mapping, and set associative mapping to determine how blocks are stored in cache. When cache is full, replacement algorithms like LRU, FIFO, LFU, and random are used to determine which existing block to replace with the new block.
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Cache coherence
Cache coherence is a technique used in multiprocessing systems to maintain consistency between caches and shared memory. When a processor modifies a variable in its cache that is also stored in another processor's cache, inconsistency arises. There are three main techniques to maintain cache coherence: snoopy-based protocols invalidate or update other caches when a write is observed; directory-based protocols use a directory to control access to shared data and update or invalidate caches; and snarfing-based protocols allow caches to watch addresses and data to update copies when writes are seen. Cache coherence aims to ensure data consistency across caches for shared resources.
Cache performance considerations
- A key objective of computer systems is achieving high performance at low cost, measured by price/performance ratio.
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The document provides information about the instruction sets of the 8086 microprocessor. It defines what an instruction set is and describes the different instruction formats used by the 8086. The main types of 8086 instructions are then outlined, including data transfer instructions, arithmetic instructions, bit manipulation instructions, branch instructions, and others. Specific instructions like MOV, ADD, SUB, and MUL are explained through examples of their syntax and operation.
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The translation look aside buffer (TLB) is a cache for page table entries. It works in much the same way as the data cache: it stores recently accessed page table entries. It also relies on locality of reference.
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This document provides a summary of a lecture on computer organization and assembly language. It discusses the BIOS INT 10H interface, which is burned into the ROM and used to perform functions like clearing the screen, changing the cursor position, and changing screen colors. It describes the monitor screen organization in text mode as 80 columns by 25 rows. It also covers video modes, pixel resolutions and colors for CGA graphics cards, including the 80x25 text mode using 4k bytes of video RAM, the 320x200 mode using 6400 pixels and 4 colors, and the 640x200 mode using 12800 pixels in black and white. It concludes with an overview of directly programming pixels using INT 10H functions.
Coal 17 - arithematic operation in Assembly Programming
This document discusses various computer organization and assembly language topics including:
- Multiplication and division instructions that can operate on byte, word, and double word operands stored in registers or memory.
- Shift instructions like SHR and SHL.
- The binary coded decimal (BCD) and ASCII number systems.
- Converting between ASCII, unpacked BCD, and packed BCD number representations.
- Addition and subtraction instructions for BCD numbers.
- Rotate instructions like ROR, ROL, RCR, and RCL.
- The INT 10h BIOS interrupt for performing monitor screen functions in text mode like clearing the screen, setting the cursor position, and drawing lines.
Coal 16 mapping in Assembly Programming
This document summarizes a lecture on computer organization and assembly language. It discusses fully associative mapping which allows placement anywhere in memory but has expensive sequential searching. It also covers set associative mapping where memory belongs to certain sets and can be searched associatively. The document outlines different cache replacement techniques like random selection, first in first out, and least recently used. It concludes with a chapter review of cache memory fundamentals.
Coal 14 input output devices in Assembly Programming
This lecture discusses different input/output device models including shared I/O, memory mapped I/O, and programmed I/O. Shared I/O separates memory and I/O addresses but requires special I/O instructions, while memory mapped I/O maps I/O devices into memory address space eliminating special instructions but reserving addresses. Programmed I/O uses hardware and software protocols to communicate through shared I/O with up to 8 devices. The lecture also covers I/O registers, status registers, address decoding, and interrupt-driven communication between processors and I/O devices.
Coal 11 jumps in Assembly Programming
This document discusses assembly program execution and conditional jumps. It provides a table of conditional jump mnemonics and the conditions they test, such as JA/JNBE for above/not below nor zero. Conditional jumps allow program flow to change based on certain conditions. The document also reviews assembly language programming concepts covered in Chapter 2 of a textbook, including assembling, linking, and running programs, sample programs, and control transfer instructions.
Coal 10 instruction cycle and interrupts in Assembly Programming
This document discusses various aspects of computer organization and assembly language. It covers the central processing unit including the register set, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and data path. It also describes different instruction cycle models and bus organizations such as one-bus, two-bus, and three-bus. Interrupts and how they allow other modules to interrupt normal program processing are explained. The control unit and how it manages computer resources through control and timing signals is covered. Microprogrammed and hardwired control unit designs are compared.
Coal 9 pipelining in Assembly Programming
This document provides an overview of computer organization and assembly language concepts covered in lecture 9. It discusses pipelining, calculating physical addresses, flag registers, x86 addressing modes, the stack, and assembly program concepts like model definition, segment definition, directives, and a sample assembly program. It also includes example assembly language instructions and addresses several chapters from a textbook on x86 PC assembly language, design, and interfacing.
Coal7 segmentation in Assembly Programming
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on computer organization and assembly language, including:
- Memory is partitioned into segments like code, data, and stack to organize programs.
- Logical addresses specify a segment and offset to indirectly reference physical memory locations.
- Examples show how logical addresses in code and data segments map to machine code instructions and data.
- Segmentation is reviewed as a fundamental concept in computer organization along with instruction types.
Coal 6 instruction in assembly languages in Assembly Programming
This document discusses different types of instructions in assembly language including data movement, arithmetic, logical, sequence, and input/output instructions. It covers MOVE, LOAD, STORE, PUSH, POP, ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, AND, OR, NOT, EXOR, SHIFT, COMPARE, ROTATE, CONDITIONAL BRANCHING, UNCONDITIONAL BRANCHING, and CALL instructions. It also mentions the condition code register, important parts of an assembly program including the code, data, and stack segments, and resources for learning computer organization and architecture.
Coal 5 memory reading concepts in Assembly Programming
This document provides a summary of a lecture on computer organization and assembly language. It discusses the basic components of a computer, including the memory data register, memory address register, and different classes of instructions like three address, two address, one and a half address, one address, and zero address. It also covers different addressing modes for instructions, such as immediate, direct, indirect, index, and other modes. The document concludes by reviewing Chapter 1 of a textbook on x86 PC Assembly Language design and interfacing, which discusses the inside of the 8088/86 processor.
Coal 4 - quiz in Assembly Programming
This document provides an overview of computer organization and assembly language. It discusses pipelining in processors like the 8088/86 to increase speed. Pipelining allows the CPU to fetch instructions from memory, decode them, and execute them in parallel stages. The 8088/86 pipeline is split into a Bus Interface Unit that accesses memory and an Execution Unit that executes instructions. The document also lists the different register categories in the 8086/286 processor, including general purpose, pointer, index, segment, instruction pointer, and flag registers.
Coal 3 history of intel evolution in Assembly Programming
This document discusses the evolution of Intel processors from 8080/8085 to more recent Pentium models. It traces the progression from 8-bit to 16-bit to 32-bit processors over time, with increasing memory capacity and functionality. Newer processors provided features like pipelining, virtual memory, math coprocessors, and instructions optimized for multimedia applications. The document serves as an overview of the major developments in Intel processor architecture from the 1970s to late 1990s.
Coal 2 - concepts in Assembly Programming
This document outlines the topics that will be covered in a lecture on computer organization and assembly language, including: number systems and conversions; digital logic gates; important terminology; processor memory designs; the internal workings of CPUs including the ALU, program counter, and instruction decoder; and a review of the history of computer architecture based on assigned reading materials. Performance is dependent on factors beyond just processor speed such as the instruction set, programming language, compiler efficiency, and programmer coding skills.
Coal 1 - introduction to assembly programming in Assembly Programming
This document outlines the course objectives, rules, and content for a computer organization and assembly language lecture series. The course will cover computer architecture and components, assembly language, instruction set design, and performance assessment. Students will complete assignments, quizzes, labs, and a final group project involving code demonstration and reporting. Rules address submission deadlines, collaboration, and consequences for violations.
Coal 21- macro in Assembly Programming
This document provides a lecture summary on macro programming in assembly language. It discusses that macros allow code that is frequently used or required in a sequence to be written once and invoked when needed. The macro syntax involves naming the macro, its arguments between parentheses, the macro body, and ending with ENDM. Macros can include comments and local labels to avoid errors, and external macros can be included from other files using the INCLUDE directive.
Various type of register
This document provides an overview of various types of registers used in microprocessors. It discusses system registers, status registers, pointer registers, index registers, hardware registers, instruction registers, control registers, memory management registers, segment registers, shift registers, stack registers, test registers, task registers, accumulator registers, EFLAGS registers, base address registers, and other specialized registers. The document aims to describe the purpose and function of different categories of registers within microprocessors.
MSF process model
The document discusses process models used to guide project activities through different phases. It specifically describes the Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF) Process Model, which is a phase-based model with five phases: 1) Envisioning to define goals and requirements, 2) Planning to determine development approach, 3) Developing to create the solution, 4) Stabilizing to test the solution, and 5) Deploying to release the solution. Each phase culminates in a milestone and produces deliverables before transitioning to the next phase.
HRM Short Handouts - Taqi Hassan
CHAPTER 8 - Socializing, Orienting, and Developing Employees
Chapter 9 - Managing Careers
Chapter 10 - Establishing the Performance Management System
Chapter 11- Establishing Rewards and Pay Plans
Chapter 13 - Ensuring a Safe and Healthy Work Environment
Chapter 14 - Understanding Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining
HRM Short notes - Taqi Hassan
CHAPTER 8 - Socializing, Orienting, and Developing Employees
Chapter 9 - Managing Careers
Chapter 10 - Establishing the Performance Management System
Chapter 11- Establishing Rewards and Pay Plans
Chapter 13 - Ensuring a Safe and Healthy Work Environment
Chapter 14 - Understanding Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining
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Coal 17 - arithematic operation in Assembly Programming
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Coal 14 input output devices in Assembly Programming
Coal 14 input output devices in Assembly Programming
Coal 10 instruction cycle and interrupts in Assembly Programming
Coal 10 instruction cycle and interrupts in Assembly Programming
Coal 6 instruction in assembly languages in Assembly Programming
Coal 6 instruction in assembly languages in Assembly Programming
Coal 5 memory reading concepts in Assembly Programming
Coal 5 memory reading concepts in Assembly Programming
Coal 3 history of intel evolution in Assembly Programming
Coal 3 history of intel evolution in Assembly Programming
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Coal 1 - introduction to assembly programming in Assembly Programming
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如何办理(hull学位证书)英国赫尔大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(hull学位证书)英国赫尔大学毕业证硕士文凭》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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一比一原版(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Coal 18 cache in Assembly Programming
- 1. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE LECTURE # 1 WEEK 11 THEORY BY MUHAMMAD JAFER 1
- 2. CACHE WRITE POLICY • Cache Coherence • On Cache Hit • Write-Through • Write-Back • Dirty Bit • On Cache Miss • Write-No-Allocate • Write-Back • Cache Read Policy on Cache Miss • Parallel Word to CPU & Block to Cache • Sequential Block to Cache then Word to CPU 2
- 3. CACHE WRITE-THROUGH POLICY • Write-Allocate • tb = time Required to transfer a block to cache • (tm-tc) = time required fro writing • w = fraction of write operation • tb=tm because of internal structure otherwise tb=Btm 3
- 4. CACHE POLICY • Write-No-Allocate • Write-Back Policy • wb= probability that a block has been altered 4
- 5. CHAPTER REVIEW • Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Architecture by Mostafa Abd-Al-Barr & Hesham AlRewini • Chapter # 6 • Basic Concepts • Cache Memory 5
- 6. MAIN MEMORY • Main Storage for Computer • Address Lines => Address Decoder • Word Select Line 6
- 7. VIRTUAL MEMORY • Same concept of Cache • Between Hard Disk & Virtual Memory • Pages • Page size = 2k to 16k • Page Fault • MMU responsible for translation of addresses • Page Table stored in Main Memory • Bits for • VALIDITY OF PAGE • MODIFICATION OF PAGE • ACCESS RIGHTS • DIRTY BIT 7
- 8. VIRTUAL MEMORY • Same concept of Cache • Between Hard Disk & Virtual Memory • Pages • Page size = 2k to 16k • Page Fault • MMU responsible for translation of addresses • Page Table stored in Main Memory • Bits for • VALIDITY OF PAGE • MODIFICATION OF PAGE • ACCESS RIGHTS • DIRTY BIT 8
- 9. THRE ADRESS TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES • Direct Mapping • Associative Mapping • Set-Associative Mapping 9
- 10. DIRECT MAPPING • Direct Mapping • Associative Mapping • Set-Associative Mapping 10